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FLASH REPORT

Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control: Transport Development in East

January 2021

Introduction 2 Integration and Dispossession 2 Sustaining a Repressive Status Quo 5 Overview of Jerusalem Transport Projects 6 The Tunnel Road (Route 60) Expansion 6 The American Road 7 Grade Separation and Underpass 8 Grade Separation 10 Jerusalem Expansion 10 Corporate Complicity 12 Oron Group 12 Margolin Bros 13 Electra 14 Denya Cebus 16 Housing and Construction (Shikun & Binui Group) 18 Y.D. Barazani 19 Galnor Building & Development 20 Shoham Engineering and Development 21 Introduction panies profiled herein were contacted prior to publication. To date, no responses have Transport infrastructure, which regulates not been received. The projects surveyed are: (1) only space but the movement of people and the expansion of the Tunnel Road, a section goods across space, offers a powerful orga- of Route 60 south of Jerusalem; (2) the con- nizing instrument for an occupying power. struction of the American Road, a north-south Together with the Wall and the checkpoints, highway that cuts through ’s ’s transport network in the occupied Pal- Palestinian neighborhoods; (3) the construc- estinian territory (oPt) works to manage and tion of an underpass and grade separation control both land and population in accor- at the Qalandia checkpoint on the outskirts dance with Israeli interests. of , north of Jerusalem; (4) the con- For Israel’s illegal settlement enterprise, infra- struction of grade separation in the French structure development provides a lifeline, en- Hill settlement neighborhood and (5) the ex- hancing settler connectivity, supporting eco- pansion of the Network. nomic development and normalizing Israeli Our research shows that although the proj- presence on occupied land. ects themselves are carried out by Jerusa- For the occupied Palestinian population, lem’s municipal development arm, the Mo- these infrastructure development projects riah Jerusalem Development Corporation are intimately tied to the processes of dispos- (hereafter: Moriah) and located largely within session and facilitate land grabs. In this way municipal lines, they target not only the set- transport projects are a means of annexing tlement neighborhoods of illegally annexed land, fragmenting and isolating communities East Jerusalem—but also the occupied West and destroying agrarian livelihoods by sepa- Bank as a whole. The transport projects ex- rating farmers from their agricultural lands. amined in this publication are part and parcel Moreover, these are not only processes of of a broader Israeli strategy to promote the exclusion, but also of incorporation on un- economic and spatial integration of the West equal terms. New infrastructural projects Bank in terms of dispossession, segregation address short-term Palestinian needs in ways and control. designed to ultimately sustain and entrench the structures of colonial occupation which Integration and Dispossession create these needs in the first place. For in- Within occupied East Jerusalem, transport stance, Route 4370, a recently inaugurated infrastructure has long played a key role in segregated highway, purports to enable West boosting settlement expansion, de-develop- Bank to more easily and rapidly ing Palestinian communities and normalizing circumvent Jerusalem, a need rooted in the Israel’s unilateral annexation of East Jerusa- fact that they are prohibited by the occupying lem, never recognized by the international power from entering the city. community. This is evident in projects such This flash report focuses on five large scale as the planned cable car to the of transport infrastructure projects in East Jeru- Jerusalem (hereafter: Old City), presently in salem currently at various stages of develop- the pre-qualification tender stage,1 a tour- ment, and exposes the private corporations involved in their implementation. All com- 1 Jerusalem Development Authority, Public Tender No. 5/20 Invitation to Participate in

2 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Tunnel Road (Route 60) | 15 December 2020 |Photo: Oren Ziv ism-cum-transport infrastructure project lished by Israel as a “second, organic wall”3 to which serves to accelerate ongoing Judaiza- entrench its control over Jerusalem and stra- tion of the city, and the ethnic cleansing of tegically break the into discon- the Palestinian neighborhoods of and nected enclaves. 2 the Old City. Significantly, though the three sites are- re However, Jerusalem transport infrastructure ferred to as settlement blocs, they are not development extends far beyond municipal homogeneous settler spaces; rather they en- boundaries, facilitating the integration of compass Palestinian communities and -agri the settlement blocs that encircle Jerusalem cultural lands.4 Their ever-increasing integra- that are de-facto annexed to it by the Wall, tion with Jerusalem through a complex web collectively forming the so-called “Greater Je- of roads, checkpoints and the Wall forms a rusalem.” These include the Givat Ze’ev bloc continual assault on Palestinian land, life and to the north, the Ma’ale Adumim bloc to the livelihoods. This is the case in a recent plan east and the Etzion bloc to the south, estab- for a bypass road connecting the settlements of the Etzion bloc to Jerusalem which, if ap- Pre-Qualification Process in the Framework of a proved, would allow Israel to expropriate pri- Tender for the Selection of a Promoter to Design, Build, Operate, Maintain and Deliver a Cable Car vately owned Palestinian land along the route (Funicular) to the Old City of Jerusalem, August 2020. 3 Weizman, E. Hollow Land: Israel’s Archi- 2 Who Profits,Tourism Infrastructure and tecture of Occupation, 2007: 25. Settlement Expansion The Case of the Jerusalem 4 Ir Amim, The “Minor” Annexation of Cable Car, May 2018. is a Major Disaster, July 2020.

3 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control and expand the settlement of Har west of that Jerusalem would lose its position as the the Palestinian village of Al-Walaja. Together “center of gravity” for settlements to the Tel with the Wall, the planned settlement would Aviv metropolitan area if access to the city is complete the enclosure of the village, isolat- not improved.8 Heavy investment in public ing it completely from the area.5 transit services to settlements and settlement Transport infrastructure is also intimately tied neighborhoods is also intended to feed into to economic development; the ever-expand- large-scale economic projects in West Jerusa- ing road network makes major residential and lem. The Jerusalem Municipality is currently commercial projects in Jerusalem-area settle- investing billions of shekels in the Jerusalem ments possible. A recent example of this can Gateway project, an enormous business dis- be found in the planned Design City shopping trict located within the which will complex in the Mishor Adumim settlement be connected to the Jerusalem Light Rail and industrial zone, the subject of an in-depth a greatly expanded public transit network, as investigation by Who Profits in an upcoming well as to the Jerusalem - Fast Train 9 publication. Design City, which describes- it (A1). self as a “revolution for the inhabitants of the Infrastructural development in the so-called Greater Jerusalem”6 promises to be a major “Greater Jerusalem” area was heavily fea- engine of regional economic development, tured in the first ever Transport Master Plan creating thousands of jobs. According to its for the West Bank, presented by the Ministry website, the project is made possible “due to of Transport to settlement authorities in No- excellent traffic conditions and a new system vember 2020.10 Tellingly, though the master of roads and interchanges.”7 Another exam- plan does not include annexed East Jerusa- ple can be found in the stated objectives of lem, its preparation was spearheaded by the the expansion of the Tunnel Road, explored Jerusalem Transportation Master Plan Team, in detail below. Among other issues, the high- a joint body of the Jerusalem Municipality way expansion allows Israel to lift restrictions and the Ministry of Transportation, estab- on the construction of new housing units in lished in 1968 to formulate strategic plans for surrounding cities, including the settlement the Jerusalem metropolitan area.11 of Beitar . The master plan is the result of a multi-year The transportation links between Jerusalem consultation process with settlement author- and its satellite settlements are also viewed ities12 emphasizing the political and admin- as critical to the economic life of the city. In 8 Subcommittee on Judea and Samaria, a meeting of the Foreign Affairs and Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee Defense Committee’s Subcommittee on Ju- (Hebrew). Meeting protocol, 22 November 2018. dea and Samaria, officials expressed concern On file with Who Profits. 9 Horesh, H., ‘We call it Silicon Wadi’: Is Jerusalem on its way to revolution?, The Marker, 5 Ir Amim, Civil Administration Advances 17 September 2020 (Hebrew). Huge Road Construction Plans, Pushing Forward 10 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,Com - the De-Facto Annexation of Greater Jerusalem, prehensive transport plan for Judea and Samaria, Including its Fourth Settlement Bloc, 13 August 10 November 2020 (Hebrew). 2020. 11 Jerusalem Transport Master Plan Team, 6 Design City, About, Accessed 28 Decem- About, Accessed 28 December 2020 (Hebrew). ber 2020 (Hebrew). 12 See for example Knesset Foreign Affairs 7 Ibid.

4 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control istrative integration of the West Bank into à-vis the occupied population. At the same comprehensive transport planning within the time, transport projects are also instruments Green Line, including public transport plan- of (segregated) integration, normalization ning. It operationalizes calls made by Israel’s and pacification. Projects such as the bus-on- previous Transport Minister Bezalel Smotrich ly lanes and bus terminal currently under for the enactment of “sovereignty through construction at the Qalandia checkpoint op- transport” in the West Bank, “erasing the erate in tandem with recent technological transportational Green Line” through roads and infrastructural investments in the check- and mass public transit.13 The master plan’s points, described as an “upgrade” by the flagship projects include the Qalandia under- pass, the expansion of Route 375 between the Green Line and the Tunnel Road, and the expansion of Route 437, part of Jerusalem’s Eastern Ring Road.14

Sustaining a Repressive Status Quo In the oPt infrastructure is primarily about control. In the words of Brigadier Ofer Hindi, head of the Rainbow of Colors15 administra- tive division of the Israeli Ministry of Defense (hereafter: IMOD): “priorities are not only the result of traffic and congestion, but of securi- ty needs, and the perspective must be inte- grative.”16 As illustrated above, the Israeli roads system functions as an instrument of exclusion, land grabs and economic de-development vis- and Defense Committee,Press release: Ministry of Transportation transport plan for Judea and Samaria revealed, 14 March 2017 (Hebrew). 13 Kahana, A., Smotrich’s plan for ‘Sov- Overview of Jerusalem transport projects ereignty through Transport’, Israel Hayom, 31 October 2019 (Hebrew). 14 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,Com - Israeli Civil Administration (hereafter: ICA), prehensive transport plan for Judea and Samaria, the administrative arm of the Israeli military 10 November 2020 (Hebrew). in the oPt.17 The so-called upgrade includes 15 An IMOD body set up as part of the Oslo features such as: moveable connectors at pe- process to oversee the restructuring on the mili- destrian checkpoints, expanded use of facial tary in the WB; See Arieli, S., Rainbow of Colors B: The metamorphosis of a multidisciplinary project recognition and other biometric identifica- in Central Command (Hebrew). tion technologies and significantly, terminals, 16 Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee,Press release: Ministry of Trans- 17 Ben Zion, I (Hebrew), Israel invests in portation transport plan for Judea and Samaria high-tech upgrades at West Bank crossings, AP revealed, 14 March 2017 (Hebrew). News, 29 July 2019.

5 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control bus lanes and parking areas with the objec- Jala and provides access to Jerusalem without tive of “maximizing utility […] and enabling coming into view of the surrounding Palestin- the passage of goods with greater through- ian villages and neighborhoods. 18 put and efficiency.” The Tunnel Road is emblematic of the “terri- Transport planning is thus incorporated into torial labyrinth created by the Oslo Accords”20 Israel’s strategic move to recast Palestinians —while the tunnel and the bridge are in Area as clients and users of the occupation. In this C (under full Israeli control), the valley above, way short-term quality-of-life improvements through which the bridge passes is in Area B work to consolidate, normalize and sustain Is- (under Israeli military control and Palestinian rael’s highly restrictive mobility regime. civil control), and the Palestinian town below the tunnel is in Area A (under full Palestinian Overview of Jerusalem Transport control). Projects The road serves the settlements of the Etzion In this section, Who Profits examines five settlement bloc, , , major transport projects in and around East and , as well as Israeli towns located Jerusalem. All five are costly, enormous and within the Green Line that connect to it from complex engineering undertakings, but their the west via Route 375. According to Moriah, real significance lies in how they combine to during morning hours the road serves some reshape occupied space, life and livelihoods. 1,300 vehicles in each lane and 30 buses per hour.21 The Tunnel Road (Route 60) Expansion To enter Jerusalem via Route 60, travelers Status: Under construction must cross the Tunnels Checkpoint, located Location: Between the Rosmarin interchange west of the entrance to , staffed by in the Gilo settlement neighborhood in East the Israeli military, the Israel Border Police, Jerusalem and Husan Junction in the West and private security companies. The check- Bank point is closed to Palestinians with the excep- Cost: 908.7 million NIS19 tion of East Jerusalem residents. Expected completion date: 2025 The expansion project is comprised of three main tenders— the northern section from Complicit corporations: Oron Group, Margo- Gilo to Beit Jala, the southern section from lin Bros, Housing and Construction (Shikun & Beit Jala to Husan Junction and a systems Binui Group) tender for traffic management systems which The Tunnel Road, a section of Route 60 on will connect to Jerusalem’s central traffic which Palestinian vehicles are prohibited command center. One of the project’s objec- from traveling, connects the southern part tives is to facilitate the lifting of restrictions of the West Bank to Jerusalem, bypassing the on the construction of new housing units in Palestinian city of Bethlehem. The road pass- surrounding cities, including the Beitar Illit es directly under the Palestinian town of Beit 20 Weizman, E. Hollow Land: Israel’s Archi- 18 Israeli State Comptroller, Annual Report tecture of Occupation, 2007: 180. 67b, 16 May 2017: 1813 (Hebrew). 21 Moriah Jerusalem Development Corpo- 19 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 ration,Tunnel Road (60). Accessed 28 December Work Plan. 2020.

6 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Tunnel Road settlement.22 An additional tender was pub- li military and IMOD.26 lished by Moriah in 2020 for the expansion of In September 2019, the Israeli Civil Adminis- Route 60 between Husan Junction and Elazar tration (ICA) issued expropriation orders for Junction south of Jerusalem estimated at 22.5 11 of land belonging to the Palestin- 23 million NIS. ian villages of al-Khader and Beit Jala for the The project entails building two new tunnels construction of the road.27 next to the existing tunnels and constructing a new bridge between Gilo and Beit Jala.24 The The American Road project also includes a first-of-its-kind rotating Status: Under construction bus-only lane that will carry passengers from Location: Between the Zeitim interchange the Etzion settlement bloc into Jerusalem in in northern East Jerusalem and Nahal Darga the morning and in the opposite direction in Junction in southern East Jerusalem the afternoon.25 Parts of the Tunnel Road run Cost: 915.2 million NIS28 parallel to the Wall, requiring the private con- tractor to work in coordination with the Israe- Expected completion date: 2021 for the cen-

22 Moriah Jerusalem Development Cor- 26 Moriah Jerusalem Development Cor- poration, Route 60 from Rosmarin interchange poration, Route 60 from Rosmarin interchange to and including Gilo Bridge, Tender 451/2018. to and including Gilo Bridge. Tender 451/2018. Contractors Tour, January 2019. On file with Who Contractors Tour. January 2019. On file with Who Profits. Profits. 23 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 27 Peace Now, Confiscation Orders Issued Work Plan. for the Widening of Bethlehem Bypass Road for 24 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,Route Settlers, 9 September 2019. 60 Expansion Project, 16 September 2020. 28 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 25 Ibid. Work Plan.

7 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control road to Hebron Road and the East in- dustrial zone. In the north, the American Road links with Route 4370, a segregated highway divided along its entire length by an eight-meter-high concrete wall officially unveiled by Israel in January 2019.30 Though situated entirely out- side Jerusalem’s municipal boundaries, the renovation of Route 4370 was carried out by Moriah..31

Qalandia Grade Separation and Underpass Status: Under construction American Road Location: Qalandia checkpoint, between Route 60 and Route 45 tral section, 2022 for the southern section Cost: 94.3 million NIS32 Complicit corporations: Oron Group, Denya Expected completion date: 2021 Cebus The Qalandia Grade Separation and Under- The American Road is part of the Eastern Ring pass Project is part of Israel’s concerted effort Road, itself part of a larger Israeli transport to reconfigure the space of the checkpoint. project encircling and parts The Qalandia military checkpoint, located 10 of East Jerusalem which cuts off and isolates kilometers north of Jerusalem and staffed by East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank the Israeli military and private security com- while improving connectivity between the panies, is one of the main checkpoints for Pal- northern and southern settlement blocs.29 estinians seeking to cross into East Jerusalem The American Road is comprised of three sec- or the Green Line for work, health or any other tions. The central section, which follows the purpose. Long infamous for its inhuman and route of a narrow historical road was built by crowded conditions and human rights viola- a US company in 1966 and runs through Pal- tions, Qalandia has recently undergone major estinian neighborhoods from a-Luza to Sheikh infrastructural and technological changes, to Sa’d. However, the southern and northern the tune of tens of millions of dollars.33 Under sections form a Jerusalem bypass, connecting the guise of reducing wait times and improv- the settlement blocs of Binyamin and Ma’ale ing conditions, the renovated checkpoints Adumim in the northeast to the Etzion bloc in the south. A fourth section will connect the 30 Hasson, N., New Jerusalem ‘Apartheid Road’ Opens, Separating Palestinians and Jewish 29 Adalah The Legal Center for Arab Minori- Settlers, , 10 January 2019. ty Rights in Israel, Objection to the Eastern Ring 31 Ibid. Road Plan for Jerusalem, Designed to Create a 32 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 Segregated Road System and to Encircle Palestin- Work Plan. ian Neighborhoods in East Jerusalem, in Violation 33 Ben Zion, I., Israel invests in high-tech of International and Israeli Law, March 2008. upgrades at West Bank crossings, AP News, 29 Accessed 28 December 2020. July 2019 (Hebrew).

8 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Qalandia Grade Separation and Underpass introduce heightened forms of surveillance, Highway), integrating them into Jerusalem including facial recognition technology. and the Green Line. The checkpoint upgrade plan also includes While previous projects along the Wall were investment in transport infrastructure, such executed through IMOD tenders, the Qaland- as pedestrian bridges and bus services.34 To ia underpass is the first project in which the this end, Moriah is currently carrying out a IMOD “takes under its umbrella a civil body 32 million NIS project to build a bus-only lane […] a subsidiary of the Jerusalem Munici- and a bus terminal in the checkpoint, slated pality, to carry out a security project.”36 In to be completed in 2020.35 Part of the project ICA-controlled areas, land for the project has involved the creation of a planning corridor been expropriated using military seizure or- for a future underpass and grade separation, ders rather than civil procedures, a move de- connecting Route 60 to Route 45 to form an signed to accelerate the process and limit the uninterrupted east-west axis between the ability of Palestinians to object.37 According to Binyamin settlement bloc northeast of Jeru- Brigadier Ofer Hindi, this is because the proj- salem and Route 443 and Route 50 (Begin ect is treated as part of the IMOD’s “security paradigm in the Jerusalem Envelope [the area

34 Subcommittee on Judea and Samaria, Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee 36 Subcommittee on Judea and Samaria, (Hebrew). Meeting protocol, 16 May 2018. On file Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee with Who Profits. (Hebrew). Meeting protocol, 22 November 2018. 35 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 On file with Who Profits. Work Plan. 37 Ibid.

9 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control annexed to Jerusalem by the Wall].”38

A legal agreement between the IMOD and the Ministry of Transport and Moriah is meant to clarify the division of responsibilities between civil and military bodies around the mainte- nance of the road, the security arrangements and the operation of the checkpoint itself. In a 2018 meeting of the Knesset Subcommittee on Judea and Samaria, Hindi noted that a bud- get has not been allocated for the operation of the checkpoint, stating that from the per- spective of the IMOD, the Israeli government would need to finance either its privatization French Hill Grade Separation or its delegation to the Israeli police.39 hoods in northern Jerusalem, settlers in north- French Hill Grade Separation ern East Jerusalem contend that the plan is primarily designed to benefit those travelling Status: Under construction from the direction of Ma’ale Adumim.42 Location: French Hill settlement neighbor- hood Jerusalem Light Rail Expansion Cost: 950.3 million NIS40 Status: Under construction Expected completion date: 2024 Location: Givat Ze’ev to (Red Complicit corporations: Electra Line extension), Gilo to (Green Line) Moriah is carrying out a major highway proj- 43 ect in northern East Jerusalem designed to Cost: 11 billion NIS enable uninterrupted travel between the Expected completion date: 2026 northern Dead Sea in the West Bank and Tel Complicit corporations: Galnor Building & Aviv. The project involves the construction of Development, Housing and Construction (Shi- four tunnels extending 4.5 kilometers under kun & Binui Group), Shoham Engineering and the French Hill, Kevarim and Coca Cola junc- Development, Y.D. Barazani44 tions.41

Though the stated purpose of the project is 42 Horodanchiano, M., Tunnels for a billion to ease congestion for settlement neighbor- shekels - that don’t serve residents: “Simply a miss”, Walla News, 26 November 2018. 43 Government of Israel, 38 Ibid. Infrastructure for 39 Ibid. Growth - 2019. 44 The companies profiled in this report 40 Israeli Ministry of Transportation,2019 are companies carrying out infrastructure work Work Plan. in preparation for the laying of new tracks. For 41 Moriah Jerusalem Development Corpo- more information on the consortium building and ration,Grade Separation French Hill, Accessed 28 operating the new lines see Who Profits,Spanish December 2020; Nardi, G., Electra wins tender for multinational CAF and Israeli Shapir win tender Jerusalem’s French Hill tunnels, , 10 August to expand the Jerusalem light rail, August 2019; 2020.

10 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Activists protest CAF | Gilo settlement neighborhood, East Jerusalem | 15 December 2020 |Photo: Oren Ziv

The Jerusalem light rail connects Israeli set- . The consortium will also operate tlements in occupied East Jerusalem with and maintain the existing Red Line, currently the western part of the city, expropriating operated by the CityPass consortium.46 occupied Palestinian land and promoting in- The planned Green Line will connect the set- creased territorial contiguity for settlements. tlement neighborhood of Gilo to the western Its first line—the Red Line, which runs from part of the city and to Mt. Scopus in northern the settlement neighborhood of Pisgat Ze’ev East Jerusalem. The extension of the Red Line through the city center to Mt. Herzel, became will reach the settlement of Neve Yaakov. The 45 operational in 2011. project includes the construction of 53 new In August 2019, TransJerusalem J-Net Ltd., a stations, the supply of 144 railroad cars and consortium comprised of the Spanish mul- the renovation of the existing 46 cars of the tinational company CAF – Construcciones y Red Line. The winning consortium will also Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles and the Israeli pub- supply the communication systems for the licly traded company Shapir Engineering and light rail operating and maintaining the Green Industry, won an 11 billion NIS tender for the Line for a period of 25 years and the Red Line construction, operation and maintenance of for a period of 15 years, with the possibility of the Green Line and of the extension of the extending the term of operation.

Shapir Engineering and Industry; and CAF- Con- In November 2020 the winning consortium strucciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. 45 Who Profits, Tracking Annexation: The 46 Who Profits,Spanish multinational CAF Jerusalem Light Rail and the Israeli Occupation, and Israeli Shapir win tender to expand the Jeru- July 2017. salem light rail, August 2019.

11 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control closed a financing agreement for the project, Bank for an estimated 43 million NIS. The extended by a consortium led by Bank Hapo- project was developed by Carasso Real Estate alim. The consortium also includes First Inter- and completed in 2017. national Bank of Israel, Altshuler Shaham and The company is marketing 64 plots in the 47 Insurance and Financial Holdings. A settlement of Eshkolot in the West Bank, 40 commencement of work order was issued to of which are villas and 24 of which are self- 48 the consortium on 5 November 2020. builds. The company’s effective stake in the Moriah and its private contractors are cur- project is 80%. rently carrying out infrastructure work for In 2020, Gili and Yoel Azaria, a wholly owned the expansion of the light rail in ten sections, subsidiary of the group, won a tender to carry three of which are located in East Jersualem— out tunneling, bridge construction and pav- 49 in Mt. Scopus, Neve Yaakov and Gilo. ing works in the southern section of Route 60 (The Tunnel Road) in East Jerusalem for an es- timated 273 million NIS. Corporate Complicity50 In 2019, Pamco Engineering, a partially Oron Group owned (54%) subsidiary of the company, won a tender to carry out exploration drilling for Profile : A publicly traded Israeli company the northern section of the American Road in active in the fields of civil engineering, infra- East Jerusalem. structure, real estate and quarrying. Traded: Public | TASE:ORON The company owns and operates a quarry Ownership near the settlement of Tene Omarim in the : The company is publicly traded West Bank. The company has two authoriza- on the (TASE: ORON). tion contracts for quarrying for a total land Gil and Yoel Azaria each hold a 37% stake in area of 374 dunams, which were valid until the company. Additional shareholders in- 31.12.2015 and have yet to be renewed. Its clude Reading Capital (7.38%), The Phoenix quarrying license, which is renewed annual- Holdings (6.47%) and Excellence Investments ly, is valid until 31.12.2020. Meitarim’s annual (0.04%). quarrying rate is 1.9 million tons, with max- Director and CEO: Gil Azaria imum production capacity of 4 million tons. Subsidiaries: Gili and Yoel Azaria (100%), The company also operates a concrete plant Hamegurim (B.R) (100%), Oron Industries and an asphalt plant near the quarry. 18 (100%), Oron Real Estate (80%), Shura The company built a commercial project in (67%), Pamco Engineering (54%), Hametoe- the settlement of Ma’ale Adumim in the West set (50.1%). Partners: Clients include: ; the 47 Yeshayahou, K., Shapir closes NIS 3.7b Israel Electric Corporation; the Israeli Ministry Jerusalem light rail financing, Globes, 8 Novem- of Defense; ; SodaStream and local ber 2020. 48 Company Disclosure, Tel Aviv Stock Ex- authorities. change, 8 November 2020 (Hebrew). Revenue: 879.6 million NIS in 2019 49 Jerusalem Transport Master Plan Team, Jerusalem Transport Projects, October 2020. Head office: 6 Yehuda Hanachtom, Be’er She- 50 All evidence for the information present- va 8424902, Israel ed below is on file with Who Profits.

12 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Tel: +972-86295000 involves the construction of 140 housing units Website: www.oron-group.co.il on 11.5 dunams. 2019-2020, the company carried out a project Margolin Bros in the Tower of David in the Old City in East Profile: A private Israeli engineering and con- Jerusalem for 45 million NIS. sulting company specializing in project and 2014-2019, the company was involved in the construction management. development of Gilo Hillsides West, a resi- 2018-2023, the company is involved in the dential project in the Gilo settlement neigh- Lev Yehuda – al-Arroub Bypass Road, a trans- borhood in East Jerusalem. The 35 million portation project carried out on Route 60 USD project entails infrastructure work for a in the West Bank by Netivei Israel, a state- neighborhood of 800 housing units. owned national transport infrastructure com- In 2019, the company won a tender for the pany for 340 million NIS. This 10 kilometers provision of management services to section section of Route 60 bypasses the Palestinian 21/3 of the expansion of Road 6 in the Naqab refugee camp al-Arroub and the Palestinian () region. Section 21 affects the- Bed village Beit Ummar. The new bypass road in- ouin Palestinian villages of al-Masoudeyh, al- cludes surveillance cameras, concrete walls Gren, Khirbet Wtan, Ber al-Hamam, Kh’ashem and floodlights in the areas near the road. Zaneh, Sween, a-Shahbi, Wadi al-Niam and Lev Yehuda is part of a transportation master Wadi al-Mashash. According to a statement plan advanced by the settlement umbrella by Bimkom – Planners for Planning Rights, organization , designed to facil- 2,500-3,000 people reside in areas directly itate the smooth and rapid travel of settlers affected by the plan and will be displaced by between the Etzion settlement block, Mt He- the planned road. bron and Kiryat Arba. 2015-2018, the company carried out a com- In 2020, the company won a tender published mercial project for Rami Levy Hashikma Mar- by Moriah for the provision and management keting in the settlement industrial zone and supervision services for the expansion of for 20 million USD. Route 60 between Husan Junction and Elazar Junction. 2011-2014, the company was involved in Po- licity, the Israeli police’s national training cen- 2017-2023, the company is carrying out three ter. The company participated in preparing commercial projects in Mishor Adumim set- the BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) tender and tlement industrial zone in the West Bank de- was responsible for quality assurance. veloped by members of the Kass Group. These include Design City, a new shopping complex In 2006, Margolin – , Engineering and slated to open in 2021 and expected to in- Management, a partially-owned subsidiary of clude some 160 stores, the Luna Kass theme the company (70%), managed an infrastruc- park located next to the Design City complex, ture project in the settlement of in the and Ayalot Center K2, an event venue. West Bank for the Israel Land Authority. 2020-2022, the company is involved in a resi- 2000-2004, the company oversaw the estab- dential project in the settlement of Givat Ze’ev lishment of Rimonim Prison and Ofek Juvenile in the West Bank. The 90 million NIS project Prison in Hasharon Prison complex.

13 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Additionally, the company has carried out wastewater will be used to irrigate agricul- projects for the Israeli Ministry of Defense tural settlements. A sign listing Electra Infra- and Air Force. structure as the executing company for the Ownership: The company is owned in equal waste collection line in the Kidron Basin was parts by Shai Margolin Holdings, Eyal Hoch- documented in the Horkanya Valley in the man Projects Management, Amir Alperovitz West Bank in March 2020. Holdings and Haim Yisha’ayahu Grestner. Electra Infrastructure was contracted by Is- Subsidiaries: Margolin Bros. Engineering & rael Railways to build tunnel 3A in section D Consulting - Jerusalem Ltd (75%), Margolin – of the Tel Aviv- Jerusalem Fast Train (A1). The Ariel, Engineering and Management (70%). A1 train route crosses the Green Line into the West Bank in two areas using occupied Pales- Partners: Clients include: Carmel Agrexco; tinian land—some of it privately owned, for Motorola; Bloomberg; Shikun & Binui Group; an Israeli transportation project aimed exclu- Israel Natural Gas Lines; Australian Govern- sively for Israelis. ment – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Israel Railways; Israeli Ministry of De- In February 2015, Electra and Electra Infra- fense; Israel Prison Service. structure won a tender for the construction and maintenance of the track and electron- Head office: 7 Gush Ezion, Givat Shmuel ic systems of the A1 train. Both companies 5403007, Israel won this 160 million Euro tender as part of Tel: +972-35323660 the Electra Bögl Group international consor- Website: www.margolin-bros.com tium, together with the German company Global presence: Czech Republic, Congo, Ro- Max Bögl Stiftung & Co. and Swiss company mania Signon Schweiz. The project includes laying 46 kilometers of track, setting up electrome- Electra chanical systems that support railway opera- Profile: A publicly traded Israeli company ac- tion, management and integration. The main- tive in the fields of real estate, infrastructure tenance services included in the contract will development, facility management and elec- be provided by the consortium for a period of tro-mechanical infrastructure. 10 years. In August 2020, Electra Infrastructure, a par- Electra Infrastructure also built vehicle tun- tially owned subsidiary of Electra (51%), won nels near a road next to the settlement of Nili. a 470 million NIS tender published by Moriah Electra Construction, a fully owned subsidiary to build the major road infrastructure works of Electra, built 141 housing units in the set- and tunnels in the French Hill in East Jerusa- tlement neighborhood of Har Homa in East Je- lem. rusalem. Its main construction projects in Har The company is also involved in a major waste Homa are Garden Har Homa and Har Homa management project developed by Hagihon Lichtenstein, two projects that consist of 69 Company, the Jerusalem Municipality’s wa- housing units on over 19,000 square meters ter and sewage corporation. The project will of Palestinian land. The company also built carry wastewater from parts of East Jerusa- 52 housing units in the settlement of Ma’ale lem and the West Bank to the Og purification Adumim on over 7,500 square meters of Pal- plant in the Valley where the treated estinian land.

14 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control ian Golan. In 2017, Electra Elevators, a fully owned sub- sidiary, won a tender to supply and maintain elevators for Ariel University. Through another fully owned subsidiary, Ariel Properties, the company managed a shopping center in Ramot, a settlement neighborhood in East Jerusalem. Electra Projects (formerly Electra Katzen- stein), a company subsidiary liquidated due to merger, operated a factory of 4,780 square meters in the Barkan settlement industrial zone in the West Bank. The company was also chosen to install switchboards in the A1 train. Electra and several of its subsidiaries provide services to Israel Prison Service (IPS) and to the Israeli Population and Immigration Au- thority. Electra Y.B., a fully owned subsidiary of Electra, is contracted by the IPS to execute Kidron Waste Collection Line project sign listing Electra as and maintain a biometric project from 2016 to contractor | West Bank | 6 December 2020 | Photo: Dror Etkes 2019 for NIS 1.24 million.

Since 2008, Electra Technologies, another ful- Electra Consumer Products, a subsidiary of ly owned subsidiary, has securitized water fa- Electra’s parent company Elco, installed air cilities for the Mateh Binyamin settlement -re conditioners in public buildings in the settle- gional council in the West Bank. The 3 million ments of Modi’in Illit, Ma’ale Adumim and Gi- NIS project includes fences, electronic secu- vat Ze’ev in the West Bank. rity, CCTV, a MARCH digital recording system Together with Minrav Group, Electra is build- and RISCO intrusion detection systems as well ing the Israeli military’s training campus (Ba- as a command-and-control center. had City) in the Naqab (Negev) region within In 2019, FK Electra (formerly FK Generators and the framework of a BOT (Build-Operate-Trans- Equipment) was contracted to provide mainte- fer) project. nance services for generators in Ariel University Traded: Public | TASE: ELTR in the Ariel settlement in the West Bank. Ownership: The company is controlled by In 2008, the company supplied generators for Elco Ltd (TASE: ELCO), which holds 48.48% the Irtah checkpoint (Sha’ar Ephraim) in the of the company’s shares. Elco is controlled West Bank. It also supplied generators to the by Daniel and Michael Salkind through their Israeli army during Israel’s 2014 military as- holdings in G Salkind. sault on Gaza. Other shareholders include: Migdal Insurance The company also supplied and maintained and Financial Holdings (10.81%), Clal Insur- generators to a waste treatment plant near ance Entreprises Holdings (9.26%) and Itamar the settlement of Katzrin in the occupied Syr- Deutscher (0.23%)

15 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control The company is publicly traded on the Tel Aviv oPt. Stock Exchange under the ticker Symbol ELTR. In 1999, the company won a tender to build CEO: Itamar Deutscher 72 housing units in the Har Homa settlement Chairman: Michael Salkind neighborhood in East Jerusalem. In 2004, the company won a tender to build 2,500 hous- Subsidiaries: Wholly owned subsidiaries: ing units in the Green Park neighborhood, lo- Electra Construction; Electra Elco C&S; C.E. cated in Modi’in Illit settlement in the West Tech Systems (2015); Kedar Air Conditioning Bank. Systems (1989); Electra Elevators, Electra FM Integrated Facilities Management; Ariel Prop- In October 2010, in an official letter to Who erties; Electra Danko; Electra Smart Technol- Profits, Denya Cebus’ parent company Africa ogies; Electra Investments; Electra Conces- Israel Investments stated: “Neither the com- sions; Electra USA Inc. and Electech Holdings pany nor any of its subsidiaries and/or other BV. companies controlled by the company are presently involved in or has any plans for fu- Partially owned subsidiaries: Electra Infra- ture involvement in development, construc- structure (51%); F.K. Electra (51%); Electra tion or building of real estate in settlements TAAMAL – Agricultural Society in the West Bank.” However, soon after the (75%); Electra Parking Solutions (88%); Elec- company received a 78 million NIS contract to tra Next Energy Geothermal Systems (61%); construct the C-Jerusalem project in the set- l.P.S.P. Investments (25.5%) and Mabat LaNe- tlement neighborhood of Gilo in East Jerusa- gev (14.3%). lem. Denya Cebus was the contractor for the Partners: Clients include Rafael Advanced project. The C-Jerusalem project includes 121 Defense Systems Siemens, Alstom, Tesla, Am- housing units, and its construction was com- azon, IBM, Facebook, Israeli Ministry of De- pleted in 2014. fense and Israel Prison Service. In addition, the company has been involved Revenue: 7 billion NIS in 2019 in building the Nofei Hasela neighborhood in Head office: 2 Jabotinsky St., Amot Atrium the settlement of Ma’ale Adumim in the West Building, 5250501, Israel Bank. The company also built a commercial Tel: +972-3-7535666 complex for Rami Levy HaShikma Marketing in the Atarot settlement industrial complex Website: www.electra.co.il in the oPt. The complex comprises 23,000 Global presence: Angola, Belarus, Bulgaria, square meters and includes a supermarket, , Equatorial Guinea, Germany, Ghana, shops and parking areas. Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Nige- The company built residential dormitories for ria, Poland, Romania, Russia, UK, US the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in part- Denya Cebus nership with Minrav. The residential complex in East Jerusalem, includes 9 buildings and Profile: A private Israeli company specializ- can accommodate 1,600 students. ing in residential, commercial and industrial buildings. In 2019, the company won a tender to carry out infrastructure and development works for The company has been involved in several the southern section of the American Road in construction projects in settlements in the East Jerusalem. The American Road is

16 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Denya Cebus | Gilo settlement neighborhood, East Jerusalem | June 2011 | Photo: Who Profits part of the Eastern Ring Road, which connects struction of the Tel Aviv Jerusalem Fast Train the northern and southern parts of East Je- (A1) route, which crosses into the West Bank rusalem. The project benefits Israeli settlers via two sections. while cutting off Palestinian neighborhoods In January 2020, Cebus Rimon won a tender from one another. to supply and install prefabricated transform- The company is also involved in multiple proj- er rooms in the settlement of Modi’in Illit in ects with the IMOD and the Israeli army. Its the West Bank. military projects include the construction of Ownership: The company is owned by Africa the Israeli army’s technology and communi- Israel Investments, a private Israeli company cations base in Be’er Sheva. The subsidiary, jointly held by the publicly traded Lapidoth Denya-Alum is involved in conducting alumi- Capital (80%) and Altushler Shaham Provi- num works in a military base in the Naqab dent and Pension (20%). Lapidoth Capital is (Negev) region. controlled by Jacob Luxenburg (84.92%) and Another company subsidiary, Geo Denya is in- traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under volved in the construction of three sections the ticker symbol LAPD. of an underground wall around the besieged CEO: Ronen Ginsburg under an IMOD contract valued at Subsidiaries: Subsidiaries include: Ce- 770 million NIS. bus Rimon (100%); Africa Israel Residenc- Another subsidiary, Cebus- Rimon is involved es (56.01%); Denya Sela (50%); GEO Denya in the construction of a military training city. (50%); Denya Cebus International Holdins This subsidiary was also involved in the con- (100%); Denya Cebus Romania (100%); Denya

17 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control USA (100%); Yuvalim Manpower (100%); De- won a second Moriah tender for infrastruc- nya Manpower (100%); Denya Alum (100%) ture and development work on the Tunnel and Forma Projects (100%). Road, a section of Route 60. Partners: Company clients include: the Israe- Further, Solel Boneh is involved the expropri- li Ministry of Defense; the Israeli President’s ation of occupied Palestinian land by carrying Office; the Israeli Population and Immigration out construction work in the Modi’in Illit, Ari- Authority and the Israeli Ministry of Environ- el, Ma’ale Adumim, Ramat Shlomo and Har mental Protection. Homa settlements. Moreover, as a leading The company has joint ventures with China Israeli infrastructure and construction com- Civil Engineering Construction Corporation pany, it has been involved in the construction (CCECC), Electra, ZMH Hammerman and Shi- of settlement accompanying infrastructure kun & Binui Group. such as Road 90, one of Israel’s central roads, which traverses the West Bank, including the Revenue: 4.41 billion NIS in 2018 Jordan Valley region. Head office: Yoni Netanyahu 1c, Or Yehuda, Shikun & Binui holds a 50% stake in Policity, Israel the consortium that won the tender to con- Tel: +972-3-5383838 struct the Israeli police’s national training Website: www.denyagroup.co center under a PPP/PFI agreement providing Global presence: Cyprus, Poland, Russia, Ro- financing, planning, installation, operation mania, Thailand, US and maintenance of the training center for a period of 25 years. The center was built by Housing and Construction (Shikun & Binui Solel Boneh in 2014. Group) The Group is also heavily involved in the Is- Profile: A publicly traded Israeli corporation raeli governmental plan for the industrializa- active in the fields of infrastructure, real -es tion and development of the Naqab (Negev) tate development, water, energy and conces- region. The plan aims to expand industrial sions. The Group has significant involvement production and military presence in the- re in the construction and expansion of settle- gion, with the aim to increase the region’s Is- ments and occupation infrastructure in the raeli-Jewish population and boost their local West Bank and East Jerusalem, as well as in economy. This plan comes at the direct ex- areas surrounding the besieged Gaza Strip. pense of the Naqab’s Palestinian population, In 2017-2019, the Group’s fully owned subsid- particularly those living in villages that remain iary Housing and Construction - Solel Boneh unrecognized by the Israeli state, thus placing Infrastructures was awarded three IMOD con- them in imminent danger of forced displace- tracts valued at 1.2 billion NIS for the devel- ment. opment and construction of an above ground In the Naqab, the Group is particularly in- and underwater technological wall armed volved in the relocation of military facilities with sensors around besieged Gaza. to the Naqab and the development and main- In 2019, Solel Boneh won a tender issued by tenance of solar energy fields. In 2020, the Moriah for infrastructure work in the Depot Group won a 12 billion NIS contract to finance, 25 complex of the Green Line of the Jerusa- plan, develop, operate and maintain an Israeli lem Light Rail. That same year, the company military intelligence campus for 26 years.

18 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control In 2018, the Group and Africa Israel Ltd. won Europe (100%) and Shikun & Binui SBI Infra- equal shares in a 7 billion NIS IMOD contract structure (100%). for the planning, construction and operation The company also holds 50% of shares in Ne- of an ICT military campus and the military’s gev Energy Ashalim Thermo-solar Ltd. Southern command unit. The project will Partners: The company’s main clients are Is- be run by the companies for 25 years and raeli and international governmental bodies includes a data center stretching over 180 (including the IMOD, the Israeli police, Ne- dunams and some 200,000 square meters of tivei Israel – National Transport Infrastructure buildings. The site is to host 5,000 permanent Company, the Nigerian federal government soldiers, including the Israeli military’s cyber and the US federal government). units. In the same year, the Group won an- other IMOD contract for the renovation and Revenue: 6.49 billion NIS in 2019 expansion of the Emanuel military base in the Head office: 1A Ha’yarden St., P.O.B 1133, Air- Naqab worth 200 million NIS. port City 7010000, Israel In the field of green energy, the company’s Tel: +972-3-6301111 fully owned subsidiary Shikun & Binui Ener- Website: www.shikunbinui.com gy has been involved in the development, Global presence: Azbarigan, Benin, Czech construction and maintenance of major so- Republic, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Germany, lar farms in the Naqab. Together these farms Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Kenya, Nigeria, produce over 300-MW of electricity and com- Poland, Romania, Serbia, Switzerland, Togo, prise thousands of dunams of land. Tanzania, Uganda, US Moreover, in 2020, the company’s subsidiary Shikun & Binui Holdings Ltd. and Edletech Y.D. Barazani won the Israel Electric corporation tender Profile: A private Israeli construction and de- for the sale of the Ramat Hovav power plant velopment company. which operates on natural gas. The power A full subsidiary of the company, Y.D. Baraz- plant is in Ramat Hovav industrial zone, home ani Real Estate and Construction, built 12 to Israel’s most dangerous health hazards is housing units in the Pisgat Ze’ev settlement located a few meters from the unrecognized neighborhood in East Jerusalem. In 2014, Palestinian village of Wadi Naam. the company also won an Israel Land Admin- Traded: Public | TASE: SKBN istration tender to build 38 housing units in Ownership: Major shareholders: O.S Israel the settlement of Geva Binyamin (Adam) in Investment Company ltd. (46.99%); Clal Insur- the West Bank. ance Ltd. (6.68%) and the Phoenix Insurance The company carried out development and company Ltd. (5.08%). infrastructure work in the settlements of Har CEO: Tamir Cohen Adar, Beit Aryeh, , Kalia and Efrat in Subsidiaries: Subsidiaries include: Shikun & the West Bank, paved roads in the settle- Binui America (100%); Shikun & Binui Real ment neighborhood of Talpiot East in East Estate (100%); Shikun & Binui Solel Boneh Jerusalem and built projects in the (100%); Shikun & Binui Concessions (100%); settlement and the Mishor Adumim settle- Shikun & Binui Energy (100%); Shikun & Binui ment industrial zone.

19 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Y.D. Barazani also paved a section of Route 1 Moriah Jerusalem Development Corporation between Mishor Adumim and the Mitzpe Yeri- to carry out a grade separation project on ho settlement, and Route 20, which connects Route 60 (Tunnel Road) and Route 50 (Begin Route 1 to Route 443. Highway) in Gilo. Through its subsidiary, Netivei Adumit, the In 2017, the company won a tender issued by company owns and operates a quarry and an Moriah for paving, systems and an inspection asphalt factory next to Mishor Adumim. structure on Route 437 north of Jerusalem in Y.D. Barazani also performs infrastructure and the West Bank. The road is part of the Eastern maintenance work in East Jerusalem for the Ring Road. Some 300 dunams were expropri- Jerusalem municipality and the Israeli Minis- ated from the Palestinian village for try of Tourism. the construction of Route 437. In June 2019, the company won a tender is- In 2019, the company won a tender issued by sued by Moriah Jerusalem Development Cor- Moriah for development and maintenance poration to carry out infrastructure, construc- work for the construction of a parking lot in tion, paving and development work in Section Mt Scopus in East Jerusalem. 16 of the Green Line of the Jerusalem Light Galnor was also contracted by the Antiquities Rail in the Gilo settlement neighborhood. Authority at the Rockefeller Museum in East Ownership: The company is privately owned Jerusalem to build tunnels under the Old City by Dayan Bar and Yosef Barazani. of Jerusalem. Subsidiaries: Subsidiaries include: Y.D. Baraz- In June 2019, the company won three tenders ani Assets 2000, Y.D. Barazani Building Com- issued by Moriah to carry out infrastructure pany and Y.D. Barazani Development and In- work for the Jerusalem Light Rail. Two ten- frastructure. Dayan Bar and Yosef Barazani ders are part of the preparation work for the also own Y.D. Barazani Real Estate and Con- Green Line in the Gilo settlement neighbor- struction Y.D. Barazani Properties & Building. hood, and one is part of the extension of the Red Line to the settlement neighborhood of Revenue: 230 million NIS in 2019 Neve Ya’akov. In February 2020 the compa- Head office: 11 Kiryat Hamada St., Jerusalem, ny won a fourth tender issued by Moriah for 9777611, Israel infrastructure work for the Green Line in Mt. Tel: +972-2-9406000 Scopus. Website: www.ydb.co.il In June 2020, the company won a tender is- sued by Moriah to carry out infrastructure, Galnor Building & Development development and construction work for a Profile: A private Israeli construction and de- school in the Palestinian neighborhood of velopment company. in East Jerusalem. The company carried out road and infrastruc- Ownership: Owned by Katriel Zolty through ture development work in the settlement of his holdings in Zokat Investments. Beitar Illit in the West Bank, and the settle- Head office: 13 Knafei Nesharim, Jerusalem ment neighborhoods of Ramat Shlomo and 9546425, Israel Gilo in East Jerusalem. Tel: +972-2-6436236 In 2014, the company won a tender issued by

20 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control Shoham Engineering and Development paved the Ring Road in East Jerusa- Profile: A private Israeli company specializing lem. in civil engineering, construction and infra- In 2017, the company carried out a residential structure and development work. project in the settlement of Efrat in the West In February 2020, the company won a tender Bank. issued by Moriah to carry out infrastructure Ownership: Owned by David Goldschmidt. work for the Green Line of the Jerusalem Light Partners: Company clients include: Israel Rail- Rail. The Green Line connects the Gilo settle- ways; Moriah Jerusalem Development Corpo- ment neighborhood in East Jerusalem to the ration; The Company for the Reconstruction western part of the city and to Mt Scopus in and Development of the Jewish Quarter; the East Jerusalem. Heritage Foundation and East In June 2019, the company won a tender to Jerusalem Development Ltd. carry out infrastructure, development and Revenue: 68.5 million NIS in 2019 paving work in the neighbor- Head office: Technology Park, 5th Floor, Jeru- hood in East Jerusalem. salem 9695808, Israel In November 2018, the company won a ten- Tel: +972- 26788112 der issued by the Israeli Ministry of Housing Website: and Construction to carry out road infrastruc- www.shoham-eng.com ture work in the Gilo settlement neighbor- hood. In 2016-2017, the company carried out devel- opment work in public open spaces in the Har Homa settlement neighborhood, including the construction of playgrounds. The company carried out infrastructure and development work in Bab Huta in the Muslim Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem. The company carried out multiple projects for the Western Wall Heritage Foundation in the Western Wall Plaza and Tunnels. In June 1967, Israel demolished the Mughrabi (Mo- roccan) Quarter that was built immediately next to the Western Wall to build the plaza, bulldozing Palestinian homes and expelling their inhabitants. The company constructed a public building on an area of 1,500 sqm in the plaza and a synagogue inside the Western Wall Tunnels. In June 2017, the company won a tender for paving and development work in Wadi al- Joz in East Jerusalem. In 2016, the company

21 | Infrastructures of Dispossession and Control