The Strength of Trophic Cascades Across Ecosystems: 74, 1029–1038 Predictions from Allometry and Energetics
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Development of Bioaccumulation Factors for Protection of Fish and Wildlife in the Great Lakes
National Sediment Bioaccumulation Conference Development of Bioaccumulation Factors for Protection of Fish and Wildlife in the Great Lakes Philip M. Cook and Dr. Lawrence P. Burkhard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota ioaccumulation factor (BAF) development for ap factors that must be considered when predicting bioaccu plication to the Great Lakes, and in particular for mulation from measured or predicted concentrations of the recent Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative chemicals in the water and sediments of the ecosystem. (GLWQI) effort of U.S. EPA and the respective Great Lakes The bioavailability considerations that remain, after in states, illustrates the importance of the linkage between corporating the influence of organism lipid, organic car sediments and the water column and its influence on bon in water and sediments, and trophic level into BAFfds B f exposure of all aquatic biota. This presentation included and BSAFs to reduce uncertainty for site-specific a discussion of the development and application of bioavailability conditions, are shown on the z-axis. Ba bioaccumulation factors for fish, both water-based BAFs sically, this residual bioavailability factor is the chemical and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), with distribution between water and sediment which can vary emphasis on the role of sediments in bioaccumulation of between ecosystems or vary temporally and spatially persistent, hydrophobic non-polar organic chemicals by within an ecosystem. Chemical properties which influ both benthic and pelagic organisms. Choices of bioaccu ence bioaccumulation are shown on the x-axis. The mulation factors are important because they will strongly octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) is the primary influence predictions of toxic effects in aquatic organ indicator of chemical hydrophobicity and bioaccumula isms, especially when chemical residue-based dose-re tion potential. -
What Happened When Wolves Were Reintroduced to Yellowstone Park?
Trophic Cascades: What Happened When Wolves Were Reintroduced to Yellowstone Park? Lesson Question How did the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone Park affect the other animals and plants in the ecosystem? Lesson Tasks Students analyze data to determine the effect of wolves on Yellowstone’s elk population, on the plants that elk graze on, and on the animals that compete with elk for food. They write a report describing how the reintroduction of wolves has created a trophic cascade—not just a few direct changes in one food chain, but a series of indirect changes throughout the food web. Standards • HS-LS2-2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics NGSS Science and Engineering Practices • Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions • Engaging in Argument from Evidence • Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments. NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas • LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning and Resilience • ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions Crosscutting Concepts • Stability and Change, Patterns Connections to Nature of Science • Scientific Knowledge is open to revision in light of new evidence. • Most scientific Knowledge is quite durable, but is, in principle, subject to change based on new evidence and/or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Trophic Cascades: What Happened When Wolves Were Reintroduced to Yellowstone Park? TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW ........................................................... 3 INVESTIGATION ............................................... -
Evidence for Ecosystem-Level Trophic Cascade Effects Involving Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia Patronus) Triggered by the Deepwater Horizon Blowout
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Evidence for Ecosystem-Level Trophic Cascade Effects Involving Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) Triggered by the Deepwater Horizon Blowout Jeffrey W. Short 1,*, Christine M. Voss 2, Maria L. Vozzo 2,3 , Vincent Guillory 4, Harold J. Geiger 5, James C. Haney 6 and Charles H. Peterson 2 1 JWS Consulting LLC, 19315 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801, USA 2 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA; [email protected] (C.M.V.); [email protected] (M.L.V.); [email protected] (C.H.P.) 3 Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia 4 Independent Researcher, 296 Levillage Drive, Larose, LA 70373, USA; [email protected] 5 St. Hubert Research Group, 222 Seward, Suite 205, Juneau, AK 99801, USA; [email protected] 6 Terra Mar Applied Sciences LLC, 123 W. Nye Lane, Suite 129, Carson City, NV 89706, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-907-209-3321 Abstract: Unprecedented recruitment of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) followed the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout (DWH). The foregone consumption of Gulf menhaden, after their many predator species were killed by oiling, increased competition among menhaden for food, resulting in poor physiological conditions and low lipid content during 2011 and 2012. Menhaden sampled Citation: Short, J.W.; Voss, C.M.; for length and weight measurements, beginning in 2011, exhibited the poorest condition around Vozzo, M.L.; Guillory, V.; Geiger, H.J.; Barataria Bay, west of the Mississippi River, where recruitment of the 2010 year class was highest. -
Lakes: Ann, Gilchrist, Grove, Leven, Reno, Villard, Smith)
Status and Trend Monitoring Summary for Selected Pope and Douglas County, Minnesota Lakes 2000 (Lakes: Ann, Gilchrist, Grove, Leven, Reno, Villard, Smith) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Environmental Outcomes Division Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Section Andrea Plevan and Steve Heiskary September 2001 Printed on recycled paper containing at least 10 percent fibers from paper recycled by consumers. This material may be made available in other formats, including Braille, large format and audiotape. MPCA Status and Trend Monitoring Summary for 2000 Pope County Lakes Part 1: Purpose of study and background information on MN lakes The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency’s (MPCA) core lake-monitoring programs include the Citizen Lake Monitoring Program (CLMP), the Lake Assessment Program (LAP), and the Clean Water Partnership (CWP) Program. In addition to these programs, the MPCA annually monitors numerous lakes to provide baseline water quality data, provide data for potential LAP and CWP lakes, characterize lake conditions in different regions of the state, examine year-to-year variability in ecoregion reference lakes, and provide additional trophic status data for lakes exhibiting trends in Secchi transparency. In the latter case, we attempt to determine if the trends in Secchi transparency are “real,” i.e., if supporting trophic status data substantiate whether a change in trophic status has occurred. The lake sampling efforts also provide a means to respond to citizen concerns about protecting or improving the lake in cases where no data exists to evaluate the quality of the lake. For efficient sampling, we tend to select geographic clusters of lakes (e.g., focus on a specific county) whenever possible. -
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: Linking Fisheries and Ecology
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: linking fi sheries and ecology V. Christensen Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada. 1 Why ecosystem modeling in fi sheries? Fifty years ago, fi sheries science emerged as a quantitative discipline with the publication of Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt’s [1] seminal volume On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. This book provided the foundation for how to manage fi sheries and was based on detailed, mathe- matical analyses of the dynamics of individual fi sh populations, of how they grow and how they are affected by fi shing. Fisheries science has developed and matured since then, and remarkably much of what has been achieved are modifi cations and further developments of what Beverton and Holt introduced. Given then that fi sheries science has developed to become one of the most data-rich, quantita- tive fi elds in ecology [2], how well has it fared? We often see fi sheries issues in the headlines and usually in a negative context and there are indeed many threats to the sustainability of ocean resources [3]. Many, judging not the least from newspaper headlines, consider fi sheries manage- ment a usual suspect in connection with fi sheries collapses. This may lead one to suspect that there is a problem with the science, but I hold this to be an erroneous conclusion. It should be stressed that the main problem is not to be found in the computational aspects of the science, but rather in how management advice actually is implemented in praxis [4]. The major force in fi sh- eries throughout the world is excessive fi shing capacity; the days with unexploited resources and untapped oceans are over [5], and the fi shing industry is now relying heavily on subsidies to keep the machinery going [6]. -
Distribution, Occupancy, and Mercury Load in Texas Alligator Snapping
Distribution, occupancy, and mercury bioaccumulation of alligator snapping turtles in Texas David Rosenbaum1, Christopher M. Schalk1, Daniel Saenz2 1Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX; email: rosenbaudc@jac ks.sfasu.edu 2U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Nacogdoches, TX Introduction Methods Distribution Increasing anthropogenic habitat alteration and fragmentation in TX During spring and summer 2020-2021, we will Fig. 3: Distribution of M. are expected to further negatively impact freshwater systems. temminckii in TX. Points survey M. temminckii at sites in major river drainages indicate survey sites in of Texas that the species has been reported from the original survey that Animal species in these systems that have low dispersal capabilities, (Fig. 3). At each site,15 fish-baited traps will be set will be resampled from. are long-lived, and are dependent on the adult cohort for population Green-colored counties for 3 consecutive days, for a total of 45 trap nights indicate detection from stability, are vulnerable to anthropogenic factors including habitat per site (sensu Rudolph et al. 2002). 1999-2001, in the original alteration, accumulation of contaminants, and overexploitation. survey, while white Traps will be selectively placed in microhabitats • sizecounties indicate no The alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) exhibits these detection. Blue counties predicted to be favored by M. temminckii (see lower • ageare++ additional potential traits and is in decline throughout its range. Although not federally right quadrant of Fig. 2). survey sites for 2020- protected, it is legally protected as an S2 (imperiled) SGCN in Texas. 2021. Its last statewide distribution study occurred from 1999-2002. -
OCN 201 Spring 2011 Exam 3 (75 Pts) True Or False (1 Pt Each)
Name:________________________ Exam: ____A____ ID: ______________________________ OCN 201 Spring 2011 Exam 3 (75 pts) True or False (1 pt each). A = TRUE; B = FALSE 1. According to the “serial endosymbiosis theory”, prokaryotes developed when eukaryotes lost their organelles. 2. The aphotic zone of the ocean is in the epipelagic. 3. Amino acids (one of the building blocks of life) have been found in meteorites. 4. Bioluminescence occurs only in the deep sea. 5. Phytoplankton are photoautotrophs. 6. Marine snow is a source of organic carbon to the deep sea. 7. Tropical oceans have very low productivity for most of the year because they frequently mix below the critical depth year-round. 8. Larger organisms are more abundant than smaller ones in the ocean. 9. Ctenophores (comb jellies) propel themselves by pulsing their bell, just like jellyfish. 10. Corals have only one opening to their digestive cavity. 11. Many animals in the very deep sea are red or black. 12. The “deep scattering layer” moves toward the sea surface during the day. 13. In fisheries, the maximum sustainable yield is the amount of fish that must be caught to keep up with the current rate of inflation. 14. Geological evidence indicates that life on earth began at least 3.5 billion years ago. 15. Light and nutrients are the two main things limiting primary productivity in the ocean. 16. Areas of the ocean with upwelling tend to have high productivity. 17. Some bacteria are photoautotrophs. p. 1 of 6 18. Nudibranchs are a type of flatworm 19. Whales are nekton. 20. -
Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean
Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean Contributors: Karen Evans (lead author), Nic Bax (convener), Patricio Bernal (Lead member), Marilú Bouchon Corrales, Martin Cryer, Günter Försterra, Carlos F. Gaymer, Vreni Häussermann, and Jake Rice (Co-Lead member and Editor Part VI Biodiversity) 1. Introduction The Pacific Ocean is the Earth’s largest ocean, covering one-third of the world’s surface. This huge expanse of ocean supports the most extensive and diverse coral reefs in the world (Burke et al., 2011), the largest commercial fishery (FAO, 2014), the most and deepest oceanic trenches (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, available at www.gebco.net), the largest upwelling system (Spalding et al., 2012), the healthiest and, in some cases, largest remaining populations of many globally rare and threatened species, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles (Tittensor et al., 2010). The South Pacific Ocean surrounds and is bordered by 23 countries and territories (for the purpose of this chapter, countries west of Papua New Guinea are not considered to be part of the South Pacific), which range in size from small atolls (e.g., Nauru) to continents (South America, Australia). Associated populations of each of the countries and territories range from less than 10,000 (Tokelau, Nauru, Tuvalu) to nearly 30.5 million (Peru; Population Estimates and Projections, World Bank Group, accessed at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/population-projection-tables, August 2014). Most of the tropical and sub-tropical western and central South Pacific Ocean is contained within exclusive economic zones (EEZs), whereas vast expanses of temperate waters are associated with high seas areas (Figure 1). -
The Incredible Lightness of Being Methane-Fuelled: Stable Isotopes Reveal Alternative Energy Pathways in Aquatic Ecosystems and Beyond
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector REVIEW published: 11 February 2016 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00008 The Incredible Lightness of Being Methane-Fuelled: Stable Isotopes Reveal Alternative Energy Pathways in Aquatic Ecosystems and Beyond Jonathan Grey * Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK We have known about the processes of methanogenesis and methanotrophy for over 100 years, since the days of Winogradsky, yet their contributions to the carbon cycle were deemed to be of negligible importance for the majority of that period. It is only Edited by: in the last two decades that methane has been appreciated for its role in the global Jason Newton, carbon cycle, and stable isotopes have come to the forefront as tools for identifying Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, UK and tracking the fate of methane-derived carbon (MDC) within food webs, especially Reviewed by: within aquatic ecosystems. While it is not surprising that chemosynthetic processes David Bastviken, dominate and contribute almost 100% to the biomass of organisms residing within Linköping University, Sweden Blake Matthews, extreme habitats like deep ocean hydrothermal vents and seeps, way below the reach Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of of photosynthetically active radiation, it is perhaps counterintuitive to find reliance upon Aquatic Science and Technology, MDC in shallow, well-lit, well-oxygenated streams. Yet, apparently, MDC contributes to Switzerland -
Bioaccumulation
BIOACCUMULATION Teacher’s Instructions: - recall food webs and food chains by asking students randomly if they can explain the concepts behind them - i.e. food chain is a path of how energy moves through organisms and a food web is many food chains hooked together - look at the food chain from Lake Winnipeg or create one that could exist in Lake Winnipeg - examples: emerald zooplankton walleye shiner emerald rainbow zooplankton walleye shiner smelt - discuss bioaccumulation by reading the Background information and use the food chain above as an example of showing how contaminants move and collect in a food chain - do the following activity Activity: - time: 30-45 minutes - materials: - each student needs: - 40 coloured tokens (such as marbles, centicubes, beads, etc.), 4 of which must be red or tagged red, the rest can be any color other than red; - 1 small paper cup; - you will need - 1 hula hoop for every 4 students; - 1 armband or headband for every 5 students (for predators) - 1 larger paper or plastic cup (about twice the size of the small cup) for every 5 students (for predators) 1 of 8 BIOACCUMULATION - procedure: - select (or have the students select) one predator and prey relationship from the food chain created above (the prey should consume something small such as minnows or zooplankton as token will represent the prey’s food) -divide the class into predators and prey (there should be about 4 times more prey than predators) - select a playing area to be a “lake”, the area should have a boundary (a gym floor works well and -
The Influence of Ecological Processes on the Accumulation of Persistent Organochlorines in Aquatic Ecosystems
master The influence of ecological processes on the accumulation of persistent organochlorines in aquatic ecosystems Olof Berglund DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS IKLOTED FORBGN SALES PROHIBITED eX - Department of Ecology Chemical Ecology and Ecotoxicology Lund University, Sweden Lund 1999 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. The influence of ecologicalprocesses on the accumulation of persistent organochlorinesin aquatic ecosystems Olof Berglund Akademisk avhandling, som for avlaggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten vid Lunds Universitet, kommer att offentligen forsvaras i Bla Hallen, Ekologihuset, Solvegatan 37, Lund, fredagen den 17 September 1999 kl. 10. Fakultetens opponent: Prof. Derek C. G. Muir, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Canada. Avhandlingen kommer att forsvaras pa engelska. Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of Ecology Dateofi=" Sept 1,1999 Chemical Ecology and Ecotoxicology S-223 62 Lund CODEN: SE-LUNBDS/NBKE-99/1016+144pp Sweden Authors) Sponsoring organization Olof Berglund Title and subtitle The influence of ecological processes on the accumulation of persistent organochlorines in aquatic ecosystems Abstract Several ecological processes influences the fate, transport, and accumulation of persistent organochlorines (OCs) in aquatic ecosystems. In this thesis, I have focused on two processes, namely (i) the food chain bioaccumulation of OCs, and (ii) the trophic status of the aquatic system. To test the biomagnification theory, I investigated PCB concentrations in planktonic food chains in lakes. The concentra tions of PCB on a lipid basis did not increase with increasing trophic level. Hence, I could give no support to the theory of bio magnification. -
Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Deepest Ocean Fauna
BRIEF COMMUNICATION PUBLISHED: 13 FEBRUARY 2017 | VOLUME: 1 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 0051 Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna Alan J. Jamieson1 *†, Tamas Malkocs2, Stuart B. Piertney2, Toyonobu Fujii1 and Zulin Zhang3 The legacy and reach of anthropogenic influence is most organisms have reported higher concentrations than in nearby clearly evidenced by its impact on the most remote and surface-water species11,12. However, although these studies are inaccessible habitats on Earth. Here we identify extraordi- described as ‘deep sea’, they rarely extend beyond the continental nary levels of persistent organic pollutants in the endemic shelf (< 2,000 m), so contamination at greater distances from shore amphipod fauna from two of the deepest ocean trenches and at extreme depths is hitherto unknown. (>10,000 metres). Contaminant levels were considerably We measured the concentrations of key PCBs and PBDEs in higher than documented for nearby regions of heavy indus- multiple endemic and ecologically equivalent Lysianassoid amphi- trialization, indicating bioaccumulation of anthropogenic con- pod Crustacea from across two of the deepest hadal trenches — the tamination and inferring that these pollutants are pervasive oligotrophic Mariana Trench in the North Pacific, and the more across the world’s oceans and to full ocean depth. eutrophic Kermadec in the South Pacific. Two endemic amphi- The oceans comprise the largest biome on the planet, with the pods (Hirondellea dubia and Bathycallisoma schellenbergi) were deep ocean operating as a potential sink for the pollutants and sampled from the Kermadec between 7,227 and 10,000 m, and one litter that are discarded into the seas1.