Phytochemical, Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Activites of Selected Climber Plants: a Review

Annual Research & Review in Biology

16(5): 1-22, 2017; Article no.ARRB.34796 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869

Phytochemical, Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Activites of Selected Climber Plants: A Review

Muneeb M. Musthafa1, A. D. E. Nastaran1, Faiz M. M. T. Marikar2, Davindran Rajandram1 and Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed3*

1Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. 2General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Kandawala Estate, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka. 3Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Research and Development (CRD), PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur – 613403, Tamilnadu, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors MMM and ABAA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors ADEN and DR managed the analyses of the study. Author FMMTM managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2017/34796 Editor(s): (1) George Perry, Dean and Professor of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA. Reviewers: (1) Muhammad Ali, Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil Kano, Nigeria. (2) Md. Rashidur Rahman, Jessore University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh. (3) Mostafa Abbas Shalaby, Cairo University, Egypt. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/20875

Received 12th June 2017 th Review Article Accepted 18 July 2017 Published 8th September 2017

ABSTRACT

Climber plants have attracted global attention for their hidden therapeutic potential and are generally rooted on the ground, but leaves often in full sun and blanketing canopies of trees. Climbers rely on some support from other plants and have active and passive climbing mechanisms with great diversity. Tropical forests are the harbors of enormous different fauna and flora species than any other ecosystem on earth and Malaysia is a biodiversity hotspot in Asia with a good amount of tropical forest cover. On the other hand, Iran is an important source of Herbal plants due to the weather and geographical situation. In this review six species of Malaysian and Iranian plants (Hedera helix, Rosa canina, Vitis vinifera, Aristolochia tagala, Gynura procumbens and Antigonon leptopus) are selected and botanical description, geographical distribution, chemical constituent and medicinal properties of each species is discussed. Despite the rich ethno-medicine knowledge

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected];

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behind the traditional uses of climber plants, the current scientific evidence to support these claims remains scant. More research is still needed to validate the medicinal aspects, beginning by increasing the understanding of the biological actions of the climber plants.

Keywords: Hedera helix; Rosa canina; Vitis vinifera; Aristolochia tagala; Gynura procumbens and Antigonon leptopus; phytochemical; pharmacological; saponin; quercetin; anthocyanins; anticancer; grape; Ivy.

1. INTRODUCTION plant based traditional treatments [21,22]. Medicinal plants have been defined several Climber plants are an important source of novel ways, but simpler and more comprehensive dirugs for many diseases but to attain that definition proposed by WHO (2003), “A medicinal numerous challenges are encountered including plant organs, contains substances that can be the procurement of climber plant material, the used for therapeutic purposes, or which are selection and implementation of appropriate precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi- high-throughput screening bioassays and the synthesis”. These chemicals include a vast scale up bioactive compounds [1]. In tropics variety of primary and secondary metabolites, trees, aquatic plants, legumes, palm, ferns, such as alkaloids, Anthraquinones, flavonoids, shrubs, herbs, epiphytes, and climbers compose phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, the vast majority of the plant species diversity [2]. terpenoids and many more [23,24,25]. Climbers are also called as lianas and are generally rooted on the ground, but leaves often From earliest days mankind has used plants in in full sun and blanketing canopies of trees. attempt to cure diseases and relieve physical Climbers rely on some support from other plants, sufferings. Hence, knowing the sources and an due to their axes have reduced to provide higher effective plan to practice them is helpful in hydraulic conductivity in their stems and invest profiting the potentials. Iran is a source of Herbal resources in growth in length while tree allocate plants due to the weather and geographical resources to supportive tissues [3]. Lianas have situation. Traditional medicinal plants refer to old active and passive climbing mechanisms with time in Iran. There are 8000 species of plants great diversity; wind around, leaning on, available in Iran that about 2300 species of them anchoring or adhering to other plants [4] to attain are among herbal medicine and only about 450 great statue [5]. of them are used by people [26]. The variety of soil made it a suitable place for the growth of various plants and different kind of species. Climbers are integral part of every woody ecosystem and play variety of roles such as Tropical forests are belongs to the different fauna ecosystem functioning and dynamics [6,7], and flora species than any other Ecosystem on floristic, structural, functional diversity [8,9,10], earth [26,27,28] and Malaysia is a biodiversity create microclimate for the under growers [11], hotspot in Asia with a good amount of tropical food for animals, provide habitat for arboreal forest cover [29,30,31,32,33]. Apart from that, animals [12], Carbon budgeting [7,13], last but Malaysia is regarded as one of the twelve mega not at least medicinal usages against numerous biodiversity hotspots in the world and woody diseases [14,15,16]. However, they possess climbers from 30% of all woody plants in the numerous advantages, they have their fair share Malaysian rain forest, but unfortunately they have of adverse effects as well, i.e. woody climbers been undervalued due to various reasons could negatively impact on natural regeneration [16,34,35,36,37,38.] of forest trees, seedlings, saplings [17,7], they add considerable amount of weight and shading Malaysian folk medicine is a derivative of the the canopy of the trees, they considered as Unani medicinal system, but not limited to this structural parasites too [18], affect the soil and influenced by Ayurvedic, Homeopathy, properties [19] and competition among other Siddha, Indonesian, Chinese, Japanese and plants for water, nutrients, sunlight and space Orang Asli (aborigines) practices as well [39] [11,20]. where plants play a central part. This glorious medication contains of single or multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reported that medicinal plants may be prepared in many forms 80% of the emerging world population relies on such as powders, pills, granules, capsules, oils,

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plasters, poultices and paste [39,40]. These paucinervis, A. bracteolate, A. clematitis etc different medications are famous and accessible [56,57,58]. However, Aristolochia species have in South East Asia [41]. Overall, 40%, almost been widely reported in its traditional medical 70% in rural areas of the Malaysian population use, it was later discovered the presence of prevail and accept the Malay traditional naturally occurring carcinogenic compounds medicines [22]. Over 40% of medicines now Aristolochic Acids I & II (AA) and it is the causal prescribed in the world contain chemicals derived agent for the so-called AA Nephropathy (AAN) or from plants. Burkill [42] produced an outstanding Chinese Herb Nephropathy (CHN) [59]. It has book on Malaysian medicinal plants and it had been a concern since first reported from Belgium been a strong base for further studies which still during the 1990s, but it didn’t hamper the use of counting on. From The taxonomical data of the Aristolochia species as popular herbal medicine medicinal plants has been carried out in several [56,60]. Most of this Genus showed good parts of Malaysia [43]. It has been reported by antioxidant properties too. On the other hand several authors that more than 1000 medicinal more than 200 terpenoids have been plants distributed throughout Malaysia which is successfully isolated from Genus Aristolochia by 10% of the all flowering plants present in different research groups in China, Taiwan, Malaysia [44,45,46] and a comprehensive report Brazil, India and Germany [61]. on all of them is still a long way to travel [36,42,45,47,48]. About 90% of the medicinal Aristolochia tagala Cham. (syn: Aristolochia plants are collected in the wild without human acuminata Lam.) (Aristolochiaceae) is commonly involvement and very few countries are seriously known as Indian birthwort or Dutchman's pipe or considering the maintaining the cultivation [49]. Oval leaf in English while in Bahasa Melayu, it’s Some medicinal plants are facing rapid extinction called as Akar Ketola Hutan or Akar petola threats due to the habitat disturbance via forest hutan. Whole plant and as well as different parts fire, logging, or encroachment by human [50,51]. of this plant has been used in treating cancer, Lee [52] reports that, agro-forestry system is the fever, gastrointestinal/bowel complaints, snake best option to plant medicinal plants and it could and scorpion bites, fit, malaria, toothache, to be considered for the conservation purposes too promote menstrual bleeding, all kinds of pains, and medicinal plant used, and knowledge that food poisoning and many more diseases in leads to discovery of new medicines can be different part of the world [62]. Different promoted. extraction methods displayed presence of steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and 2. MALAYSIAN CLIMBER PLANTS terpenoids in A. tagala [62,63] reported that A. tagala displays most affective free radical 2.1 Aristolochia tagala Cham scavenging activity via different solvent extraction methods [63]. Kaempferol is also Genus Aristolochia L. is the largest of the Family: available in this herbal that is responsible for Aristolochiaceae, widely distributed in tropical the anti-inflammatory effect similar to the and subtropical countries [53,54] where some of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase inhibitors as them cultivated as ornamental plants but most of reported by Butt and coworkers [64]. them are medicinal plants [55]. Aristolochia species has been reported as an important Presence of scanty endosperm is the major issue medicinal plant by Greek physician/ which reduces the viability of the A. tagala seeds pharmacologist/botanist Dioscorides in the first where propagation is solely depending upon. Century [56]. Since Aristolochia species have a Furthermore, this herb has been assigned long history, these woody climbers utilized for a Vulnerable/Rare (VU/R) status in the Red List of considerable amount of research on its ethno South Indian medicinal plants due to botanical and pharmacological aspects. deforestation and indiscriminate harvesting. Numerous researchers are working on this Therefore, the alternative propagation method is species and the turn of the millennium has a pre-requisite of such a highly valuable and triggered the acceleration of them in various widely used medicinal plant [65]. Shoot angles (Fig. 1). Some of the studied plants from organogenesis from callus cultures is a this genus as follows: A. indica, A. serpentaria, successful method among medicinal plants. A. elegans, A. cucurbitifolia, A. pubescens, A. Micro propagation of A. tagala using leaf debilis, A. anguicida, A. cymbifera, A. explants was produced highest successful and chamissonis, A. trilobata, A. fimbriata, A. rapid shoot proliferation [57,66].

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Number of Publications on medicinal use of Aristolochia spp. 1974-2014

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Fig. 1. Number of publications on medicinal uses of Aristolochia species from 1974 to 2014

2.2 Botanical Description Southern and Northeast India. They distributed in the plains, lower hills around 900 m elevation A. tagala is a perennial, tropical, slender, from the sea level and the Western Ghats aggressive climber with simple leaves oval to [53,67]. Queensland province of Australia is oblong shaped, tip abruptly pointed, heart grown with this species and lower watershed shaped and alternatively arranged. Bisexual areas of the Philippines are also reported with flowers are produced in axillary cymes with three these plants. A. tagala is one of the five perianths that unite into a slender tube. The base Aristolochiaceae species found in Peninsular of the tube is globular, within which is a stumpy Malaysia with a wide range of distribution where column bearing many stamens. This globular the rest four of them have a very narrow range base narrows into a curved, cylindrical tube, [57]. before ending in a funnel-shaped mouth with a prominent reddish brown to purple, tongue- 2.4 Chemical Constituent shaped lip. The mouth opening is pale yellow with a reddish brown to purple rim. The ovary is Whole plant, leaves, roots, fruits and bark of A. inferior and fruits are globular capsule. At tagala have been extensively used not only in maturity, it splits into six parts, looking like an Malaysia but also around the globe for various inverted parachute. As the fruit sways in the disease treatments [56]. The root and rhizomes breeze, the numerous, flat and winged seeds are containisoaristolochic acid, Allantonin, alkaloid dispersed. The pollinator of A. tagala is a Aristolodin, Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, Dipterean Chironomid fly [53]. Chromosomal Ishwarane Aristolochine, alcohol Ishwararol and number is 2n=12. essential oil containing carboxyl compounds [57,62]. Heinrich and coworkers [56] report about 2.3 Geographical Distribution the lack of phytochemical data of A. tagala’s AA content and requires more attention in order to A. tagala is distributed throughout Asia, some counter the AAN. part of Africa, Central and Sothern America. The plant is available in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, 2.5 Medicinal Properties China, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam Ghana, Traditionally Malays used A. tagala leaves by Nigeria and Solomon Islands. This species plays applying the pounded leaves. The leaves are an important role to the biodiversity richness of made into a poultice and applied to swollen

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abdomen or limbs in Indonesia. Used for snake cancer. Since this plant has been mentioned as bite and treating malaria in the Philippines. numerous medicinal properties, the traditional Leaves also used for swollen limbs, abdomen cutting propagation method used for this plant and bilious disorders. Leaves in medicated oil couldn’t meet the demand [73]. Therefore, in vitro used as an external application for prevention of cultivation methods could be a very good snake bites. Pounded roots also utilized for alternative for the continuous provision of snake and scorpion bites in rural areas [68]. In seedlings for the large scale field cultivation. India it has a very wide range of medical use Keng and coworkers (2009) reports that, nodal when compared to the other part of the world. segments derived from adult plants as explants The whole plant is used for anti-implantation and are produced promising results [74]. bowel complaints in India whereas in Nepal- Eastward Himalayan to control menstrual 3.1 Botanical Description bleeding. In Andhra Pradesh (India), it is constantly used to increase breast milk Fast growing, herbaceous G. procumbens is an production and as a carminative agent. annual evergreen shrub generally grows well in Throughout India fruit and root are used to treat tropical conditions. The fleshy, hairy stem with for malaria, toothaches, rheumatism, treating purple tint is highly branched bearing alternately snakebites and dyspepsia, stomachaches, fevers arranged green hairy leaves. The leaves are and fits [56]. It is used for dysentery, ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 3.5 to 8 cm long and hypertension, beriberi and swollen feet in China. 0.8 to 3.5 cm wide. Flowering heads are Different parts of A. tagala used as antimicrobial, panicled, narrow, yellow and 1 to 1.5 cm long. antiproliferative, cytotoxic, analgesic, antioxidant, The bisexual tubular flowers are purple in color antifertility, insecticidal and nephrotoxic agent. [72,74,75]. Different extraction methods have been employed in order to utilize the chemical 3.2 Geographical Distribution constituents of this plant such as ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, acetone and water The highest diversity of these plants had been [57]. reported in Southeast Asia [76]. G. procumbens is indigenous to Malaysia, Indonesia and 3. Gynura procumbens (Lour.) MERR. Thailand [74] but it is widely found in the Philippines, India, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore and Bangladesh. Interestingly, it was It belongs to Family Asteraceae, one of the most introduced to Bangladesh via a social worker to interesting plants from health perspectives, treat diabetic for his friend’s father and it’s widely widely used in South East Asia for medicinal used as a treatment for diabetic in Bangladesh purposes in traditional treatment methods [69]. as well [75]. It is also found in Western and Genus Gynura consists of 44 species and is Central African countries [77]. found from tropical Africa to Asia and Australasia with one species in tropical Australia [70]. Some of the other species of Gynura have been used 3.3 Chemical Constituent medically; G. divaricata helps to combat craving Several researchers have been reported about for opium and Gynura formosana has the chemical composition of this plant. Akowuah antihemorrhagic activity and is applied externally and coworkers reported on the presence of to wounds and snake bites [71]. G. procumbens flavonoid, saponin, tannin, sterol glycosides and is commonly have known as Akar Sebiak or terpenoid [78]. Presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids Sambung Nyawa in Malaysia, Paetumpung in [79,80,81], spirostanol [82] coumarins [81,82,83], Thailand, Mollucan Spinach or Daun Dewa in anthocyanins [84], kaempferol, quercetin, rutin Indonesia, Bai Bing Ca in China and Green [85], chlorogenic acid [86], sitosterol, Harmony or Longevity Spinach or Cholesterol stigmasterol, nucleic acid [87], plant defense Spinach or Leaves of God in English. G. proteins (peroxidase, thaumatin-like proteins and procumbens has several scientific synonyms as miraculin) [88] are also reported in literature. well; Gynura sarmentosa, DC., Cacalia procumbens Lour. and Calacia procumbens, 3.4 Medicinal Properties Lour [72]. G. procumbens leaves and stems are used as They are traditionally used in treating eruptive food in Southeast Asian countries, since it fevers, rash, kidney disease, migraine, possesses useful protein [89]. According to constipation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Malaysian folk medicine, this plant has been

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used as a remedy for diabetes and effects in treating breast cancer [104]. Another hyperlipidemia [90]. In Thai folk medicine, the study by Wang et al. [105] reports the apoptosis aerial parts of this plantare used as a topical and suppresses proliferation via inhibition of therapy for treating inflammation, rheumatism nuclear translocation in treating tumors. The and viral diseases of the skin. In Indonesia, the traditional use of this plant against bacterial and aerial and some other parts are used to treat fungal infections has been supported by the fevers, skin rashes and as a remedy for findings of Rahman and Al Asad, [106]. The ringworm infection. Notably, in Malaysia, ethanol extract of G. procumbens showed Singapore, and Indonesia, the plant has been virucidal and antireplicative actions against used as remedies for eruptive fever, rash, kidney herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2 [100]. disease, migraine, constipation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer [91]. Apart from 4. Antigonon leptopus HOOK. & ARN. those, this plant has been used in treating cancer, inflammation, cholesterol, diabetes A. leptopus Hook. & Arn. is commonly known as mellitus, kidney issues, hypertension and many Mexican Creeper, cadena de amor, flores more diseases [92]. The leaves and leaf extracts kadena, bride's tears, chain-of-love, confederate also possesses anti-herpes simplex virus, vine, coral vine, bee bush or San Miguelito Vine antibiotic, anti-hyperglycemic and anti- in English while it’s called as Air Mata Pengantin, hyperlipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, anti- Bunga Berteh, Bunga Bonet in Bahasa Malaya. carcinogenic, blood hypertension reduction This plant is from Family Polygonaceae capabilities, anti-proliferative on human (buckwheat family), native to Mexico and mesangial cell, anti-oxidative and anti- commonly found in tropical Asia, Africa, the ulcerogenic properties [69,75,92,93]. There are Caribbean and Americas [107] (Fig. 2). Family some studies on rats to elucidate the potentials Polygonaceae consists of around 1200 G. procumbens in treating some of the diseases populated in 50 genera [108]. Some members of such as, sperm quality [94], acute toxicity and this family are used as salads, culinary purposes wound healing potential [95], blood pressure and ornamental plants; A. leptopus one among [96,97,98,99] and anti-therapeutic effects [100]. them. A. leptopus has many scientific synonyms i.e. Antigonon cinerascens M.Martens & Galeotti, G. procumbens leaf extract using different Antigonon cordatum M. Martens & Galeotti, organic solvents (hexane, methanol, chloroform, Antigonon platypus Hook. & Arn., Corculum acetonitrile, distilled water and ethanol) has leptopum (Hook. & Arn.) Stuntz and shownsome positive effects on free radical Corculum leptopus (Hook. & Arn.) Stuntz. scavenging and iron chelating which may use as preliminary information and develop further to be 4.1 Botanical Description commercially useful in food industry or health products as medicinal food [89]. In another study Antigonon leptopus, known as coral vine and by Zhang and Tan [101] reported the ethanolic queen’s wreath, is one of the examples. It is extract of G. procumbens has shown native to Mexico and commonly found in tropical antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidaemic Asia, Africa, Caribbean and the Americas. activities, but the whole process and the Antigonon leptopus is a fast growing perennial mechanisms related are not well studied. On the woody climber used to attain 5-13 m in length. other hand, aqueous extract of this plant leaves Stems are laterally branched and leaves are possess significant hypoglycaemic effects [102]. alternate and ovate or triangular-ovate in shape. Nisa and coworkers [103] showed that G. The lower surface is green, dull, with prominent procumbens leaf extracts have cytotoxic activity venation where, upper part of leaves are shiny and anticancer activity in rat liver. Whole plant light green with sunken venation. Bisexual except the root is used to study the blood flowers are most commonly pink in color, found pressure control measure in rats by in axillary racemes or terminal panicles vasodilatation via inhibition of calcium channels [109,110]. produced positive results [96]. Some recent findings are exhibiting chemopreventive properties for tumor inhibition on several types of 4.2 Chemical Constituent cancer by both in vitro and in vivo administration of G. procumbens. This plant enhances breast Aerial parts of Antigonon leptopus are used to cancer cell death and could be developed as a produce tea in many countries which is utilized co-chemotherapeutic agent for reducing side as a remedy for cold and pain relief in traditional

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Fig. 2. A. leptopus global distribution (Derived from Burke and DiTommaso109) medicine [111]. Chemical investigations of aerial microorganisms [113]. A study on rats has parts (leaves and flowers) of A. leptopus have displayed considerable amount of anti-diabetic shown the presence of lavonoidal glycosides viz activity as well [122]. Anthelmintic activity of A. quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetine-3-o-glucoro leptopus is also reported by several authors and several other phenolic compounds [112]. [123,124]. Roots and rhizomes are found to contain triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, 5. IRANIAN CLIMBER PLANTS alkaloids and glycosides [113,114]. 5.1 Hedera helix L. 4.3 Medicinal Properties

Hedera helix L. familiar with common names of Recent understandings of traditional and English ivy, common ivy or European ivy is a alternate medicine have been created a massive plant and the most studied plant from the family awareness to investigate the medicinal plants on of Araliaceae. It is a flowering, dicotyledonous, earth. Phenolic compounds always showed clinging and evergreen climbing plant, which in considerable health benefits such as case of being close to any vertical surface such antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory as trees, cliffs and walls, it climbs by its root-like activities. Tea prepared from the aerial parts of structure and secrete glue like substance that let A. leptopus is used as a remedy for colds, throat it attach to any surface. Otherwise, it grows as a constriction, and pain relief in Jamaica, St. Lucia, ground cover [125]. Hedera helixusually grows to Mexico, and Trinidad-Tobago [111,115]. Some 20-30 m (to 50 m is also reported). Its fruits are other studies have shown the leaves of A. purple-black to orange-yellow color that they leptopus are used to reduce swelling and to treat appear about 8-10 years after planting and have diabetes, hypertension, and menstrual pains a stone like seeds and it can survive for 400-500 [116], whereas, vines are utilized in the treatment years. of cough and throat constrictions. It has been used in Chinese folk medicine to treat nephritis, hepatitis and colitis [117]. 5.2 Botanical Distribution

Gupta and coworkers [118] reported that flower Hedera helix isoriginated from western Asia, extracts of this plant possess potent anti- northern Africa and Europe. It is widely microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, distributed in northern Iran, Turkey, Ukraine and Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Portugal [126]. Later this plant was introduced to Micrococus albus which are common human other countries in the world as ornamental dental pathogens. Roots of A.leptopus have purpose, which can be cultivated carefree in analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties as many types of soil and weather. Hedera helix reported by Carey and coworkers [119] and the easily grows in different situations; such as well methanolic extract of vine has displayed anti- drained soils and can tolerate drought,followed thrombin activity [120,121]. Roots and rhizome that grows in full shade to part shade. It prefers extracts displayed significant antibacterial and loamy and rich soils, but persist the clay, sand antifungal activity against several common and well drained soils [127]. It is resistant to

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atmospheric pollutions. Birds, insects and bees headache and loin sickness. Its shoots used for have an important role in pollination and sunburn and leaves for salving the wen [136]. dispersing seeds [128]. Hedera helix propagates Hedera helix is a toxic plant if it is taken by seeds or by vegetating. Besides, if the intravenously. The Saponins have the potential spreading stems touch the soil, new roots from to damage cells [137]. In case of consumption, the nodes appear. It is better to prevent Hedera various symptoms such as bloody diarrhea, helix from climbing the boughs as its overgrowth death and contact dermatitis are reported. On the dry the tree. Hedera helix is cultivated for the other hand, having anti-inflammatory [138] winter decoration. Besides, it is a wildlife shelter, antifungal [125], antispasmodic [139] food source and an attraction for wildlife. It is antibacterial [140] and anthelmintic [141] of useful in covering eroded walls and surfaces, Hedera helix made it an important plant for covering the fences and performs as weed further studies. Nowadays saponins are known to suppression. The seeds and leaf of Hedera helix have anti-inflammatory activity and English ivy is not edible. In addition, ingestion of large are a source of this triterpenoid saponins. amount of this plant is toxic and can leads to Besides, Mendeland coworkers showed that the gastrointestinal irritation [129]. The seeds were dry extract of Hedera helix leaf caused a strong used to treat cough and bronchitis. contractile effect on the rat stomach corpus and fundus under the in vitro condition. It was 5.3 Chemical Constituent claimed that α- hederin is responsible for all the effect of an ivy extract [142]. In addition, Hedera helix has a high digestibility organic bronshidilating property is because of the matter and contains fibers, lignin, silica and presence of saponins, especially α- hederin crude protein. Its leaf extract contains [143]. On the other hand, investigations show Saponosides, Flavonoids, Bidesmoside and that the extracts of the leaves of Hedera helix sterols [130]. In addition, the leaf contains α- have potentials in the treatment of bronchitis hederin which is appetite suppression. Various disease. This effect is more intense when other Triterpenoid Saponins are available in different drugs, especially non-antibiotic, are added to the part of this plant [126]. The Triterpenoids Hedera helix syrup [144]. The other studies show Saponins; α-hederin and β-hederins derive from the effectiveness of Hedera helix and its leaf the hydrolysis of Hederasaponins [130]. The fruit extract in the form of cough syrups for bronchial pulp has 32% lipid content and 5% protein asthma in children [145]. content but seeds contain 5% palmitic, 20% oleic, 13% linoleic and 62% petroselenic [131]. 5.5 Other Usage Cyanogenic glycosides and flavonoid rutin are present in the pulp of the berries and the saponin Hedera helix contributes to reduce global β-hederin and saponin hederagenin 3-O-β-L- warming and it is considered as a high quality arabinopyranoside are present in the seeds ornamental plant due to energy-saving property [132]. of temperature integration combining with DIF. Another possibility of energy-saving greenhouse 5.4 Medicinal Properties strategy performs by using temperature integration. It approaches energy-saving by a Hedera helix has potential activity against fire reduction in energy consumption and using the blight which is caused by a gram-negative fluctuations within the certain bandwidths and bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. The extract made keep the temperature in average for a specific a high resistance against the bacteria, which period of time [146]. In the study performed by polyphenol oxidation activity in leaves of M26 Pollet and coworkers showed that the positive rootstock increased significantly [133]. In field DIF controls made the ivy plant having a long experiments on the apple variety, Hedera helix shoots with dark green leaf. These characters showed efficiency the same as streptomycin are highly appreciated in commercial production against fire blight [134]. In another experiment of the ivy plant with a higher market value [147]. against fire blight, spraying 3% (3 ml plant It is claimed that urban vegetation reduces the extract: 100 ml water) of Hedera helix extract impact of air pollution on people and the build showed the best result among different doses in environment by using particles sink [148]. inhibiting disease development [135]. In Anglo- Sternberg and coworkers showed that English Saxon medicine, the ivy’s juice was used to pour ivy is effective at absorbing dust particles. It has into ear to improve hearing. Besides, the berries adheres the airborne particles and effective for were used for liver disease, lung wound, and reducing the decay process on stone walls. They

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suggest that English ivy can be used as from dog rose hip. Besides, other macronutrients atmospheric pollutionreduction [149]. and micronutrients; crude protein, ascorbic acid, and Na, K, P, Mn and Mg were available in dog 6. Rosa canina rose extract [150]. Sometimes the vitamin C content in dog rose alleviates. This reduction is Rosa canina known as dog rose from the family because of the temperature, light, environment of Rosaceae. This plant is a climbing wild rose oxygen level and variations in endogenous plant having small and sharp thorns which is help the growth regulators [153]. Furthermore, more plant in climbing. Rosa canina is a deciduous phenolic contents isolated from dog rose; such shrub and it’s tall around 3-5 meters. The leaves as sinapic, chlorogenic, catechin, gallic acid, are dark green and have 3-5 leaflets [150]. ferrulic, procyanidin-B2, t-caffeic and p-coumaric Similar to red rose, dog roses have pale pink, [154]. It is also mentioned that the presence of white and red flowers [151]. Cynorrhodon is the monoterpenes and sesquiterpens lead to the name of dog rose’s fruit or hip with the color of aroma of dog rose [154]. Various amounts of red-orange. After drying, cynorrhodon has a ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were sweet taste. Since ancient time in Iran, Rosa reported for dog rose. Different concentrations of canina has been a very important plant in curing ascorbic acid are because of different harvesting diseases because of a wide range of period species, altitude, ecological factors and antioxidants, minerals and vitamins it possesses. variety [155]. Jabłońska-Ryś and coworkers reported the antioxidant activity of dog rose -1 6.1 Botanical Distribution (127.78 mM Fe·100 g , on average, FRAP method), ascorbic acid of 1252.37 mg·100 g-1 and phenolic contents 3217.28 mg·100 g-1 on Rosa canina grows vertically around trees and average [156] Ascorbic acid in dog rose equals can climb vertical surfaces by using the thorny six times of ascorbic acid available in orange. stem it has. It grows in woodlands and hedges and survives in sun or full shade. Dog rose 6.3 Medicinal Properties thrives in well drained, acidic soil, clay, sand and loam. Wet and moist soils are preferred. It is Rosa canina (rose hip) powder (5 g per day) was noted as an attraction for the wildlife and it has found to be efficient in the reduction of tolerated the strong winds and cold weather up to osteoarthritis through in clinical trials. In addition, -10 centigrade. This plant is a self-fertile and the patients treated with rose hip for three pollinates by bees, flies self-fertilization and months showed a decrease in their cholesterol apomictic. Rosa canina is native to western Asia, level [157]. In vitro studies showed that dog rose Africa and Europe. Rosa canina is among the extract reduce the chemotaxis of monocytes and oldest plants in Iran. It has been used in cooking neutrophils in order to alleviate inflammatory and producing jam. The flower and leaves were effect in patients with osteoarthritis [158]. used for making tea and tea substitutes. Distilled Besides, anti-nociceptive effect in osteoarthritis water from hip rose was used as skin lotions and patients [159] anti-inflammatory and anti-aging solution. In addition, this plant immunological effect [160], dropsy [161], encounter as a beautiful, amenity planting due to treatment for biliary complaints [162] and the nice odor and color it has. In traditional treatment for disordered kidney [163] was Iranian medicine, dog rose is known as a reported for dog rose treatments. Sadigh- treatment for kidney inflammation, stomachache Eteghad and co-workers study shows an and diarrhea, gallstone and insomnia. It was increase in monocytes, neutrophils, gamma mentioned that dog rose was used to treat the globins and phagocyte activity in groups of rats bite of rabid dogs, the reason Rosa canina is treated with 250-500 mg dog rose extract. In named dog rose. addition, vitamin C content, next to the polyphenolics content of dog rose contributed to 6.2 Chemical Constituent a high antioxidant activity [164]. Vitamin C is involved in enhancing the immune system by Rosa canina is a rich source of minerals, integrating the important immune cells [165]. vitamins and biologically active compounds. It Furthermore, antidiabetic activity of dog rose is contains pectins, tannins, flavonoids, sugars, proved [161]. The antidiabetic activity depends organic acids, carotenoids, fatty acids (linoleic, on monosaccharides, polysaccharides and pectin oleic, linolenic, palmitic, stearic and arachidonic content [153]. In a study conducted by Štajner acid [152] and vitamin C, B1, B2, E extracted and co-workers concluded that honey, which is

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enriched with 5-10 g of Rosa canina fruit is a rich Although the grape is resistant to very cold source of naturally occurring antioxidants such weather it needs a sunny and hot weather in as flavonoids, vitamin C and phenolic acids spring and summer, whereas exposure to sun [166]. increases the amount of anthocyanin and soluble solids with a lower weight of the berries, juice pH 6.4 Other Usage and malate [170]. Vitis vinifera are resistant to drought, especially if it is placed in deep soil. The skin protects itself from UV radiation of the Besides, it is resistant to wind if it grows in sun using the melanin. When the melanin vertical surfaces. Strong winds can be more accumulates abnormally in a specific part of the harmful than the cold weather where, increasing skin, it may cause an esthetic problem. Using the by 10 centigrade in springs, cause to start the skin Lighteners can help to remove this growth of the plant. The hot and dry weather is a unwanted problem. A study of Fujii and suitable condition for pollination. Therefore, coworkers showed that dog rose extract has a pollination by insects is not essential. Acidic or high potential to help to remove the melanin salty soil is not suitable to cultivate grapes. The patches due to the presence of quercetin in its most suitable soil for grape cultivation is deep, extract. Quercetin has a high inhibitory action clay and sandy soils which are well drained. Raw against melanogenesis [167]. The water extract or dried fruit of Vitis vinifera is widely used in of Rosa canina has an antibacterial effect against Iran. The dried fruit is raisins, sultanas and Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli currants. Different products are because of and Candida albicans and its acetone extract has different variety of fruits. Besides, Vitis vinifera’s an antibacterial effect against E. coli and C. fruit is used as wine production. Wine production albicans [168]. Litovet a rose hip powder used to be popular in Iran. The current usage is produced by HybenVital for animals has anti- more on fruit production, vinegar production and inflammatory effect on horses. It improves the fruit juice extraction. The leaves are used for flexibility of the hip and knee joints. The horses wrapping the ingredients of the food and make a treated with Litovet had improvement in their delicious taste and a nice aroma. In addition, the speed running [169]. leaves are important in ceasing bleeding, wound healing and treatment of hemorrhoids and 7. Vitis vinifera capillary fragility. A polyunsaturated oil extract from the seeds that is healthy and mostly Vitis vinifera known as grape, wine grape, purple suitable for frying. Most of the benefits of grape leaf Grape or common Grape is a plant from are because of its seeds. The graph contains Vitaceae family, is one of 60 Vitis species. Grape natural sugar, therefore the sap is used due to its is a plant that has been used since ancient time. sweet flavor mostly for breakfasts. It is a climber, growing to 10-15 meters. The leaves are lobed, long-stalked and broad (about 7.2 Chemical Constituent 10 to 30 cm wide) and have a dark green color. Vitis vinifera is pollinated by insects and wind as Vitis vinifera is a rich source of phenolic acids, it is a hermaphrodite plant and possessing both flavonoids, anthocyanin, proanthocyanin, amino male and female organs. The edible parts of a acids, minerals, sterols and sugars [171]. Various grape plant are its oil, flowers, fruits and leaves. chemicals in grape represented by different According to the color, the grapes are classified phytochemical compounds; such as terpenoids, as green grape, red grape, black grape and alkaloids, sterols, phenolic and tannins [172]. yellow grape. The colors can be different due to The compounds made grape an interesting crop a variety of genetic materials and cultivating for researchers due to its biological activity. The environment. seeds contain procyanidins, while the skin has a wide range of phenolics; such as procyanidins, 7.1 Botanical Distribution anthocyanin, flavonoids, prodelphinidin, flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol) cinnamic acid, Vitis vinifera are native to the Mediterranean benzoic and stilbenes. Phenolics consist of region and east Europe. Some species occur in flavan-3-ols, (+) -catechin, -epicatechin-3-O- Asia, southern Germany and east to northern gallate and (-) -epicatechin, which all known by Iran. Vitis vinifera are one of the oldest fruit crop procyanidin [173]. Flavan-3-ols and in the world and its Antiquity can reach over 5000 proanthocyanidin are best known for their high years old [26]. It prefers dry or moist soils and it antioxidant activity. The study conducted by needs the mild and warm weather to grow. Hilbert and co-workers, they showed that Vitis

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vinifera has a higher total flavonol concentration [188]. Lakshmi and co-workers generated a than wild Vitis species [174,175]. Besides, they study about the neuroprotective effect of grape mentioned that the quercetin content is among extract. They exhibited that the grape extract is a the highest in derivatives [176]. They claimed neuroprotectant for patients against aluminum that the grape’s stem is a rich source of induced neurotoxicity [196]. Grape’s stem has an polyphenols; such as flavonoids, antioxidant activity comparable to seed extract hydroxycinnamic, hydroxybenzoic, stilbenes and and has inhibition against liver and cervical phenolic acids [177]. Stilbenes are belongs to cancer [197]. Vitis vinifera is reported to be phytoalexins and its synthesis induces by abiotic useful in the treatment of snakebite, dog bite and and biotic stress factors, such as; UV light [178], bee sting [198]. Raisin, the dried fruit of grape soil lime [179], fungal infection [180], mineral showed an antimicrobial activity in oral health. nitrogen depletion [181] and water stress [182]. The phytochemical compounds in the raisin Leaf aqueous extract in red and white varieties of suppress the growth of oral bacteria and protect Vitis vinifera revealed high amount of phenolic gum and dental health [199]. content, its regulate the high antioxidant activity [183]. It is also mentioned that the red variant 7.4 Other Usage contains more phenolic content in comparison to its white type. The red/blue color of berries is due Grape pomace is useful in production and to the presence of anthocyanin. The genes activities in industries other than pharmaceutical responsible for the color are organized in that is used in production of hydrolytic enzymes complex clusters and they are present in any [200], livestock feeds [201], food colorants [202] tissue of the grape plant that are known to and biofuels [203]. The residues and by-products accumulate flavonoids ex, root, seeds, flower are used in wine industry, grape marc (skin and leaves [184]. While genetic background and seeds), attracted attention due to their phenolic maturation stage are two critical factors in the content, biological activity specially its antioxidant formation of anthocyanin in grape berries, factors activity [204]. The low molecular weight phenolic such as water availability, altitude, pathogens compound attributed to antioxidant activity. In exposure and slope are important in grape addition, the process of winemaking, other quality [185,186,187]. The quality, flavor and compounds such as anthocyanin-derived aroma of the grape is due to its compounds and pigments, hydrolysis of flavonol glycosides and pathways that the compounds. These tartaric esters of hydroxyxinnamic acid forms due compounds and nutrients drag many attentions to the action of yeast mediated enzymes [205]. in pharmacology and the food industry. Oven dried is not recommended in the wine making industry because of degrading and 7.3 Medicinal Properties deforming the needed compounds. High flavonoid content cooperates with cell structure Vitis vinifera are potential in pharmacological protection against UV light and its harmful effects activities due to its phytochemical content. by absorbing high radiation wavelength [183]. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species, Furthermore, grape seed extract inhibits the end to degenerative processes; such as cancer growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris cells and cardiovascular diseases [188]. Grape extract and spores in apple juice. The inhibition is inhibits reactive oxygen species production. because of high phenolic content and its target is Researches show that grape extract has the cell membrane of A. acidoterrestris [206]. cytotoxicity activity in human cancer cell culture [189,190]. Furthermore, grape extract exhibit 8. CONCLUSION anti-inflammatory [171] antibacterial [191], antimicrobial activity [192] and anti-carcinogenic Plants have a high potential in producing new [193,194] activity. Besides, grape extract and beneficiary drugs and pharmaceutical prevents Alzheimer disease [195]. Reduction in production, which is harmless and highly efficient glutathione level, increasing nitric acid production to human. Aristolochia tagala, Gynura in the rat pouch oedema model, in vitro procumbens, Antigonon leptopus, Hedera helix, cytotoxicity effect of the extract and increasing Rosa canina and Vitis vinifera are among superoxide dismutase activity is among the Malaysian and Iranian plants that are very pharmacological activity of grape extract [171]. beneficial to human. Their antioxidant property, Inhibition of topoisomerase I, which is active for phenolic contents other micro nutrients will leads cell proliferation is another activity for antitumor to further studies in this field. The potential of and chemopreventive activity of grape extract producing medicines and drugs such as

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anticancer drugs and their availability and ease 5. Swaine MD, Hawthorne WD, Bongers F, of growing of these plants attracted many Aceves MT. Climbing plants in Ghanaian scientists' attention. Climber medicial plants are Forests: In: Forest climbing plants of West multipurpose potential medicinal plant having Africa: Diversity, Ecology and high market potential all over the world. Hence it Management, Bongers, F., Parren, MPE. is utmost important to monitor the progress the and Traore, D. (Eds). CAB International. biochemical and pharmaceutical literature to Oxfordshire, UK; 2005. assess the efficacy before being recommended 6. Bongers FJJM, Schnitzer SA, Traore D. for the various therapies. The importance of lianas and consequences for forest management in SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT West Africa. BioTerre, Special Edition. 2002;59-70. Significant of this paper is to highlight the 7. Addo-Fordjour P, Rahmadand ZB, Shahrul importance of phytochemical, pharmaceutical AMS. Impacts of forest management on and biochemical activity of important climber community assemblage and carbon stock plants in Iran and Malaysia. Traditional medicine of lianas in a tropical lowland forest, has many advantages. It is easy to accessible, Malaysia. Tropical Conservation also it is cheaper than modern medicine, and Science. 2014;7(2). well known to widely acceptable to those in 8. Benavides AM, Alvaro J, Duque M, developing countries. These significant reports Duivenvoorden G, Vasco A, Callejas R. A demonstrate the significant impact of these first quantitative census of vascular climber medicinal plants for the treatment of a epiphytes in rain forests of Colombian variety of diseases by integrating the traditional Amazonia. Biodiversity and Conservation. and modern medicine could help to provide 2005;14:739-758. improve health of people living in this globe. 9. Muoghalu JI, Okeesan OO. Climber

species composition, abundance and COMPETING INTERESTS relationship with trees in a Nigerian secondary forest. African Journal of Authors have declared that no competing Ecology. 2005;43:258-266. interests exist. 10. Azam AWM, Marikarand FMMT, Muneeb

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