Support to cities for ODF++ (FSSM) Brahmapuri Assessment and FSSM plan Center for Water and Sanitation CEPT University All Institute of Local Self-Government, Mumbai June 2019 Support to Brahmapuri Municipal Council for moving towards ODF++ through Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)

Timeline of support – 2018 to 2019 Concept of ODF , ODF +, ODF ++ by MoHUA

A city / ward can be notified/declared as ODF city/ ODF ward if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.

If at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the open, AND all community and public toilets are functional and well maintained Functional and well maintained

If, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/ or urinating in the open, all community and public toilets are functional and well maintained, AND faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated, with no discharging Septage and sewage is and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas. safely managed and treated Support for moving cities towards ODF++ (FSSM)

Support for Onsite Support in Planning & Technology selection systems for Emptying and Treatment

1 2 3

For new toilets that are Regular desludging of septic tanks Suitable technology options for under construction and within the city limit and exploring treatment of septage their usage possibility of desludging septic tanks and exploring reuse options outside city limit

2 cities Phase 1: Wai, Sinnar CEPT + AIILSG AIILSG Support + CEPT

4 cities Phase 2: Chiplun, Akot, Umred, Georai

3 cities Phase 3: Khamgaon, Brahmapuri, Hingoli

June 2019 4 Executive summary Overview of the city Administrative setup Brahmapuri is a Class ‘C’ municipal council. Located to the east of , Chief officer Mr. Mangesh Kawle Brahmapuri is a part of district in the division. Total sanitation 118 staff Area -21.91 Sq Km The departments are General Administrative, Location - 20.36˚N , 79.51˚E PWD, Sanitation/ Birth and Death, Population - 42,000 (2018) Accounts/Tax, Health, Water, Firefighting, Electricity, Establishment, Land and computer. 7 slums – All non notified 10 administrative wards Demographic Details Parameter 2011 2018 Population 36,025 42,000 No. of HHs 8,365 10,960 Slum 4,440 6,530 Population The climate is generally hot and dry. Soil type is soft murrum and average ground water level: 5m-10m(10ft -40 ft)

June 2019 5 Executive summary

Housing Water supply Solid waste management Water supply coverage • The building typology is characterized by low rise •Segregation – 80-90% buildings. D-D collection – 100% • Buildings with G to G+1 structure were observed Processing – 70-80%

in the city, majorly in RCC framework. •DPR for SWM at Brahmapuri under SBM prepared by AIILSG, • Total 7 slum settlements identified which are non 55% 45% notified slums. Mumbai– sanctioned by MJP • Total slum population is 42000 and HHs are 10960 •Project Cost- Rs. 1.76 crore Proposals to improve efficiency in HHs with water connections collection, conveyance, treatment HHs dependant on other sources (groundwater and disposal of solid waste by the sources) M.Cl.

•Area of Treatment site – 20000 SqM

•Area available for FSTP – 1000 SqM

Existing dumping site • There are two source of water - at Nanhori village and Bhuti nalla which are 11 km and 2km far respectively from • Water supply is only 80-90 LPCD. Daily supply of water is 3.5 MLD • 45% HHs have water connections Executive summary Existing sanitation status Access Collection Conveyance Treatment Disposal Pour flush latrines and CT/PTs Septic Tanks Effluent Emptied into Open Drains Phytorid Bathroom/Kitchen Greywater river

• 99% coverage of IHHLs Solid Vacuum Emptier No treatment of Dumping into • 10 PTs; All CTs converted Truck sludge open fields to PTs; One Pay-and use • 95% IHHLs connected to • 70% coverage of PT septic tanks • Grey water treated open drains Lack of scientific • Spatial coverage of PTs • 2-chambered tanks, most through Phytorid. • Municipal Council (2 disposal of septage more or less adequate, do not have access covers Proposal made for 3 vehicle)/Pvt at the moment. • No open defecation and baffle walls. Phytorid beds out of Operators (2) Disposed near • Cleaned on demand only which 1 has provides service, SWM site in the when fully filled commenced • Few slum areas are open fields • FS untreated inaccessible by vacuum truck Executive summary Proposals Conveyance Treatment

• Incremental approach from demand based desludging to • City plans for independent fecal sludge treatment plant scheduled desludging • Land available at SWM disposal site • A demand for about 1-2 tanks per day, the ULB will require • Finance available through 14th FC funds one desludging vehicle at present. Population growth and awareness in people there will lead to an increase in demand. Capacity of FSTP 52 Cu.m. • The ultimate capacity has been calculated for a demand of 3-4 Capital cost for FSTP 113 (Rs in Lakhs) tanks a day Opex cost for FSTP 16.6 (Rs in Lakhs/ year) No. of tanks to be emptied daily 3-4 (Ultimate) • Number of trucks required 2 trucks with 3000 L capacity (assuming Independent FSTP at SWM Site 4 trips/truck per day) • Upflow Anerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment Technology 1 trucks of 2000L and 1 truck of Number of trucks available with ULB 3000L capacity Financing for treatment and Conveyance- Capital expenditure to be funded through 14th FC funds Operational expenditure partially from user charges and council /14th FC funds Brahmapuri has 2 ULB owned vehicle and 2 private operators to suffice the UASB treatment demand based desludging technology flow diagram CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 9 CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 10 City Profile Area -21.91 Sq Km Brahmapuri is a Class ‘C’ municipal council. 7 Slums The assembly constituency of Bramhapuri is a part of 1755 households - parliamentary constituency. Location - 20.36˚N , 79.51˚E 11.31 % Located to the east of Maharashtra, Brahmapuri is a part Population Growth of in the . Bramhapuri is about 123km. from Chandrapur and 115km. 76% from Nagpur by road and is linked up to the west with Literacy Rate Nagbhid-Wadsa state high way. The town is also connected Demographic Details by Mul-Chandrapur- railway. Parameter 2011 2018 Population Growth Rate Population The population of Brahmapuri 2011 was 36025 which has 2001-2011 15.44% Population 36,025 42,000 increased to 42000 by 2018. Brahmapuri’s average gross 2011-2017 11.31% density works out to be 1,916 persons per square kilometer. No. of HHs 8365 10,960 Migration to urban areas There is only 5% floating population in the town as in recent years attributes Brahmapuri does not have any important tourist center or to decline in population Slum Population 4440 6530 an industry, according to data furnished by BMC. Major growth rate.

occupation of the city is agriculture and labour. Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 & Brahmapuri June visit documentation

June 2019 11 City Profile Contour map Brahmapuri base-map Climate The climate here is generally hot and dry 160 mt whereas in the rainy season it is humid and the MSL rainfall is quite heavy. 160 mt The temperature in summer goes above 45°C MSL and in winter drops below 10°C. The average temperature in Brahmapuri is 35.5°C . Humidity 175 mt in Brahmapuri varies from an average of 20% in MSL April to as high as 80% in September

Rainfall Slopes North- The average annual rainfall is 1161.54 mm. About West to South- 90 per cent of the total rainfall is received during 165 mt East 150 mt the south-west monsoon season and the MSL maximum rainfall received during the month of MSL July. Soil Type Course shallow black soil Brahmapuri has an average Ground Water elevation of Average Ground Water level: 4.5m-6 m. (15ft- 20 ft) 230 meters (755 feet).

Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation & SWM DPR 2017

June 2019 12 Organogram Administrative set up The departments in the council are General Administration, PWD, Health, Planning, Accounts, Tax, Water supply, Birth and Death, Firefighting, Electricity, Establishment and Computer.

Chief Officer

Gen. Water Accoun Planni Establishme PWD Health Fire Electricity Birth/Death Computer Admin. Supply ts/tax ng nt

Health Department Staff SANITARY INSPECTOR – 1 Chief officer Mr. Mangesh Kawale MUKADAM– 3 Total sanitation staff 118 SAFAI KARMACHARI – 22 CONTRACTUAL NALA SAFAI– 50 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION – 27 Political set up ROAD CLEANING - 15 The general body is headed by the President followed by Vice President. There are three Chairmen for water supply, building development, and health respectively

Source: Census 2011, SLB 2017-18,, , Brahmapuri October visit documentation

June 2019 13 Administrative ward details

Administrative Wards of Brahmapuri Ward density Map • The ward boundaries of Brahmapuri were updated in December 2018. • The jurisdiction area of 1 Brahmapuri is divided in to 10 administrative wards as per the new boundaries. • The central wards have a 2 higher density as compared 7 to the newer development 5 in the outskirts. 6 4 3 • The average density of Brahmapuri is 16.44 Pp/Ha as per Census 2011 and 8 9 10 19.16 Pp/Ha as 2018 population of Brahmapuri

Ward • Ward number 4 in the old Boundaries development area have the Old development highest density of about 237 area pp/ha June 2019 14 Outgrowth and Land use Municipal Limits and Outgrowth Areas Landuse map Name of the Populatio Village n Khandala 1851 Khedmalzta 3922 Khalbi N.A Dudhawahi 644 Beldati 171 Udapur 2405 Zilbodi 538 Parsodijani 299 Navegaon Makta 530 There are 13 villages surrounding the municipal Kothulna 536 jurisdiction of Brahmapuri council. Ahemavargaon, Khedmalzta, Udapur, Nandga- Khamb Talodhi N.A on jani are the bigger outgrowth areas with Ahemavargaon 4666 population more than 2000. Nandgaon Jani 2075

June 2019 15 Housing • The building typology is characterized by low rise Housing Map buildings. • Buildings with G to G+1 structure were observed in the city, majorly in RCC framework. • Semi pucca houses were observed in the slums areas. 5 • No. of households increased from 8,365 in 2011 6 (Census, 2011) to 10,960 in 2018 (BMC data, 2018). • Primary assessment of the city reveals that there 3 are around 143 institutions and 507 commercial establishments. • There are 2 daily markets and one weekly market. • There are 460 hotels and restaurants. • There are 150 apartments in the city out of which 139 are residential apartments and 11 are commercial. 11,124 Properties 9791 1237 96 Residential Commercial Govt./

Institutional Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation & SWM DPR 2017

June 2019 16 Housing typology Ward No. 1 & 2

• Housing typology lies between G-G+1, with majority of houses in Bondegaon are of Semi-pucca type having roof made up of tin or tiles while some houses in Forest colony are of Pucca structure. • R.O.W varies between 3.5-4m. • Drains available- Most of the areas in ward 1 and 2 are covered by covered drains.

June 2019 17 Housing typology Ward No. 3 & 4

• Ward 3 & 4 includes Tilak nagar and area near Lendara Lake. • Housing typology lies between G-G+1, majority of houses in both the localities are of pucca structure. • Both the localities are developed with mixed type of land-use. • R.O.W varies between 3.5-4m. • Drains available- Most of the areas in the mentioned localities are covered by partially covered drains.

June 2019 18 Housing typology Ward No. 5 & 6

• Renuka Mata chowk, Vidya Nagar, & Patel chowk are located in the city core. • Housing typology lies between G-G+2, majority of houses in the mentioned localities are of pucca structure. Renuka Mata locality is developed with mixed land-use. • R.O.W varies between 2.5-5.5m. Some part of the area in Patel nagar is inaccessible due to low R.O.W. • Drains available- Most of the areas are covered by partially covered drains.

June 2019 19 Housing typology Ward No. 7 & 8

• Housing typology lies Sharada Colony Delanwadi between G-G+2, majority of houses in Sharda colony locality are of Kuccha structure. Apartment scheme can be observed in Delanwadi. • R.O.W varies between 3- Gandhinagar 5.5m. Most of the roads in the mentioned locality are semi- pucca. • Drains available- Most of the areas are covered by partially covered drains.

June 2019 20 Housing typology Ward No. 9 & 10

• Housing typology lies between G-G+2, majority of houses in mentioned localities are of pucca structure. Few houses in the inner part of the localities are Kaccha structure. • R.O.W varies between 3-5.5m. Most of the inner roads in the mentioned locality are semi-pucca. • Drains available- Most of the areas are covered by partially covered drains.

June 2019 21 Apartments Ward 4 & 5 Type of Use Commer Sr. Owner’s Residential cial No. name flats shops 1 Vadsariya 12 0 2 Donadkar 9 6 3 Donadkar 7 0 Wasavi 4 developers 8 0 Wasavi 5 developers 13 0 6 Siddham 22 0 7 Karande 10 0

8 Karanjekar 8 0 9 Vdettivar 7 0 • Total number of Apartments in Brahmapuri city- 14 apartments 10 Mendhule 7 0 • Housing typology lies between G2-G+3, Apartments located on main road are developed with 11 Mendhule 14 5 mixed type of Land-use. • Mixed type of land-use structures were observed in two apartments namely Donadar and Mendule 12 Tenbhurne 6 0 Apartments. 13 Tenbhurne 6 0 • All the apartments are well accessible by Roads. 14 Meshram 10 0 June 2019 22 Slums Slum Map Housing in Slum area

Open drainage system Inaccessible roads

• Total number of slum settlements found in Brahmapuri city- 7 slums • Housing typology lies between G-G+1, majority of houses in slum are of kuccha structure, with roof made of tins or tiles. • R.O.W varies between 2-5.5m. Most of the inner roads in slum are kuccha roads. • Drains available- Most of the areas in slum are covered by open drains. Few localities have no drainage system.

June 2019 23 Slums Slum Details • Total 7 slum settlements identified (Not notified) in Slum Area Population Brahmapuri with 15% of total population living in Tilaknagar 540 slums Gandhinagar 3550 • Total slum households are 1755 Valmikinagar 580 • PMAY DPR prepared for 216 households Phulenagar 630 • Out of the total 1755 slum households, 27% have Bondegaon hudki 355 individual water connections. Rest of the slum Kurja Hudki 800 dwellers are dependent on 20 stand posts on the Delanwadi lake precint 75 city. Total 6530

6530 27 % 20 Slum Population Water Connections Water Standposts in Slums

Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation June 2019 24 Water Supply • There are two source of water -Wainganga River at Nanhori village and Bhuti nalla which are 11 km and 2km far respectively from Bramhapuri • Water supply is only 80-90 lpcd. Daily supply of water is 3.5 MLD • 55% households have water connections remaining 45% are dependent on groundwater sources like Municipal handpumps , open wells and private borewells Kot Lake Intake well • 27% slums have water connections. None of the water connections are metered. • Existing Water Treatment Plant (WTP) located at Gurjari Wad (1km) has a capacity of 4.3 MLD • There are 5 Elevated Service Reservoirs (ESR) • There is proposal for augmenting WTP to a 5.5 MLD capacity .The proposal has been sent for Technical sanction. Project Cost – 41 Cr. Water Elevated Surface Treatment Plant Reservoir Water Tax Collection Efficiency Water Source: Brahmapuri Water Supply Scheme Report supply coverage 8% Size Domestic Commercial Institutional 55% 45% Current ½ inches 1200/- 4500/- 2400/- Water HHs with water connections 92% Tariff ¾ inches 2000/- 9000/- 4000 /-

HHs dependant on other sources 1 inches 4000/- 18000/- 8000/- (groundwater sources) Collection against current demand Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation & : Brahmapuri Water Supply Scheme Report

Taxes not collected June 2019 25 Water Supply Water Bodies in Brahmapuri Handpump in agriculture area Open well at Valmikinagar near Bondegaon

Intake well at Bhuti Nalla Handpump near Patelnagar

There are 10 water bodies in Brahmapuri of which 4 are major lakes and 6 other smaller lakes

June 2019 26 Solid Waste Management EXISTING SWM SITUATION

• Current generation of waste – 15.89 MTD

• Collection of waste is done through door to door collection and has been outsourced to private contractor. The daily door to door collection is 100%. SWM Site • The segregation of waste is about 80-90 %.

• The waste processing is about 70-80% through dry waste processing and vermi composting and other sources.

• The residual waste is disposed on site Segregation Unit Data as per swachh survekshan 2019

SWM Site

Disposal of Waste Ragpickers on site Vermi-Composting Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation & SWM DPR 2017

June 2019 27 Solid Waste Management-DPR Proposals

•DPR for SWM at Brahmapuri under SBM prepared by AIILSG, Mumbai

•Project Cost- Rs. 1.76 crore Leachate sump

•Funding by Centre – 35%

• Sanitary landfill By state – 40% of Centre’s share

•Rest (51%) - by ULB through 14th FCC Monsoon shed Excavation for funds Sanitary landfill •Total SWM Site Area: 20,000 Sq Mtr

Platform for Windrows Proposals for SWM Site • Current generation of waste – 15.89 MTD • Proposals to improve efficiency in Segregation unit collection, conveyance, treatment and Leachate Sump disposal of solid waste by the M.Cl. • For 2022 o Segregation at source proposed with Manual sorting of dry waste as daily collection will only be 5.23 The DPR has been TPD. sanctioned by o Pits and Windrow composting for Maharashtra Jeevan 9.57 TPD. Windrows Pradhikaran. platform and o Residual Waste of 3.25 TPD to be disposed through simple landfill Monsoon shed Source: Census 2011, SLB 2016-17 , Brahmapuri June visit documentation & SWM DPR 2017 June 2019 28 CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 29 Access – Individual Toilets Access to types of sanitation facility (2011) Access to types of sanitation facility (2018) • As per census 2011, total IHHL 19% 1% coverage in the city was 74% and Practice OD HHs resorting to OD was 19%. The 7% IHHL coverage increased to 99% in Depend on Depend on CT 2018 and open defecation is CT 99% eliminated. 74% HH with IIHL HH with • Brahmapuri was declared open IHHL defecation free on 2nd June 2017.

Source: Census 2011, SBM • First QCI recertification was Survey- 2015, SLB Data 2015-16 th Overall city HH Overall City HH undertaken on 4 January 2018. HH with Depend on HH with Depend on Total HH Practice OD Total HH Practice OD IHHL CT IHHL CT • The quality of IHHL is good with RCC construction at the sample 8365 6172 602 1591 10960 10844 116 0 slums visited. Progress Under SBM • The average block cost of one IHHL (including sub structure) is Online /Offline(SBM Dashboard) 2016-17 approximately Rs. 30,000.

Applications received 1580 • The HHs dependent on community Applications verified 1491 Applications approved 1491 toilets (CTs) was 7% in 2011. With Applications rejected 69 increase in IHHL coverage in the Constructed Toilets Photos 1437 city, the HHs dependent on CTs Commenced Toilets Photos 2 has reduced to 1% in 2018. June 2019 30 Access – IHHL in Slums

• Majority of the slums had access to IHHL • Most of the IHHL constructed were toilet + bath • In the interaction with the citizens there were hardly any households observed to be dependent on CTs.

June 2019 31 Access – Community/ Public Toilets Total number of PTs 10 Map showing Public Toilets Total number of CTs 0 Total functional seats 53 Total functional seats (Male) 27 Total functional seats (Female) 23 • Only 1% HHs in the city are dependent on CT/PTs as almost all HHs have IHHL. Since dependency on CTs is extremely low, the previous CTs are termed as PTs now by the council. • All the toilets are connected to septic tanks • Operation and maintenance of all the toilets is carried out by the council themselves • The toilets are cleaned twice a day • One pay and use toilet near Tehsil office is managed by private contractor from Umred. • ODF incentive funds received by ULB is being used for CT/PT repairs.

• Special arrangements for events: The council has mobile toilets that can be used during big events or festivals attended by around 50 thousand people. • For the future: The Municipal Council intends to allocate the toilet seats to the HHs still dependent on the CT.

June 2019 32 Access – Community/ Public Toilets

Christanand garden PT at Sheshanagar (Ward VIII) • All PTs were connected to Septic tanks I • Majority of the seats were observed in unhygienic condition and most of the PTs lacked basic interior

II facilities.

• Only one ‘Pay and Use’ Public toilet in the ULB.

• This Public toilet has highest footfall since located near bus VII stop. V VI III • Cleaned twice a day

VIII • Well lit and basic interior facilities like washbasin, taps, buckets are in place.

• Operated by contractor from Umred

June 2019 33 Access – Community/ Public Toilets Kahali road PT SWM Site (Ward I) • 6 seater (3-3) (Ward I) • Lack of cleanliness leading to foul smell • Basic interior equipment like bulbs/LEDs, washbasin missing and 2 doors and 1 tap vandalized. • No sign showing for male/female facility

N.H. College, Bondegaon Road PT (Ward I) • 4 seater (2-2) (Ward I) • Newly constructed toilet with leakage issues. • Cleaned twice a day. • Well lit toilet with all required basic equipment in place.

Rajiv Gandhi Sabhagruh, Kurja (Ward II) • 6 seater (3-3) (Ward II) • Basic interior equipment like bulbs/LEDs, washbasin missing and Brahmapuri boundary

Ward boundary taps are vandalized leading to

Public Toilet leakage issues.

PT visited • Cleaned twice a day.

June 2019 34 Access – Community/ Public Toilets Jani Ward PT, Lendare (Ward III) • 6 seater (3-3) (Ward III) • Lack of cleanliness • Basic interior equipment like bulbs/LEDs, 2 buckets missing and 1 tap of Washbasin vandalized. • Cleaned twice a day

Gujari Ward PT, Hindu Convent (Ward VI) • 6 seater (3-3) (Ward VI) • Lack of cleanliness leading to foul smell. • Basic interior equipment like bulbs/LEDs, buckets missing and 2 V VI IV III taps and a door vandalized.

Lendare Lake PT (Ward III) • 4 seater (2-2) (Ward III) X • Cleaned once in 15 days • Basic interior equipment like 2 bulbs/LEDs, 1 bucket missing and Brahmapuri boundary

Ward boundary wash basin is vandalized.

Public Toilet

PT visited

June 2019 35 Access – Community/ Public Toilets

Bhawani Ward, Kawale house (Ward) • 6 seater (3-3) (Ward III) • Cleaned twice a day • Basic interior equipment like 2 bulbs/LEDs, washbasin and buckets missing and 1 tap is vandalized.

Churhe Bada, Dhumankheda PT (Ward) • 4 seater (2-2) (Ward III) • Cleaned once a day • LEDs, buckets, taps are in place but 1 tap and 1 Wash basin is vandalized. • Overall condition moderate.

Peth Ward PT, Railway St. Rd (Ward) • 4 seater (2-2) (Ward III) • Cleaned twice a day • LEDs, buckets, taps are in place

Brahmapuri boundary but 1 Wash basin is vandalized. Ward boundary • 24hrs water facility available Public Toilet • Overall condition moderate.

PT visited

June 2019 36 Collection HHs connected to septic tanks 5% Total No of HHs HHs 10960 Septic tanks in connected to (current year) residential areas with septic tanks Septic tanks in Septic tanks in independent houses slums apartments HHs Approx. No. of connected to 95% septic tanks 10393 pits (current year)

95% of the HHs connected to septic tanks which are two chambered. 5% of the houses are connected to pits which are scattered across the city. (As per discussion with HHs, masons, and city engineer. Location of the pits are unknown) Septic Tank Average size Though sizes of the tanks vary a lot throughout the city, average sizes can be considered as below: • 3m x 2m x 2m for individual bungalows • Almost all toilets visited at Household level have • 3 m x 3m x 2.5 m for apartments • 4m x 3m x 2m for CT/PTs septic tank septic constructed below its superstructure making it Demand for desludging difficult to access for desludging purposes. • As per the log book records provided by ULB, the septic tanks of • Septic tanks constructed are mostly 2 chambered CTs and PTs are cleaned approximately once or twice a month. • Only selected few toilets have septic tank openings • The households septic tanks are cleaned as per demand whenever the with covers. tanks get filled and overflow. • • No mechanism for regular cleaning of septic tanks is in place. Septic tank overflows are connected to drains.

June 2019 37 Collection – Slum Areas

• The super structure was constructed right above the septic tanks • Most IHHL had access covers which were plastered or tiled and need to be broken for desludging. • Some areas of Delanwadi, Kurja Hudki, Sundernagar are in accessible due to very small road widths.

June 2019 38 Conveyance of septage Mechanism for desludging of septic tanks

• HHs writes an application to the CO for cleaning of septic tank or calls the ULB. • The SI makes a list of applications/ calls and gives it to the vacuum emptier operator. • The HH is notified one day prior and has to be ready the next day. The ULB or the private contractor does not take responsibility of opening or breaking open the septic tank for cleaning.

User charges • The charges for desludging within ULB limit are Rs. 1,000 per trip. • The charges outside ULB limit are Rs. 1,500 per trip. • Private operator charges Rs. 3000 per trip.

Desludging capacity • The ULB owns 1 vacuum truck of capacity 2000 liters which was not functional for some months. • ULB has purchased 1 new truck of 3000 litres capacity. Both the trucks are operated by ULB staff. • 2 Private Operators from Armori also operate in the city. Each has one truck of 3000 L capacity. • The Council has stated that the desludging activities do not stop on flooding days in monsoon, although number of trips are less. • As per log books of ULB, 34 tanks were desludged in 2017 and 22 in year 2016

June 2019 39 Conveyance – Inaccessible Areas Inaccessible Slums Inaccessible old development residential area

Kurja Hudki Gujri Ward

Patel Nagar Sundernagar

Delanwadi Churha Bade

June 2019 40 Disposal of septage Dumping of septage at Septage collected through the suctions trucks is dumped in the open an open plot adjacent fields (near SWM site and also outside the city limit areas). Private to SWM site operators also dispose near the SWM site.

Landuse near Disposal site

FS Disposal site SWM Site

Scattered slum development Residential

Open areas

Institutional area

June 2019 41 Grey water management Areas without Drainage in Brahmapuri Drainage details

• The grey water from kitchen and bathrooms and effluent from septic tanks are connected to roadside open drains.

• Most of these drains are pucca RCC construction. These drains flow to nallahs, that flow into the lakes.

• Almost 70% of the city has drainage network coverage. Out of the 70%, 50% of the network is closed drain and 20% are RCC open drains

• From the remaining 30% of non drain areas half the areas are slums and the remaining half are unhabituated areas.

• In these areas there are natural drains through which grey water is disposed into lakes.

• The lakes mainly cater to the drains of the surrounding areas

• Only Kot Lake has grey water treatment through Phytorid beds which is also non functional at present

Areas without Drainage Disposal points

June 2019 42 Grey water management Areas without Drainage Drainage snapshots across Brahmapuri Areas with Drainage Areas without Drainage

Drain outfall near Barai Lake June 2019 43 Grey water management

Phytorid beds for grey water treatment • 4 Phytorid Treatment Beds have been proposed out of which 1 at Kot Lake has been commenced. • Bed of capacity 347 CuM/day was commenced but is non functional as of now. • It mainly caters to Bhwani ward area, Churhe bada, Kot lake Tilaknagar and Patelnagar drains • The drain to the bed was choking and creating foul smell so the people have diverted the grey water directly into the lake • The remaining 2 beds under construction of capacity 70 CuM, and 18.8 CuM are also on stay due to some issues with the contractor. Phytorid Beds • It was constructed under the grant for Conservation of Financial details of the proposal • The DPR for grey water treatment at Kot lake is sanctioned for 4.47 Cr. Out of this, the Lakes received by the ULB. state share is 90% (4.02 Cr.) and the ULB share is 10% (0.44 Cr.) (excluding cost for • It is a non revenue project for council. conveyance) June 2019 44 Resolution for FSSM

Point number 4 under the resolution states that the funds will be used for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management related activities.

June 2019 45 Other projects

Sr. Projects Funding Source Cost of Project Status No. Funding by Centre – 35% By state – 40% of Centres share DPR Sanctioned. Work under 1 SWM DPR 1.76 Cr Rest by ULB through 14th FCC implementation funds WTP Augmentation to 5.5 2 NA 41 Cr Proposal sent for TS MLD Grey Water Treatment Grant for Conservation of 4.47 Cr (for 347 m3/day 1 Phytorid Bed commenced , 3 3 decentralised Lake capacity phytorid) under process (4 Phytorid Beds ) 4 PMAY (216 beneficiaries) NA NA DPR Submitted

Other Stakeholders

• 1 active NGOs • 134 Self-help Groups

June 2019 46 Finance Slabs for Property tax

A B C D Monthly taxes in Rs per 100 SqFt Class Good Quality Slab Medium Quality Tin, Tiles Kachha Housing construction Slab construction

Upper 1 140 120 70 55 Upper 2 130 110 60 45 Middle 1 110 100 55 40 Middle 2 100 90 50 30 Lower 1 90 80 40 25 Lower 2 80 70 30 20

June 2019 47 Finance Total Property tax Demand Collection for the last four years years Demand (Rs. In Lakhs) Collection (Rs. In Lakhs) YEAR Efficiency Arrears Current Total Arrears Current Total 2014-15 80.49 171.62 252.11 44.33 123.39 167.75 66.5% 2015-16 86.27 181.44 267.71 59.09 146.24 205.33 76.6% 2016-17 64.50 249.22 313.72 60.92 232.73 293.65 93.6% 2017-18 44.18 256.02 300.20 34.10 242.60 276.71 92.1%

The collection of taxes after the change of rule in 2016 could be collected until December which improved the overall efficiency from 76% to 93%

June 2019 48 Finance Property Tax for the last four years years

Demand (in Collection (in Collection (in Lakhs) % Demand (in Lakhs) % Lakhs) Lakhs) 2014-15 171.62 123.39 72 2014-15 80.49 44.33 55 2015-16 181.44 146.24 81 2015-16 86.27 59.09 68 2016-17 249.22 232.73 93 2016-17 64.5 60.92 94 2017-18 256.02 242.6 95 2017-18 44.18 34.10 77

June 2019 49 Finance Demand Collection for water tax for the last four years including current year upto March 13th 2019 Year Demand (in Lakhs) Collection (in Lakhs) % Arrears Current Total Arrears Current Total 2015-16 26.31 52.97 79.28 16.87 38.60 55.56 70.08 2016-17 19.69 54.98 74.68 17.17 50.82 67.99 91.05 2017-18 61.32 58.56 64.69 38.79 55.09 58.88 91.02

2018-19 (upto 6.02 60.87 66.89 2.92 53.20 56.13 83.22 13th March 19)

June 2019 50 Finance Funds received and utilized under 14th FC

FUNDS UTILISED TOTAL FUNDS TOTAL FUNDS YEAR UNDER BALANCE FUNDS RECEIVED UTILISED SANITATION

2015-16 2,34,83,492 2,34,83,492 1,18,03,338 0

2016-17 5,53,08,336 3,14,38,244 1,26,26,549 2,38,70,092

2017-18 3,55,76,989 3,55,76,989 55,19,967 0

2018-19 2,03,85,597 55,99,017 49,81,044 1,47,86,580

Note: The balance funds are total balance funds of the 14th FC grant received. The balance funds under SBM will have to be collected from Brahmapuri Council.

Brahmapuri Council has used the 14th FC funds for Swachh Bharat Mission related activities like

• Solid waste management collection, transportation and processing • CT/PT and IHHL related activities

June 2019 51 CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 52 Summary: Sanitation service chain Access Containment Conveyance Treatment Reuse/Disposal

Pour flush latrines Emptied into Septic Tanks Effluent Phytorid and CT/PTs Open Drains lakes Bathroom/ Kitchen water Greywater Solid Vacuum No treatment Dumping into • 99% coverage of Emptier Truck of sludge open fields IHHLs • 10 PTs • 95% IHHLs connected to • 70% coverage of • Grey water treated • Spatial coverage of PTs septic tanks. open drains Lack of scientific through Phytorid. more or less adequate, • 2-chambered tanks, most • Municipal Council disposal of septage at Proposal made for 3 • No open defecation do not have access covers (2 vehicle)/Pvt the moment. Phytorid beds out of and baffle walls. Operators (2) which one has • Cleaned on demand only provides service, commenced when fully filled • Few slum areas are • Fecal sludge disposed inaccessible by untreated vacuum truck

June 2019 53 CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 54 Why is septage management important!!!! 1 truck of Faecal Sludge and Septage carelessly dumped = 5,000 people shitting in the open! 1 Gram of Feaces may contain:

100 parasites eggs 1000 Protozoa 1,000,000 Bacteria 10,000,000 Virus

June 2019 55 Recognition to Septage Management at National level . National Policy on FSSM by MoHUA, GoI

. National declaration on Septage Management by MoHUA, GoI

. One of the major thrust areas of AMRUT

. Primer on septage Management and Rapid Assessment tool for estimating budget requirements for FSSM

. Septage Management Advisory of Government of India provides references to CPHEEO guidelines, BIS standards, and other resources for preparing SMP / FSSM plan.

June 2019 56 Swachh Survekshan (2019) and ODF+/++ protocol ODF+ and ODF++ Protocol by MoHUA Components under Sustainable Sanitation – 500/2000 Marks (25%)

ODF+ 1 SLB : 360/1250 Marks (28.8%) A city / ward / work circle can be notified/declared as SBM ODF+ city/ SBM ODF+ ward/SBM ODF+ FSSM Plan has been notified Notified fines for open work circle if, at any point of the day, not a dumping single person is found defecating and/or Closed containment Reuse/Recycling of waste urinating in the open, AND all Percentage of FS treated community and public toilets are water Capacity of FSTP/STP to functional and well maintained. PT location on portal treat FS Safety training of operators CT/PT open from 6AM to 10PM ODF++ FSTP and trucks O&M Cost CT/PT O&M Cost recovery A city / ward / work circle can be notified/ declared as SBM ODF++ city/ recovery SBM ODF++ ward/ SBM ODF++ work circle if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/ or urinating in the open, all 4 Citizen Validation250/1250 Marks(20%) community and public toilets are functional and well maintained, AND faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and Do you find Community/Public Toilets of your cities are well treated, with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas. maintained? Do you use google map to locate CT/PT June 2019 57 Support for moving cities towards ODF++ (FSSM)

Planning for emptying of septic tanks and conveyance of septage

Planning for regular desludging of septic tanks within the city limit and infrastructure requirement

• Exploring scheduled v/s demand based desludging

• Deciding type & number of vacuum emptier

• Deciding the model of operation (ULB v/s Private)

• Support in development of contract for emptying ( if required) CEPT + AIILSG Support Support AIILSG + CEPT

June 2019 58 Support for Conveyance Mechanism - Demand v/s Scheduled Current practice – Demand based emptying (Complaint redressal mode) • Cleaning is done on-call by the household who raises a complaint regarding this with either the ULB or Private when the tank is full • A fee is charged by the ULB or Private for provision of these services • Leads to low toilet usage due to the fear of tanks filling up and high cost of emptying Zone 1 Proposed practice – Scheduled based emptying (Regular

service mode) Zone 3 • Septic tanks are cleaned on a pre-determined schedule.

• Households / property owners pay a local tax and get this Zone 2 services on regular intervals Zone 5 • Scheduled emptying is being used in Wai, Sinnar, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia Zone 4 From a Consumer complaint system to Regular service

June 2019 59 Benefits of schedule emptying

Equitable services All households / properties are covered by services

Pricing Services are offered at lower prices, due to efficiency gains

Behavior change Contribution to ODF sustainability as toilet usage can increase

Eradicate Manual scavenging Removal of need for manual scavenging due to regular emptying

Infrastructure optimization More predictable loads for treatment facility and route optimization of trucks

Environmental benefits Likely reduction in BOD and coliform in septic tank effluent, as well as lower likelihood of septic tank overflows

June 2019 60 Conveyance mechanism City Scheduled Desludging Demand Desludging (Existing) (5 year cycle) No. of tanks Number of No. of tanks to be No. of trips required Number of trucks required emptied at trucks emptied daily daily present

Brahmapuri Approx. 1 per 2 – 3000 L and 7 (Since tank size is 12 7 trucks (Size of truck as 3000L) day 2000 L (ULB Cu.m. assuming at owned) least 4 trips per tanks) ULB requires 3 additional trucks 2 – 3000 L Hence total = 7x4 = 28 of 3000L or 2 additional trucks of (Private) 5000L Assumptions : 4 trips per truck per day In case of incremental approach the existing trucks (4) of council and private operator by licensing can be utilized and new trucks can be purchased as he demand increases Support in • Setting up Monitoring mechanism to monitor ULB / Private sector operations • Support in development of contract for emptying ( if required) • Awareness for regularly desludging of septic tanks

June 2019 61 Emptying service – Zoning Zoning Map Possible Zoning of the Town for Emptying Ward No Total of Septic Tanks Population • The city could be divided into 5 zones for the septic (2011 Census) tank desludging cycle. The septic tanks of each zone will be cleaned in turn every year during the 5 year cycle.

II 1 3802 • The zones have been divided based on the 1 distribution of households. The zones have been 2 3547 approximately delineated. 3 3430 Zones Ward 2 4 3558 I 3,4 7 II 1,2 5 5 3598 6 III III 5,6 4 I 3 6 3493 IV 7,8 IV 7 3941 8 9 V 10 V 9,10 8 3353

9 3815 Approx. 2113 septic tanks of individual toilets in the city needs to 10 3488 be cleaned annually.

June 2019 62 Support for moving cities towards ODF++

Planning & Technology selection

for Treatment

Suitable technology options for treatment of septage

• Carrying out septage quality tests to assess quality of septage to be treated.

• Carrying out Ground /river water quality tests

• Identification of suitable treatment technology based on technical and financial assessment and requirement of the ULB

CEPT + AIILSG AIILSG Support + CEPT

June 2019 63 Support in selecting and operationalizing treatment systems

City Incremental Approach Demand Desludging (Demand Desludging to Scheduled Desludging scheduled desludging) Septage load cum/day Septage load cum/day Septage load cum/day

Brahmapuri 12 52 104

Support in

Identification of Carrying out Developing suitable septage Wastewater quality monitoring process treatment option tests

June 2019 64 Treatment options for FSSM services Independent FSTP

Criteria for selection of technology 1. Land availability • If sufficient land is available then non-mechanized technology can be adopted; while if there is shortage of land, a mechanized treatment technology with less footprint may be preferred. (Land available – 1000 SqM)

2. Quantity of septage (scheduled/demand based desludging) • Calculation of quantity generation is done for designing of FSTP based on scheduled or demand based desludging.

3. Quality of septage • Assessment of characteristics of septage (BOD/COD) for preparation of tender document or technology selection.

4. Reliability of electricity • Non-availability or erratic supply of electricity will render mechanized treatment a difficult option. (Electricity Connection available)

5. Climatic conditions • Assessment of existing climatic conditions on site like rainfall pattern, temperature, water table, flooding is done as it affects choice of technology.

6. Financial viability • Assessment of estimated cost of project is essential to understand the financial viability of a project. June 2019 65 Treatment options for FSSM services Planted sludge drying bed

Liquid Reuse / Disposal Horizontal Collection Screen/ Anaerobic Baffle Planted Gravel tank + Reactor (ABR) filter Grit chlorination removal Platform for Reuse / Planted Sludge Septage Drying Disposal from septic Drying Bed Solid tank Horizontal Collection Reuse/ Planted Gravel tank + ABR Disposal Screen/ Planted filter chlorination Septage from Grit Sludge septic tank removal Drying Bed Platform for Reuse/ drying Disposal

June 2019 66 Treatment options for FSSM services Planted sludge drying bed

Disadvantages: Advantages:

• Large land requirement • Simple operation • Not Favorable in regions of high rainfall or • No energy is requirement required sheds during rainy season which increase capital cost Examples: Capacity: 12 cum/day Capital cost: Rs 52 lakhs Leh FSTP Land: 720 sq.mt O&M: Rs 10 lakh/year Commissioned: 2017

June 2019 67 Treatment options for FSSM services Unplanted sludge drying bed

Liquid Reuse / Disposal Horizontal Planted Anaerobic Baffle Polishing Settling Gravel filter pond tank with Reactor (ABR) screen Platform for Reuse / Unplanted Septage Drying Disposal from septic Sludge Drying Solid Bed tank

Horizontal Polishing Reuse/ ABR Planted Pond Disposal Septage Screen/ Unplanted Gravel filter Settling from septic Grit Sludge tank tank removal Drying Bed Platform for Reuse/ drying Disposal

June 2019 68 Treatment options for FSSM services Unplanted sludge drying bed – Bhubaneswar, Odisha

• Capacity : 75 KLD • Capex: INR 2.85 crores • O&M : INR 19.25 lakhs/annum • Land Area: 10117 Sq m. • Year of commissioning: June-2018 • Operated by: Private Operator

SDB: 10 No.

Effluent Effluent Horizontal Planted Gravel Polishing Pond: 1 No. Filter: 2 No. Settling thickening tank with Anaerobic Baffled Reactor: Effluent screening : 2 No. 2 No.

June 2019 69 Treatment options for FSSM services UASB - conventional STP

June 2019 70 Treatment options for FSSM services MBBR – co-composting with SWM

June 2019 71 Treatment options for FSSM services UASB/MBBR/SBR - examples

Sinnar, Maharashtra Cochin, Kerala

Capacity: 70 cum/day Capital cost: Rs 1.63 cr Capacity: 100 cum/day Capital cost: Rs 2.75 cr Land: 1547 sq.mt O&M: Rs 8.3 lakh/year Land: 1200 sq mt O&M: 24-30 lakh/year Commissioned: 2015

June 2019 72 Learnings from other cities

Technologies vetted by NEERI for 4 cities in Maharashtra

Land requirement Capital cost Per Capital cost for Land requirement Technology per KLD KLD Brahmapuri for Brahmapuri (Sq. m) (In lakhs) (In lakhs) Non mechanical

Planted sludge drying bed(PDB) + ABR+ PGF for 14.50 1508 1.43 148.72 liquid treatment Unplanted Sludge drying bed (SDB) + ABR+ PGF for liquid 11.10 1154.4 1.70 176.8 treatment Mechanical

MBBR+SDB 4.25 442 2.22 230.88

Clarrifloculator+ UASB + ABR 7 520 2.18 226.72 + SDB

June 2019 73 Comparative cost assessment of scenario 1 and 2

Scenario 1 : Independent FSTP - Scenario 2 : Independent FSTP - Unplanted SDB UASB/MBBR/SBR* In noo mechanical unplanted SDB was considered due to limited availability of land, land required for planted SDB is more than unplanted Scheduled emptying (5 Demand Scheduled year cycle) emptying emptying (5 year Demand 104 cum/day 12 cum/day cycle) emptying 104 cum/day 12 cum/day Capital cost 22,672,000 26,16,000 Rs.

Capital cost 17,680,000 20,40,000 Rs. 1,30,800 (assuming 5% of 1,02,000 O&M cost 6,768,720 capex cost) Rs./year (assuming 5% Total cost O&M cost 6,012,720 of capex cost) Rs./year (Capex + Opex) Rs. in 565 33 Total cost (Considering 5 lakhs (Capex + Opex) Rs. in 477 26 year lifecycle) (Considering 5 lakhs year lifecycle)

June 2019 74 Fecal sludge treatment service through DBOT Tender

• Bidder responsible for planning and designing, constructing as well as operation and maintenance for the first few years before the responsibility of the facility is transferred to the ULB

• Technology neutral tender; Performance based contracts

• Sinnar and Umred have rolled out for a DBOT tender for their septage treatment facility

• Can be rolled out easily and quickly with sample tender document

DBOT Tender document • Many bidders have shown interest; competitive prices, innovative technologies This has been done for - 76 FSTPs in AP - 71 FSTPs in Telengana - 2 FSTPs in Maharashtra

June 2019 75 Fecal sludge treatment service through DPR based Tender

• A Detailed Project Report (DPR) that entails initial assessment, planning and finalized design

and details of financing the project for FSSM in the city prepared by an organization.

• The DPR is sent for technical and financial approval to MJP

• Once the DPR is approved, a tender for implementation of the project is then floated which

includes construction and preferably operation and maintenance for fixed duration

June 2019 76 Support for moving cities towards ODF+ Support for Onsite Support in Planning & Technology selection systems for Emptying & Treatment

1 2 3 For new toilets that are Regular desludging of septic tanks Suitable technology options for under construction: within the city limit and exploring treatment of septage Ensuring suitable possibility of desludging septic tanks technology option outside city limit

• Exploring scheduled v/s demand based • Carrying out septage quality tests to assess • Dos and Don’ts Flyer desludging quality of septage to be treated.

• Training to masons • Deciding type & number of vacuum emptier • Carrying out Ground /river water quality tests • Deciding the model of operationFinancing (ULB v/s

Private) • Identification of suitable treatment

of FSSM services technology based on technical and financial • Support in development of contract for emptying assessment and requirement of the ULB ( if required) • Support in development of monitoring

• Support in development of monitoring process / Support

CEPT + AIILSG AIILSG + CEPT process

CEPT + AIILSG AIILSG + CEPT Support Support CEPT + AIILSG AIILSG + CEPT awareness programs • Market assessment for byproducts /reuse

June 2019 77 Options for financing of Capex

GoM resolution on use of 50% of GoM resolution asking city to move towards ODF+ and to utilize incentive grant funds for SBM and sanitation and activities 14th FC funds for ODF+ activities

June 2019 78 Case study- Sinnar funded Capex and Opex for FSSM through 14th FC funds

Sinnar Municipal Council has passed resolution to fund FSTP project cost through 14th FC funds.

The project cost includes:

 Capex

 Opex for 3 years

June 2019 79 Sources of financing in Brahmapuri

Funding - Capex

Fund utilization - Availability Utilized Fund Available Fund Received City Funds under scheme Amount Amount (in Rs. Crore) Percent Percent (In crore) (In Crore)

14th FC 2.03 0.55 27 % 1.47 73 %

Brahmapuri SBM Incentive Fund 0.3 0.3 - - 0%

ODF++ activities to be funded through 14th FC funds

June 2019 80 Sources of financing in Brahmapuri

Funding – Opex (Including tax ,user charges, fines and so on)

Sr No. Amount Sanitation Tax

Existing sanitation tax - -

Average Existing Property Tax Rs-1590/- -

For scheduled emptying Rs -499/- - sanitation tax Property tax with scheduled Rs-2089/- 31 % of modified property tax emptying sanitation tax Only 31% increase in property tax will finance the scheduled desludging services Taxation can be done as per the Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965, Chapter IX : Municipal taxation, Section 108 only if it is provided as a service

Also revenue from sale of septage compost under HARIT can partly finance O&M of services

June 2019 81 Cases study- Sinnar levied differential tax on all properties for financing FSSM

City level resolution for taxation

Differential taxation rates

Residential Properties with / without toilets– Rs. 300 / annum

Non Residential Properties with toilets – Rs. 300 / annum

Non-residential properties without toilets– Rs. 100 / annum

Wai has levied tax on all properties for financing FSSM services

June 2019 82 Stakeholder engagement for FSSM

Potential stakeholders

1. Elected and administrative wing To initiate FSSM and to plan and sustain the project, active involvement and support from elected and administrative wing will be required.

2. SHGs/NGOs 134 SHGs are active in the city and can undertake various activities for FSSM like awareness for regular emptying of septic tanks.

3. Citizens Citizens participation is essential for effecting planning and implantation of scheme. Also, active citizen groups can be involved for implementation of this plan.

4. Private sector providers Role of private sector for emptying can be explored.

5. Outgrowth areas Local authorities of outgrowth areas should be considered before making the FSSM plan

June 2019 83 CONTENTS 1 Brahmapuri – City Profile

2 Existing Sanitation Situation

3 Summary

4 FSSM Proposal options for discussion

5 FSSM Plan for Brahmapuri

June 2019 84 Approach for FSSM as per discussion with CO

Conveyance Council resolution for FSSM Incremental approach From demand to schedule based desludging

• A demand for about 1-2 tanks per day- ULB will require one desludging vehicle at present. Population growth and awareness in people required which will lead to an increase in demand. • The ultimate capacity has been calculated for a demand of 3-4 tanks a day • Desludging operations to be outsourced to private operator or carried out by ULB Treatment • Independent FSTP at SWM Site • UASB Technology (land availability was limited and electricity connection was available hence UASB was selected) • Treatment plant for 52 Cu.M to be designed (For half capacity and can be increased later) Funding through 14th FC funds

June 2019 85 Planning for emptying of septic tanks and conveyance of septage

June 2019 86 Conveyance mechanism

City Scheduled Desludging Demand Desludging (Existing) (5 year cycle) No. of tanks Number of No. of tanks to be No. of trips required Number of trucks required emptied at trucks emptied daily daily present

Brahmapuri Approx. 1 per 2 – 3000 L and 7 (Since tank size is 12 7 trucks (Size of truck as 3000L) day 2000 L (ULB Cu.m. assuming at owned) least 4 trips per tanks) ULB requires 3 additional trucks 2 – 3000 L Hence total = 7x4 = 28 of 3000L or 2 additional trucks of (Private) 5000L Assumptions : 4 trips per truck per day

In case of incremental approach the existing trucks (4) of council and private operator by licensing can be utilized and new trucks can be purchased as the demand increases

June 2019 87 From demand to scheduled based desludging

Demand Scheduled Desludging Desludging

No. of tanks to 1 7 be emptied daily

No of trucks 1 7 required Considering 4 trips per truck

Vacuum Trucks 2 – 3000 L 3- 3000 L or Available/to be & 2000 L (ULB owned) 2- 5000 L purchased 2 – 3000 L (Private) (additional to be purchased)

June 2019 88 Planning & Technology selection for Treatment

Suitable technology options for treatment of septage

June 2019 89 Selecting and operationalizing treatment systems

City Incremental Approach Demand Desludging (Demand Desludging to Scheduled Desludging scheduled desludging) Septage load cum/day Septage load cum/day Septage load cum/day

Brahmapuri 12 52 104 Independent FSTP • The Fecal sludge treatment plant would be constructed at the existing solid waste dump Site. • In the existing solid waste dump site, only 1000 sq mt is available for setting up of FSTP. • Hence treatment technologies which require minimal area were considered for the Brahmapuri city. • Based on discussion with ULB officials, city has informed that they have adequate funds available for financing of FSTP and also electricity is available at site. • Considering above factors and based on discussion with ULB officials, proposed UASB technology for FSTP was selected.

June 2019 90 Treatment Technology for FSSM UASB - conventional STP

June 2019 91 Treatment capacity and cost

For incremental approach of desludging, the capacity of FSTP is considered half of the total capacity arrived at, as calculated for scheduled desludging

Incremental Approach Scheduled (Demand Desludging to scheduled desludging) Desludging Capacity of FSTP 52 Cu.m. 104 Cu.m.

CapEx for UASB 113 226 (Rs in Lakhs) (Rs in Lakhs)

OpEx for UASB 16.6 45.93 (Rs in Lakhs) (Rs in Lakhs)

June 2019 92 FSTP at SWM site Site Details Existing Scenario To be proposed in DPR

Leachate sump

Sanitary landfill

Platform for Windrows

Segregation unit

Area available for FSTP

Site Area – Area available for FSTP- 1000 SqM. Approx 20000 SqM The area identified is very Existing Waste Area- undulated and levelling will be 5985 SqM required

June 2019 93 Emptying of septic Technology selection tanks and conveyance and Treatment of of septage septage

Financing of FSSM services

June 2019 94 Funding for CapEx and OpEx

Fund utilization -- Availability Utilized Fund Available Fund Received Funds under scheme Amount Amount (in Rs. Crore) Percent Percent (In crore) (In Crore)

14th FC 2.03 0.55 27 % 1.47 73 %

Capital expenditure to be funded through 14th FC funds Operational expenditure partially from user charges and council fund/14th FC funds

June 2019 95 Operating mechanism Funding – Opex

Emptying done by private Call center at Demand from Disposal at operator ULB HHs FSTP User charges taken from HHs Private operator to IEC for regular register at the call desludging center • Setting up a call center or a customer help center managed by the local authorities linking HHs with vacuum truck operators. • ULB to instruct private operator to install GPS on trucks for monitoring. • HHs can call help center as per demand. • IEC to be conducted for awareness among citizens to publicize the call center and to desludge regularly.

June 2019 96 Summary: Proposals Across Sanitation Service Chain Access Containment Conveyance Treatment Reuse/Disposal

Pour flush latrines Disposed into Septic Tanks Effluent Phytorid and CT/PTs Open Drains lakes Bathroom/ Kitchen water Greywater Solid Vacuum Treatment of Reuse as Emptier Truck Faecal sludge compost/energy • Ensure new septic tanks • Achieve 100% • Implement incremental • Improved quality of built are recommended coverage of IHHLs. approach for septic tank water in nallahs, saving size (not very large) and • FSTP at SWM site • Improve conditions of emptying in entire town contamination of specifications with to treat septage. PTs. for an ultimate 5 year lakes. covers. • Quality of effluent • Close or modify cycle. • Reuse of manure after • Clean IHHL septic of emptying into drains underused PTs. • Council can operate/hire treatment creating a entire town once every will be better operator service with new better environment, five years. fleet of trucks. and may bring additional income for M.Cl. In the long run.

June 2019 97 Thank you

Center for Water and Sanitation CEPT University All India Institute of Local Self-Government, Mumbai

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