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Employment Dynamics, Firm Performance and Innovation Persistence in the Context of Differentiated Innovation Types: Evidence from Luxembourg

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Employment Dynamics, Firm Performance and Innovation Persistence in the Context of Differentiated Innovation Types: Evidence from Luxembourg View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Repository and Bibliography - Luxembourg Employment Dynamics, Firm Performance and Innovation Persistence in the Context of Differentiated Innovation Types: Evidence from Luxembourg Ni ZHEN ©2018 Ni Zhen Front Cover Design: Liliane Schoonbrood ISBN 978 90 8666 448.1 Published by Boekenplan, Maastricht www.boekenplan.nl All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission from the author. Employment Dynamics, Firm Performance and Innovation Persistence in the Context of Differentiated Innovation Types: Evidence from Luxembourg DISSERTATION to obtain the degree of Doctor at Maastricht University, on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. Rianne M. Letschert, in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on Thursday 3 May 2018, at 16:00 hours BY NI ZHEN SUPERVISORS: Prof. Dr. Katrin Hussinger, University of Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Pierre Mohnen Prof. Dr. Franz Palm CO-SUPERVISOR: Dr. Wladimir Raymond ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: Prof. Dr. Jacques Mairesse (Chair) Dr. Cindy Lopes-Bento Prof. Dr. Bettina Peters, University of Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Marco Vivarelli, Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Financial support for this dissertation has been provided by the Luxembourg National Research Fund. Acknowledgments When I look back only with nostalgia, those years remind me of a poem of Mark Strand: “The night would not end. Someone was saying the music was over and no one had noticed. Then someone said something about the planets, about the stars, how small they were, how far away.” This journey is far more beautiful and fruitful than I could imagine. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Wladimir Raymond and Katrin Hussinger. I would like to thank Wladimir for his support and encouragement during this project. I appreciate all his contributions of time, ideas and funding to make my PhD experience productive and stimulating. I would also like to thank Katrin for giving me the great opportunity to work in the University of Luxembourg. I am grateful for her patience, constant support and advice. I am also thankful for her sponsorship of my summer school and conference trip to China. Furthermore, I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Pierre Mohnen and Franz Palm. I would like to thank Pierre for his motivation, immense knowledge and great guidance throughout my PhD. He has been continuously encouraging and guided me as a great teacher. I admire his gentle, kind and noble personality. His warm, encouraging smile has supported and inspired me in hardships, without which I could not have completed this work. I have been also extremely lucky to have Franz Palm as my supervisor, who cared so much about my work, and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly. I will not forget their passion and dedication to science and their firm belief in truth. Veritas lux mea. Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank my assessment committee: Jacques Mairesse, Cindy Lopes-Bento, Bettina Peters and Marco Vivarelli for their insightful comments, support and intriguing questions which incent me to improve my thesis from various perspectives. Particularly, I would like to thank Bettina Peters for her valuable help and fruitful discussions during her visit to the University of Luxembourg on February 2017. This dissertation would not have been possible without the helpful and critical discussions with Bettina. My sincere thanks also go to Jesus Carro, Gautam Tripathi and Jeffrey Wooldridge. I would like to thank Jesus Carro for his altruism and generosity for helping me to understand his paper. I could not thank him enough. I am also truly grateful to Gautam Tripathi and Jeffrey Wooldridge for their encouragement, valuable suggestions and wonderful discussions on econometrics. I am grateful to all those who commented my work critically and inspired me on this journey. I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to STATEC, Uni- versity of Luxembourg, UNU-MERIT and Maastricht University. I would like to thank Chiara Peroni for providing me with valuable opportunity to join the research team, in particular, for enabling me to access to CIS and SBS data in STATEC. I would also like to acknowledge University of Luxembourg for financial support and academically stimulating work environment. I am also thankful for UNU-MERIT and Maastricht University for providing me with research facilities during my visit to Maastricht. I would like to thank my mother, free chat software and our quantum dog. I am deeply grateful to my mother for her love and understanding of my long absence. I am indebted to my boyfriend for his love and timely words of encouragement throughout my PhD. I also want to express my gratitude to my working colleagues at the University of Luxembourg and STATEC for their brilliant jokes, wonderful company and valuable discussions. Thank you for metaphysical conversations and those beautiful useless small things. Last but not least , thanks to Leonardo da Vinci for marvelous invention, the flying machine or the “ornithopter”. Thanks to Johann Sebastian Bach for the sublime heritage, which speaks of the highest secrete into every human heart. “Dem hochsten¨ Gott allein zu Ehren, Dem Nachsten¨ draus sich zu belehren.” Alis grave nil. Abstract This doctoral dissertation examines the essential topics of employment dynamics, firm performance and innovation persistence comprehensively. In particular, this doctoral dissertation provides an assessment of the differentiated role of innovation strategies in employment, firm performance and innovation persistence. After an introduction, the second chapter studies the dynamic relationship between tech- nological innovation and employment using Luxembourgish firm level data pertaining to the non-financial corporate sector during the period 2003-2012. A simple theoretical model that distinguishes the employment effect of product innovation from that of process innovation is developed. The model is then estimated by two-step generalised method of moments using an unbalanced panel data stemming from the annual structural business survey merged with the biennial innovation survey. The third chapter investigates the two-way relationship between technological innovation and firm performance at the firm level. In the framework of evolutionary economics, innovation is regarded as a highly cumulative process which exhibits positive feedback. This chapter aims at capturing the interdependent relationship and possible bidirectional causality between innovation and firm performance. Superior firm performance facilitates the emergence of innovations, innovation contributes to firm performance by gaining successful and sustainable competitive advantage, which forms a virtuous circle. A fully recursive simultaneous model is established where product and process innovation are explicitly distinguished. The system of simultaneous equations with mixed structure is estimated by full information maximum likelihood methods. The longitudinal firm-level data is applied over the 2003-2012 period by merging five waves of the Luxembourgish innovation survey with structural business surveys. The fourth chapter explores innovation persistence at the firm level by means of dynamic nonlinear random effects models based on the estimator proposed by Albarran´ et al. [2015]. It aims at capturing the true state dependence which indicates the causal relationship between innovation in one period and decision to innovate in the subsequent period. The Albarran´ et al. [2015] method accounts for unobserved individual effects that are correlated with the initial conditions as well as the unbalanced structure of panel. Using five questionnaire waves of Luxembourgish Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) for the years 2002-2012, this study provides new insights on the differentiated patterns of persistence among product and process innovation. This doctoral dissertation explicitly distinguishes different mechanisms of product and process innovation and reveals their distinct impacts on employment. Product innovation is found to exert a positive effect on employment where the process innovation does not exert a significant effect on the firm level of employment. This doctoral dissertation also reveals that enhanced firm performance facilitates process innovation and process innovation improves firm performance, which forms a self-reinforcing virtuous circle. An opposite pattern is identified for the product innovation on the ground of cannibalization effect and inherent market risks associated with new products. Moreover, results highlight the relevance of innovation persistence for all types of innovation, particularly the highest level of persistence is found for product innovation. In addition, the state dependence of product innovation is mainly associated with sunk costs relevant to R&D expenditures, whereas the state dependence of process innovation can be attributed to other factors such as dynamic increasing returns and learning effect. The further differentiation of product innovator category reveals that the state dependence of incremental product innovation can be mainly attributed to sunk costs relevant to R&D expenditures. In contrast, the joint significance of average R&D
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