International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective Muhammed Mustafa Atakan 1,† , Yanchun Li 2,*,†, ¸SükranNazan Ko¸sar 1 , Hüseyin Hüsrev Turnagöl 1 and Xu Yan 3,4 1 Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey;
[email protected] (M.M.A.);
[email protected] (¸S.N.K.);
[email protected] (H.H.T.) 2 China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China 3 Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
[email protected] 4 Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6298-9306 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity Citation: Atakan, M.M.; Li, Y.; Ko¸sar, continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, ¸S.N.;Turnagöl, H.H.; Yan, X. high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed Evidence-Based Effects of with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise.