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A Positioning of Russia Through the Lens of Citizenship

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A Positioning of Russia Through the Lens of Citizenship A POSITIONING OF RUSSIA THROUGH THE LENS OF CITIZENSHIP AWARDING FAST-TRACK CITIZENSHIP GRANTS TO THE WORLD-FAMOUS CELEBRETIES By Tatiana Shustova Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts CEU eTD Collection Advisor: Szabolcs Pogonyi Budapest, Hungary 2017 Abstract Russia, starting from 2013 has awarded Russian citizenship to several world-famous celebrities and thus reconfiguring its political membership. This thesis investigates this phenomenon and tries to answer the following questions why the Russian government grants citizenship to those with international fame, what these acts of granting citizenship might symbolize and what tools and techniques the Russian government used for portraying Russian citizenship. In order to explore these acts of granting citizenship and to understand Russia's motives behind it, this thesis will conduct a critical discourse analysis study. The study conducted suggests that the Russian government utilized citizenship for internal political purposes to rebrand its image as a great powerful nation on the world stage. The study also argues that Russia used nationalist discourses and public diplomacy tools while portraying its citizenship. The Russian case therefore shifts the focus of citizenship from the ideal of national identity and belonging to the public diplomacy or branding tool. CEU eTD Collection ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Szabolc Pogonyi for helping me to formulate the research question and navigating me through the entire process of thesis writing. CEU eTD Collection iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Concept of citizenship: the utilization of citizenship and its purpose 4 Citizenship as an instrument of membership closure 4 Citizenship borders 6 The purposes and motives of citizenship policies 7 Chapter 2: Citizenship configuration of Russia 10 Russian citizenship regime: from liberation to restriction and again liberation 10 Russian Citizenship Policy toward Compatriots in academic literature 14 Chapter 3: Foreign Policy concept of Russia, its public diplomacy and branding techniques 20 Ukrainian crisis and Russian Foreign policy 20 The concept of the Russian world as a Russian public diplomacy tool 22 Chapter 4: Methodology applied in the research 26 Chapter 5: Analysis of the fast-tracked citizenship discourse in Russia 31 Performing the citizenship granting procedure 31 The general trend of fast-tracked citizenship discourse in Russia 36 Channel One 37 Ren TV 42 Conclusion 48 Bibliography 50 CEU eTD Collection iv Introduction “To be Russian today is no longer about nationality, a house, and a street. It is about a geopolitical position and, to be more precise, a different mindset” (Ren TV, 2015). These words belong to Igor Prokopenko – a TV host of the programme “Military Secret” broadcast by the Russian-state channel Ren TV and signify the growing popularity of the Russian citizenship in the world. Starting from 2013 the Russian Federation has granted citizenship to a number of influential western celebrities, who have demonstrated some form of affiliation to Russia and who have been engaged with Russia and the Russian president on several occasions. This list includes the French and American actors Gerard Depardieu (2013) and Steven Seagal (2016), the American boxer Roy Jones Jr (2015), the American mixed martial artist Jeffrey William Monson (2015), the Japanese-American actor Cary –Hiroyuki Tagawa, the Italian judo trainer Exio Gamba (2016) and many others.1 These “gestures” of the Russian government have attracted a great deal of public attention, largely because they were portrayed in an extremely favorable dimension by the state-run media in Russia and were made personally by President Putin. For instance, the issue of the citizenship status of Gerard Depardieu was raised during President Putin's annual Year-End Press Conference and was broadcast by both international and local media. The official ceremony in which Steven Seagal was awarded Russian citizenship was held in the Kremlin and, as such, attracted even more public attention. This thesis will argue that the Russian government utilized the notion of citizenship CEU eTD Collection for the internal political purposes to reposition itself on the world stage to bolster its prestige and reputation. It is important to stress the fact that it is rare and unusual to grant citizenship to well-known individuals who do not bear kin ties with the nation state with such pomposity, 1 The list also includes Ornella Mutti. The Italian actress who is currently applying for the Russian citizenship 1 celebration, and positive media coverage. This phenomenon highlights the ambiguity of the Russian citizenship regime that cannot be explained by the existing citizenship research which is built on the identity narrative of political membership. Ayelet Sharshar, in her ground-breaking work on the Olympic citizenship, detaches the notion of citizenship from the genuine-ties interpretations (Sharshar 2008). The author considers citizenship through the prism of a reputation-building resource aimed to enhance the nation's standing vis a vis its competitors (Sharshar 2008). However, Ayelet Sharshar's work does not go beyond the realm of the Olympic citizenship. The author focuses only on the high-skilled sportsmen but not the western celebrities whose fame may also contribute to the country's perception. Therefore, this thesis aims to fill this academic gap by answering the questions: why the Russian government awarded citizenship to the world-famous celebrities, what this act of granting citizenship might symbolize, and what tools and techniques the Russian government used for portraying Russian citizenship. This thesis will also claim that there is an indissoluble connection between the phenomenon under consideration and the Russian Foreign Policy. The connection is based on the leading role of President Putin within both dimensions. Vladimir Putin's decisions navigate the course of the Russian Foreign Policy and to some extent Russia's membership realm. The ties between the current citizenship phenomenon and the Russian Foreign Policy can be traced in the similar branding and public diplomacy tools mastered by the government-run channels during the Ukrainian crisis. These tools and mechanisms are used for maintaining Russia's image as a great powerful nation, a reborn global player, capable of CEU eTD Collection offering another alternative to the world. Another connection is found in the nationalist- theme discourse, taken from the concept of the Russian World and operationalized by both actors. 2 To explore the act of granting citizenship to famous celebrities and to understand Russia's motives behind it, this thesis will conduct a critical discourse analysis study. In order to bridge the momentum gap of Russia's citizenship phenomenon, “the concept of citizenship, its utilization and purposes” is first discussed in this thesis. Then the thesis turns to the analysis of the Russian citizenship configuration. The Russian citizenship appears to be an ambiguous phenomenon marked by different stages of development, varying from liberation in giving citizenship grants at the beginning of 1991 to the servitude in providing citizenship 2009 and then to the liberation again, in 2014. It will be shown that the last liberation benchmark was triggered by the Ukrainian crisis and was specially designed for the Russian Compatriots living Near Abroad. This statement leads us to the next part of the thesis, where the Compatriot Policy and its links with the concept of the Russian World and the Russian Foreign Policy will be revealed. The thesis then describes Russia's Foreign Policy tools and mechanisms for branding itself in the world arena, which can be narrowed down to the launching of multiple media initiatives for Russian-speaking and international audiences, namely Russia 24 and RT (Russia today). The thesis then overviews qualitative methodology and decides to focus on the critical discourse analysis, its socio-political approach as a source for identifying the dynamics of citizenship discourse in Russia and understanding the government's role in portraying Russian citizenship. With this methodology in mind the thesis examines 1) the corpus of “Vladimir Putin's citizenship performing procedure” available and 2) the programmes devoted to the theme of “the increasing popularity of Russian passport among Western celebrities.” This analysis showcases the various tools and mechanisms Russian channels utilized for promoting the CEU eTD Collection theme “Russia is a great nation” with the help of the Russian citizenship. In doing so, the thesis will give a timely new approach to the concept of citizenship. It will also compliment literature on citizenship, Foreign Policy, and nation branding and add a more comprehensive analysis on the citizenship regime in Russia. 3 Chapter 1: Concept of citizenship: the utilization of citizenship and its purpose This chapter analyses the main topical issues and academic perspectives related to citizenship, which is an interdisciplinary and widely -debated phenomenon aimed at contextualizing and providing insight into 1) the normative debates devoted to the institution of citizenship, such as discussions on the main principles embedded into citizenship practices, citizenship borders beyond the state and the cosmopolitan
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