2010 AICCM BOOK, PAPER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 29
Y The bamboo ring and the South Pole before treatment.
OR ST an automated spanking machine and a light, horseless, family carriage, which he called a ‘charvolant’,series of drawn along by a kites controlled by the driver (Barron 2008). In April 1831, Pocock advertised his inflatable globes and recommended them to travellers of the world and ships captains. The folded globes were housed in a little cardboard box and equivalent came in the dimensions of 24, 36 and 48 Zoll diameter, 1994). The globe was to 63, 94 and 126 cm (Wohlschläger accompanied by a tape / scale measure of printed-paper on linen, together with an eight-page booklet of instructions, called ‘Remarks’. The booklet advertised the 126 cm globe, in fully made-up form, for a price of £1-5-0 or in sectional form only for 8 Figure 2 HI In order to understand better what we were dealing with, we started to investigate the history of paper globes. Vicky Spalding, registrar at the VNZMM, provided us with valuable information regarding the invention of inflatable globes. The invention and spectacular inaugural flight of the Montgolfier Brothers hot air balloon in France, 1783, provided the inspiration for two other brothers, Ebenezer and George Pocock, to design and publish inflatable globes in Bristol, England. George Pocock (1774 – 1843) was a well-respected citizen of Bristol, who owned a boarding school for young gentlemen. With his inventive mind, he not only developed collapsible globes, but also invented almost detached bamboo ring and several loose pieces. All almost detached bamboo ring and several loose box components had been kept in an old cardboard (see Figure 2).
1056 ' .*& ' "3 ' 20$3+ ' -4 ' .*%&& ' "3 ' 20/+&+ ' N #/01& ' IO CT DS +&,-.&+ ' RA DUCT OR (' )*& ' RO YW methods will be explored. disciplines. This paper describes the process of conservingdisciplines. This paper paper globe and explores possible methods a rare inflatable terrestrial of displaying such an object. Preliminary (VNZMM) collection. research has Zealand Maritime Museum’s New The early 19th-centuryof the Voyager globe is part conserved held in international collections have been few remaining examples of this type of globe revealed that none of the to date. how this challenges the conservators’ nature of this three-dimensional object and The unusual functional conventional working ABST objects can cause quandaries for paper conservatorsThree-dimensional paper who are accustomed to dealing with two- of conservators structural aspect often requiring the collaboration dimensional works, their and museum professionals from other Outside the square: A considered approach to the treatment of a treatment to the approach A considered the square: Outside object paper three-dimensional Baskcomb and Camilla Ute Larsen very (see Figure 1). poor state INT paper conservationIn 2001, during an impromptu tidy-up in the o Tãmaki (AAG), a box studio at the Auckland Art Gallery Toi and sparked our labelled ‘Handle like raw eggs’ came to light torn work made from interest. What was this folded, crumpled and knew that we were ultrathin tissue? After carefully unpacking it, we format and in a looking at a map of the world in a rather unusual KE Pocock globe, inflatable, paper, treatment options. The globe was stored deflated and folded up, together with an ownership by the VNZMM had been confirmed, the globe was brought out for reassessment in 2004. An application for funding to the New Zealand Lotteries Grant Board was successful and meant that the conservation into the treatment and an investigation method of display could proceed. Having never seen an object such as this, we were intrigued by and felt challenged by the conservation its history and complexity, !"#$%& After some detective work we found out that in 1992 the Voyager New Zealand Maritime Museum (VNZMM) had deposited an inflatable terrestrial paper globe with the conservation department for treatment, as part of the Conservation Service at the AAG. Due to a lack of funding and changes of staff in both institutions, the globe had languished for almost 10 years untreated. Once E B O L E G TH
F G O N I T A D
ND A N IO PT New Zealand’s islands. The unfolded globe at its full length. RI
SC Figure 5 time. The lightweight, soft fibred paper is very delicate, yet was the North and intended to withstand numerous inflations. Both South poles had been reinforced with material. wrapped around a The gores with linen reinforcements had been attached on the bamboo ring at the South Pole. Narrow silk strips, onto the underside inside of the gores at the North Pole, and sewn shirt stud, appeared of an ivory similar to a gentlemen’s finial, candle may have to be partially scorched, an indication that a printed inscription on been used in the past to inflate the globe. A author of various one gore reads: ‘E Pocock, Patentee, Bristol, Lithog. other scientific spheres, stationary and revolving. W Day, London’. With no date appearing on the globe itself, the best clues we had Island of New to work with were that Pocock called the North Poenammo’ Zealand ‘Eaeinomauwe’ and the South Island ‘Tavai (see Figure 5). DE terrestrial globe, assembled globe is an inflatable The VNZMM printed half gores, which have been hand- from 12 lithographically inks (see Figure 4). coloured with coloured Figure 4 axis is about 152 The diameter measured along the north-south this globe came without the accessories it cm. Unfortunately, which have been lost over would have been sold with originally, Even today, after nearly 180 years, inflatable globes continue to continue globes years, inflatable nearly 180 after today, Even with a plastic as a blow-up ball mainly made from be sold, albeit for toys but also still used They are ever popular sealable bung. purposes. educational
#/01&6 ' +&,-.&+ ' .*& ' 02 ' $4& ' -./-4:/";& ' -/.&%3-."9& ' 7' 83 ' raise it again, and thus by a few elevations and descents it will raise it again, and thus by a few elevations and be expanded to a sphere. (n.d. ) First holding the globe by the hoop with one hand, wave it to First holding the globe by the hoop with one at the orifice, this and fro several times, so that air may rush in by the stud at will throw asunder the folds; then raise it vertically or two above the North pole, so that the hoop may rise a foot letting it drop, the floor or table over which it is inflated; then every day of the year. On the left edge of the scale are marked On the left edge of the scale every day of the year. North and South, of the Equator; on the degrees of Latitude, the number of degrees throughout the right edge is figured tape, beginning at the North end; and the whole length of the underneath every degree marked across the scale, is placed are the number of miles, by which all tedious calculations avoided. (n.d.) … as a substitute for both brazen meridian and quadrant, … as a substitute for both marked with degrees and common to other Globes… of miles… On the underside of the corresponding number is a scale called the of the Equator, globe, North and South declination is easily found for sun’s analemma, by which the pages in an atlas (see Figure 3). not too many examples left in existence today. Inflation by means not too many examples left in existence today. possible, but of hot air from a small burner or candle was also shown by the areas this was again a rather hazardous method as Pocock globes of scorched material on the North Pole. Later, alternative means were sold with a small air pump, for use as an on the paper of inflation, which would have caused less stress globe in a much tissue. It was also possible to use the un-inflated to be read as if by turning the gores over, more traditional way, This extremely physical approach probably explains why there are This extremely physical approach probably explains The original method of inflation was also described in the booklet The original method of inflation was also described as follows: ‘highly ornamental, suited for Drawing Room, Study or Library’ suited for Drawing ‘highly ornamental, n.d.). (’Remarks’ the provision of a scale tape measure As described in ’Remarks’, with a globe acted shillings, (which in today’s money would cost approximately NZ$ approximately would cost money today’s (which in shillings, were also of the globes 30 respectively). Versions 95 and NZ$ prices. A 126 cm diameter silk at significantly higher available in would cost £ 9 guineas, inflatable globe in silk fully made–up described as The latter was NZ$ 1,605 today. approximately soon produced his own version (Dekker 1999). Wohlschläger soon produced his own version (Dekker 1999). Wohlschläger states that in 1831 Cella produced his own version of inflatable globes in Munich with some improvements. There are several Cella globes still in existence today including an example in the National Maritime Museum (NMM) collection, Greenwich, London 1994). (Wohlschläger !"#$%& Originally from Imitations of this fabulous invention were to follow. for Phillipp Cella (1790 – after 1831) lived in England Germany, 16 years where he learned of the Pocock balloon globe and
2010 AICCM BOOK, PAPER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 30 2010 AICCM BOOK, PAPER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 31 .%&-.G&3.6 ' 1&20%& ' F0/& ' E0%.* ' .*& ' -3+ ' D3"-/ ' "90%A ' C' )*& ' !"#$%& we weighed down the repair patches in the traditional Initially, the with blotters and weights onto the sleeve board as way, of the we quickly realised that because support base. However, non-alignment of the surrounding areas, particularly in very frail parts, this technique resulted in a very flat and stretched repair, contrasting with the crumpled soft tissue. large losses, in fact most of the paper was still there, even though large losses, in fact most of the paper was still unfolded, we were folded and extremely crumpled. When carefully able to re-align most areas with minimal infills. With the use of a Reemay®-covered inflated balloon, which was to expand the placed inside a gore opening and pushed up fragile silk strips North Pole area, we were able to re-attach the to their corresponding gores beneath the ivory finial. Initially we and loose silk had considered replacing the partially scorched carried out included sealing the fabric. Tests strips with Terylene strips with heat, which proved to frayed edges of the Terylene man-made fibre. be unsuccessful due to severe distortion of the Sealing the edges with a clear drying neutral pH water based PVA since the finial would not However, acrylic much better. worked purposes, we have to be load bearing for inflation and display and instead only elected not to introduce any foreign materials secured the existing strips with MC (see Figure 7). was too strong for the existing fragile paper and in contrast made contrast made and in fragile paper the existing strong for was too (1: 40 weight/volume) too rigid. Methylcellulose the repair patch instead. was selected gore damaged and detached aligned each First, we temporarily the diameter of the paper Pole, but realised that at the South the ring. By comparing diameter of the bamboo exceeded the detached bamboo ring with the still attached to the linen sections that the paper had to be folded in paper parts, we understood areas of the crumpled As some order to reduce the diameter. frail and limp, tests for drypaper were extremely cleaning were piece of a vulcanised natural rubber carried out with a small sometimes it well however, sponge. This method worked was safer to carry out dry had been cleaning after the repair completed. encountered was not being able to easily One major problem we in order to look underneath it and check turn the object around or could possibly line missing over, for parts that were folded re-attached. Withup incorrectly when being excessive damage torn directly adjacent mainly on the poles, but also with the paper to re-think how to to the overlapping seams of the gores, we had to weigh it down place a repair inside the globe and then be able The solution was without crushing the opposite gore underneath. with Tyvek® a domestic one - a sleeve ironing board, covered during use. We and silicone release paper to prevent snagging globe, as there was were able to place the board safely inside the gore. This allowed an almost full-length opening split down one we worked our us to move the paper gently over the board as to be numerous way around the world. Although there appeared B&/10$%3&6 ' 02 ' @".A ' .*& ' >".*0$. ' ?"@.0%"- ' 4*0>"3# ' NT ME T <' =&.-"/ ' in the area of 70 degrees Longitude to the right of the Seychelles - to be precise. Several Japanese tissue papers were selected for suitability as a weight and strength. The best based on their colour, repair paper, paper, Kozo Hadaura, a 16 gsm results were achieved with Yama sourced through a supplier in Canada. Wheat starch paste was tested as a possible adhesive, but was quickly dismissed as it TREA condition, the full extent of After re-examination of the globe’s the damage was photographed by the AAG photographer John Armed with little information, but relying on our combined McIver. 43 years of practical conservation experience and basic common sense, we started the conservation treatment on 8 January 2007, found only one other inflatable globe, intact with all accessories, which was for sale through a map dealer in Kent, England. When searching on the internet, we were unable to find anything in the major conservation publications regarding the preservation on the the article by Nichols et.al. of inflatable globes. However, conservation in of two Japanese paper lanterns was found helpful the preparation phase of this treatment (Nichols et al 2007). stated that there are three Pocock globes in the NMM collection stated that there are three Pocock globes in in need of conservation treatment, but no-one had attempted Paul expressed interest in to conserve as yet. However, them being updated with the outcomes of our conservation treatment, as this information would be helpful for the conservation the of globes in the NMM collection. Apart from seeing a similar model on the BBC Antiques Road Show programme in 2006, where the method of inflation was demonstrated with great gusto, we Investigating the history and dating the object was one part, but examples of this we also needed to find out if there were other type of globe in the world and whether any conservators had known contacted the two treated similar globes in the past. We map and globe conservators in the UK: Sylvia Sumira (a globe Cook at the NMM. specialist in private practice, London) and Paul Sylvia recounted that she had not conserved one to date and Paul !"#$%& be therefore believed that a date of circa 1820 would We survivingjustifiable. This makes the globe one of the few early globes in existence. examples of Pocock’s was not on the map, which indicated that it must have been was not on the map, which the year that Melbourne was established published before 1835, (see Figure 6). was actually discovered in 1804. Furthermore, Banks Peninsula is Furthermore, Banks Peninsula discovered in 1804. was actually Mainland to be joined to the island when it was found shown as an expected that this information should in 1809. One would have the British cartographic scene by 1820 have filtered through to available. and have been generally the dating was that the city of Melbourne Another helpful point in In undated correspondence from the Lands & Survey from the Lands correspondence In undated Department Library with which we found together Wellington, in at the Turnbull conservationthe original with useful report, we were provided globe of New Zealand on the For example, the map information. strait South Island when the Island joined to the shows Stewart
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Y A SPL lighter weight Tyvek® inner, filled with air sacks, such as the ones filled with air sacks, such inner, lighter weight Tyvek® used in packaging to protect fragile objects. On completion of all the repairs, we felt justified in treating ourselves to a preview of the final look of the globe. Without resorting to historical methods of inflation, we referred to the NMM and their very high-tech option and used a hair dryer (see Figure 8). full-scale version of the Tyvek® inner was tied at one end and full-scale version of the Tyvek® filled with polystyrene beads, without being inserted into the globe. and immediately realised that the combined weight of Tyvek® We beads posed a risk to the fragile paper of the globe. When filling which could manner, it, the inner expanded in a pear-shaped potentially have damaged the globe. As a possible alternative we are currently investigating the use of a Jung, a German intern from the Sorbonne, who was not only mathematically minded but also familiar with the sewing machine. The word globe derives from Therefore, to calculate the volume of the globe and its inner, Amelie adapted the principles used to sew a football. followed by a small- she made a mini mock-up from paper, Initially, For test purposes, the finished scale globe inner from Tyvek®. to be inconclusive, but when the tests were repeated, the beads to be inconclusive, but when the tests were the results applied only to this particular batch passed. However, of polystyrene beads, as according to the manufacturer the composition of the beads can change at any time without notice, even from batch to batch. In 2007 we were fortunate enough to have with us Amelie We had been requested to investigate the longevity and chemical had been requested to investigate the longevity and We New Zealand stability of polystyrene beads for a work by the In this instance, artist Michael Parekowhai in the AAG collection. while the work the beads were intended to be used for packing Clark, conservator at the Museum of New was in transit. Tony them for us tested in Wellington Papa Tongarewa Zealand - Te the Oddy tests were found for suitability and off gassing. Initially, far-reaching, un-trialled and considered to be too risky for such a un-trialled and considered to be too far-reaching, costs were also a consideration. fragile object. Obviously, insertion of an inner It seemed to us that the best option was the material to gently fabric sleeve that could be filled with a suitable silk and calico were expand the paper structure. Fabrics such as because of its stable considered, but we decided to trial Tyvek®, properties. Their exhibition schedule is such that objects can stay on display Their exhibition schedule is such that objects for a considerable amount of time. With this and the nature of the designer as globe in mind, we consulted our previous exhibition well as fellow objects conservators. Brainstorming ideas ranged a flexible, from inserting a large inflated balloon, to inserting opening device. skeletal structure, to an umbrella-type Teflon®-like anyway) too Most of these ideas seemed to be (to our knowledge the hole, which could be seen and felt easily, so the repair could be seen and felt easily, the hole, which could be placed in the right position. DI be fully appreciated when inflated, we had As this object can only from the VNZMM to formulate a feasible to consider our directive method of display. and the parts that were adhered first would expand and distort. would expand and that were adhered first and the parts With we had largest opening, which closure of the progressive we encountered of access during repair, used as our main point looking through the bamboo ring opening, another problem. When to find the hole we were about to sometimes we were unable help with locating outside. To which was so obvious on the repair, of us would put a micro spatula through the area of damage, one A much better result was achieved by letting the repaired area ‘air area the repaired by letting was achieved better result A much dry’, with the pull of the drying creating gentle tensions, adhesive that also found We paper. in with the rest of the which blended if too just the right size – to have the repair patch it was critical would drylarge, the MC joined together before the edges were
2010 AICCM BOOK, PAPER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 32 2010 AICCM BOOK, PAPER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 33
in The Journal of the Institute in The Journal
LS :%+*A'93&%"-='B%.%&&-)A'#*'4*32("-)AC'D')/%' AI T E Camilla Baskcomb D
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A NT CO Ute Larsen o Tãmaki Auckland Art Gallery Toi PO Box 5449 Auckland New Zealand Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Conservator, the British Association of Paper Historians and more and more Historians of Paper Association the British Conservator, she co- wrote recently, (*)-&)E&'&%"%.)-#+'#4';*(,-+2'F(F%*& of Conservation. Accredited Conservator-Restorer She is an the Institute of Conservation.member of
Camilla Baskcomb 9*(+.%&':#;2<-+&=' >#;%*+'?#*<&@' completed her conservation NTS
Ute Larsen
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the public, Historic Places Trust and private collectors. the public, Historic Places Trust In 1994 she co-organised The Institute of Paper Conservation Gallery, (IPC) Conference held at the Tate Modern Problems? studio in Battersea, London. After sixteen years in private practice, London, as Senior Gallery, Camilla was employed by the Tate Conservator the for the Oppé Collection from 1996 - 2000. For past nine years, Camilla has worked at the Auckland Art Gallery o Tãmaki as the Regional Conservation Services paper Toi conservator – an income generating section of the conservation department. This provides a professional conservation service for techniques of Frances Hodgkins, and an investigation into the use of drawing papers by Henry and Fuseli. Ute was co-curator co-author of the exhibition and publication Leitmotif. After completing a three-year conservation in training course London, specialising in Prints and Drawings, co-founded Bates and Baskcomb in 1980, a paper conservation position of Paper Conservator at the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o position of Paper Conservator at the Auckland Art Gallery Toi Tãmaki. exhibition For the last 12 years she has worked on the Gallery’s programme, while also treating works from the collection, which contains over 11,000 works on paper by New Zealand, Pacific recent publications include articles and International artists. Ute’s in the Journal of the Institute of Conservation and on the materials BIOGRA Originally from Germany, in 1997 with studies at the University of Canberra, graduating in archives a Bachelor of Applied Science. She has worked Australasian in Australia and The Netherlands, as well as with ConservationServices and Archer Fine Art Preservation in to take up the Melbourne. In 1998 she moved to New Zealand The authors would like to thank the following people for their The authors would like to thank the following Vicky McIver, support and expertise: AAG photographer John Spalding registrar at VNZMM, conservator Marion Mertens, McBride and intern Amelie Jung and research librarians Caroline Research Library. Catherine Hammond of the E H McCormick The Paper Place 77 Brock Avenue Toronto Ontario Canada M6K 2L3 ACKN Warkworth 0941 Warkworth New Zealand +64 9 425 7380 Tel: Fax: +64 9 425 7385 S-1-304 16 gsm Kozo Hadaura Japanese tissue – Yama size) (25 x 38 inches, sheet Tel: +64 9 425 7380 +64 Tel: 425 7385 Fax: +64 9 Lineco reversible adhesive Polyvinyl acetate, pH neutral Conservation Supplies 81 Great North Road 646 P.O.Box 81 Great North Road 81 Great 646 P.O.Box 0941 Warkworth New Zealand