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Colombian Refugee Migrant Experiences of Health And COLOMBIAN REFUGEE MIGRANT EXPERIENCES OF HEALTH SERVICES IN OTTAWA, CANADA COLOMBIAN REFUGEE MIGRANT EXPERIENCES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN OTTAWA, CANADA: NAVIGATING LANDSCAPES OF LANGUAGE AND MEMORY By: ANDREW GALLEY, H.B.Sc, M.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Andrew Galley, August 2011 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Colombian Refugee Migrant Experiences of Health and Social Services in Ottawa, Canada: Navigating Landscapes of Language and Memory. AUTHOR: Andrew Galley, H.B.Sc (University of Toronto), M.A. (University of Toronto). SUPERVISOR: Dr. Ellen Badone NUMBER OF PAGES: vii + xx (xx total) ii Abstract This thesis presents a multi-level and mixed-method analysis of the health-care experiences of predominantly Colombian migrants living in Ottawa, Canada. It incorporates survey, interview, archival and participant-observation data to answer a series of linked questions regarding health and migration under contemporary Canadian liberal governance. Specifically, the thesis elucidates connections between bodily experiences of illness and healing, linguistic and cultural fractures within communities, and the legal positioning of refugee migrants in Canadian law. In doing so it follows the "three bodies" model of medical anthropology proposed by Lock and Scheper-Hughes. The first three chapters of the thesis provide multiple layers of context for the fourth chapter, which contains the bulk of the primary ethnographic evidence. The first chapter analyzes the positioning of the refugee subject in Canadian legislative and policy discourse, highlighting the phenomenon of the immigrant as subaltern nationalist "hero" who is denied a full voice in public affairs but whose passive qualities are considered essential for the cultural reproduction of the nation. The second chapter discusses relevant changes in the governance of health and social services in Canada, pointing out how neoliberal ideology attempts to mobilize "social capital" (that is, networks of unpaid labour) to replace withdrawals of public capital. The third chapter explores the entanglement of Colombian migrants in the language politics of the Canadian state, specifically the politics of iii the Ontario-Quebec border between English- and French-speakers. The fourth chapter presents the stories of Latina/o migrants focusing on their health, illness and perspectives on Canadian state participation. In conclusion, the thesis presents an analytical framework privileging the tie between the linguistic practices of nationalist projects and the linguistic underpinning of healing relationships. In both cases, a struggle for accurate and just recognition, conducted through linguistic practice, is a consequence of the human search for well-being. iv Acknowledgements My research has been supported in myriad ways by many people and organizations, whether motivated by commitment, curiosity or kindness. I am grateful for the support of several funding agencies, without which I could not have completed the doctoral program. The research was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship, the Ronald V. Joyce Ontario Graduate Scholarship, the McMaster University Prestige Scholarship, a Field Scholars grant from the McMaster University Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition, a research budget generously provided by the McMaster University School of Graduate Studies, and last but not least by the Japanese-Mennonite Scholarship, administered by the Central Mennonite Committee of Canada for research promoting the protection of minority rights in Canada. No less essential for the completion of the research has been the advice and support of experienced academics. My supervisory committee, Drs. Ellen Badone, Ann Herring, and Dorothy Pawluch, all of McMaster University, have been unrelentingly optimistic and encouraging as well as shouldering the unenviable burden of editing my chapters. In addition, several scholars have generously given their time and advice; I am grateful to Drs. Pilar Riaño-Alcalá of the University of British Columbia, Olive Wahoush of McMaster University, Luisa Veronis of the v University of Ottawa, and Ms. Patricia Diaz. Needless to say, I am extremely grateful for the time and patience afforded me by all participants in this study, many of whom find their time at a premium for differing reasons, whether from overwork or economic marginality. In particular I must thank Consuela and Anya, settlement counsellors at the New Canadians Centre in Ottawa (and apologize for not thanking them using their real names and the name of their organization) for taking such an active role in abetting and encouraging my project. I would also like to thank Leila for her diligence in contacting potential participants on my behalf, as well as giving me one of my first “real” interviews. In addition I am indebted to the services of three professional translators and illustrators without whom I would have been lost in my transcripts and unable to properly convey several important ethnographic incidents and narratives. Dr. Gloria Lopez and Ms. Maria-Victoria Cereno provided excellent, sensitive and timely translation and transcription assistance. Ms. Karen Hannah Brown is responsible for the illustrations found in this thesis. Last but not least I am grateful to the people, primate and feline alike, who have provided emotional support and sensible advice during this program of research. vi Thank you to my dear friend and partner Dr. Elizabeth Sonnenburg, who has to live with me, and to my family – Catherine, Emily and Alan Galley – who only have to live with me when I come visiting. Finally, thank you to all the cats I have known and relied upon during my doctoral program, both to build me up and tear me down: Lucrezia, Robertson, Motor, Thumper, Rufus, and Alice. vii Table of Contents A. Front Matter: 1. Title page...............................................................................................................i 2. Descriptive Notes.................................................................................................ii 3. Abstract...............................................................................................................iii 4. Acknowledgements..............................................................................................v 5. Table of Contents..............................................................................................viii B. Thesis: 1. Introduction: Stories about the Body...................................................................1 2. You are Number Three.......................................................................................46 3. Chapter 1: Un/Canadian?...................................................................................48 4. Buzzword Bingo................................................................................................105 5. Chapter 2: Governing the Social......................................................................106 6. The Two Mothers..............................................................................................158 7. Chapter 3: Across the River.............................................................................159 8. Practice, Practice.............................................................................................205 9. Chapter 4: In the Waiting Line.........................................................................206 10. The Headache................................................................................................265 11. Conclusion: Landscapes of Memory..............................................................267 12. Works Cited....................................................................................................287 C. List of Figures, Tables and Illustrations: Table 1: Abbreviations used for political parties in this chapter............................71 Illustration 1: Adams, Scott. "Dilbert", March 3rd, 1996....................................127 Illustration 2: Durer, Albrecht, "Spleen", circa 1510...........................................207 Illustration 3: Results of the free-hand graphing exercise (examples).................221 viii PhD. Thesis - Andrew Galley; McMaster University - Anthropology Introduction: Stories about the Body Together, we can do it! One morning during my fieldwork in Ottawa, I was waiting to interview the program coordinator of an NGO dedicated to improving the employment prospects of new Canadians. Canada admits “economic class” migrants on the basis of their score on a points system that evaluates job skills and education, but the federal government cannot, or will not, negotiate passage for these migrants through the privately- or provincially-managed professional organizations that guard entry to many highly skilled jobs. As a consequence, NGOs such as this one work hard to both bring new Canadians up-to-market, and advocate for their inclusion vis-à-vis employers. I had arrived early, and settled into the centre‟s waiting area. Waiting areas are a prime feature of immigrant life in Canada; new Canadians could give very rich descriptions of the different types, levels and patterns of waiting areas, and some of these descriptions surface in the stories examined in this thesis. My fieldwork gave me a taste
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