Lecture Note on Photon Interactions and Cross Sections
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Lecture 6: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry II
Lecture 6: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry II Required Reading: FP Chapter 3 Suggested Reading: SP Chapter 3 Atmospheric Chemistry CHEM-5151 / ATOC-5151 Spring 2005 Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Outline of Lecture • The Sun as a radiation source • Attenuation from the atmosphere – Scattering by gases & aerosols – Absorption by gases • Beer-Lamber law • Atmospheric photochemistry – Calculation of photolysis rates – Radiation fluxes – Radiation models 1 Reminder of EM Spectrum Blackbody Radiation Linear Scale Log Scale From R.P. Turco, Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change, Oxford UP, 2002. 2 Solar & Earth Radiation Spectra • Sun is a radiation source with an effective blackbody temperature of about 5800 K • Earth receives circa 1368 W/m2 of energy from solar radiation From Turco From S. Nidkorodov • Question: are relative vertical scales ok in right plot? Solar Radiation Spectrum II From F-P&P •Solar spectrum is strongly modulated by atmospheric scattering and absorption From Turco 3 Solar Radiation Spectrum III UV Photon Energy ↑ C B A From Turco Solar Radiation Spectrum IV • Solar spectrum is strongly O3 modulated by atmospheric absorptions O 2 • Remember that UV photons have most energy –O2 absorbs extreme UV in mesosphere; O3 absorbs most UV in stratosphere – Chemistry of those regions partially driven by those absorptions – Only light with λ>290 nm penetrates into the lower troposphere – Biomolecules have same bonds (e.g. C-H), bonds can break with UV absorption => damage to life • Importance of protection From F-P&P provided by O3 layer 4 Solar Radiation Spectrum vs. altitude From F-P&P • Very high energy photons are depleted high up in the atmosphere • Some photochemistry is possible in stratosphere but not in troposphere • Only λ > 290 nm in trop. -
Compton Scattering from the Deuteron at Low Energies
SE0200264 LUNFD6-NFFR-1018 Compton Scattering from the Deuteron at Low Energies Magnus Lundin Department of Physics Lund University 2002 W' •sii" Compton spridning från deuteronen vid låga energier (populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning på svenska) Vid Compton spridning sprids fotonen elastiskt, dvs. utan att förlora energi, mot en annan partikel eller kärna. Kärnorna som användes i detta försök består av en proton och en neutron (sk. deuterium, eller tungt väte). Kärnorna bestrålades med fotoner av kända energier och de spridda fo- tonerna detekterades mha. stora Nal-detektorer som var placerade i olika vinklar runt strålmålet. Försöket utfördes under 8 veckor och genom att räkna antalet fotoner som kärnorna bestålades med och antalet spridda fo- toner i de olika detektorerna, kan sannolikheten för att en foton skall spridas bestämmas. Denna sannolikhet jämfördes med en teoretisk modell som beskriver sannolikheten för att en foton skall spridas elastiskt mot en deuterium- kärna. Eftersom protonen och neutronen består av kvarkar, vilka har en elektrisk laddning, kommer dessa att sträckas ut då de utsätts för ett elek- triskt fält (fotonen), dvs. de polariseras. Värdet (sannolikheten) som den teoretiska modellen ger, beror på polariserbarheten hos protonen och neu- tronen i deuterium. Genom att beräkna sannolikheten för fotonspridning för olika värden av polariserbarheterna, kan man se vilket värde som ger bäst överensstämmelse mellan modellen och experimentella data. Det är speciellt neutronens polariserbarhet som är av intresse, och denna kunde bestämmas i detta arbete. Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of Physics Date of issue 2002.04.29 Division of Nuclear Physics Box 118 Sponsoring organization SE-22100 Lund Sweden Author (s) Magnus Lundin Title and subtitle Compton Scattering from the Deuteron at Low Energies Abstract A series of three Compton scattering experiments on deuterium have been performed at the high-resolution tagged-photon facility MAX-lab located in Lund, Sweden. -
Part B. Radiation Sources Radiation Safety
Part B. Radiation sources Radiation Safety 1. Interaction of electrons-e with the matter −31 me = 9.11×10 kg ; E = m ec2 = 0.511 MeV; qe = -e 2. Interaction of photons-γ with the matter mγ = 0 kg ; E γ = 0 eV; q γ = 0 3. Interaction of neutrons-n with the matter −27 mn = 1.68 × 10 kg ; En = 939.57 MeV; qn = 0 4. Interaction of protons-p with the matter −27 mp = 1.67 × 10 kg ; Ep = 938.27 MeV; qp = +e Note: for any nucleus A: mass number – nucleons number A = Z + N Z: atomic number – proton (charge) number N: neutron number 1 / 35 1. Interaction of electrons with the matter Radiation Safety The physical processes: 1. Ionization losses inelastic collisions with orbital electrons 2. Bremsstrahlung losses inelastic collisions with atomic nuclei 3. Rutherford scattering elastic collisions with atomic nuclei Positrons at nearly rest energy: annihilation emission of two 511 keV photons 2 / 35 1. Interaction of electrons with1.E+02 the matter Radiation Safety ) 1.E+03 -1 Graphite – Z = 6 .g 2 1.E+01 ) Lead – Z = 82 -1 .g 2 1.E+02 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E-01 1.E+00 collision 1.E-02 radiative collision 1.E-01 stopping pow er (MeV.cm total radiative 1.E-03 stopping pow er (MeV.cm total 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E-02 energy (MeV) 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 Electrons – stopping power 1.E+02 energy (MeV) S 1 dE ) === -1 Copper – Z = 29 ρρρ ρρρ dl .g 2 1.E+01 S 1 dE 1 dE === +++ ρρρ ρρρ dl coll ρρρ dl rad 1 dE 1.E+00 : mass stopping power (MeV.cm 2 g. -
7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs -
12 Scattering in Three Dimensions
12 Scattering in three dimensions 12.1 Cross sections and geometry Most experiments in physics consist of sending one particle to collide with another, and looking at what comes out. The quantity we can usually measure is the scattering cross section: by analogy with classical scattering of hard spheres, we assuming that scattering occurs if the particles ‘hit’ each other. The cross section is the apparent ‘target area’. The total scattering cross section can be determined by the reduction in intensity of a beam of particles passing through a region on ‘targets’, while the differential scattering cross section requires detecting the scattered particles at different angles. We will use spherical polar coordinates, with the scattering potential located at the origin and the plane wave incident flux parallel to the z direction. In this coordinate system, scattering processes dσ are symmetric about φ, so dΩ will be independent of φ. We will also use a purely classical concept, the impact parameter b which is defined as the distance of the incident particle from the z-axis prior to scattering. S(k) δΩ I(k) θ z φ Figure 11: Standard spherical coordinate geometry for scattering 12.2 The Born Approximation We can use time-dependent perturbation theory to do an approximate calculation of the cross- section. Provided that the interaction between particle and scattering centre is localised to the region around r = 0, we can regard the incident and scattered particles as free when they are far from the scattering centre. We just need the result that we obtained for a constant perturbation, Fermi’s Golden Rule, to compute the rate of transitions between the initial state (free particle of momentum p) to the final state (free particle of momentum p0). -
Photon Cross Sections, Attenuation Coefficients, and Energy Absorption Coefficients from 10 Kev to 100 Gev*
1 of Stanaaros National Bureau Mmin. Bids- r'' Library. Ml gEP 2 5 1969 NSRDS-NBS 29 . A111D1 ^67174 tioton Cross Sections, i NBS Attenuation Coefficients, and & TECH RTC. 1 NATL INST OF STANDARDS _nergy Absorption Coefficients From 10 keV to 100 GeV U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS T X J ". j NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. Today, in addition to serving as the Nation’s central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology. The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation’s scientific community, industry, and com- merce. The Institute consists of an Office of Measurement Services and the following technical divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic and Molec- ular Physics—Radio Physics -—Radio Engineering -—Time and Frequency -—Astro- physics -—Cryogenics. -
Calculation of Photon Attenuation Coefficients of Elements And
732 ISSN 0214-087X Calculation of photon attenuation coeffrcients of elements and compound Roteta, M.1 Baró, 2 Fernández-Varea, J.M.3 Salvat, F.3 1 CIEMAT. Avenida Complutense 22. 28040 Madrid, Spain. 2 Servéis Científico-Técnics, Universitat de Barcelona. Martí i Franqués s/n. 08028 Barcelona, Spain. 3 Facultat de Física (ECM), Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 647. 08028 Barcelona, Spain. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES ENERGÉTICAS, MEDIOAMBIENTALES Y TECNOLÓGICAS MADRID, 1994 CLASIFICACIÓN DOE Y DESCRIPTORES: 990200 662300 COMPUTER LODES COMPUTER CALCULATIONS FORTRAN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES CROSS SECTIONS PHOTONS Toda correspondencia en relación con este trabajo debe dirigirse al Servicio de Información y Documentación, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioam- bientales y Tecnológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-MADRID, ESPAÑA. Las solicitudes de ejemplares deben dirigirse a este mismo Servicio. Los descriptores se han seleccionado del Thesauro del DOE para describir las materias que contiene este informe con vistas a su recuperación. La catalogación se ha hecho utilizando el documento DOE/TIC-4602 (Rev. 1) Descriptive Cataloguing On- Line, y la clasificación de acuerdo con el documento DOE/TIC.4584-R7 Subject Cate- gories and Scope publicados por el Office of Scientific and Technical Information del Departamento de Energía de los Estados Unidos. Se autoriza la reproducción de los resúmenes analíticos que aparecen en esta publicación. Este trabajo se ha recibido para su impresión en Abril de 1993 Depósito Legal n° M-14874-1994 ISBN 84-7834-235-4 ISSN 0214-087-X ÑIPO 238-94-013-4 IMPRIME CIEMAT Calculation of photon attenuation coefíicients of elements and compounds from approximate semi-analytical formulae M. -
Compton Effect
Module 5 : MODERN PHYSICS Lecture 25 : Compton Effect Objectives In this course you will learn the following Scattering of radiation from an electron (Compton effect). Compton effect provides a direct confirmation of particle nature of radiation. Why photoelectric effect cannot be exhited by a free electron. Compton Effect Photoelectric effect provides evidence that energy is quantized. In order to establish the particle nature of radiation, it is necessary that photons must carry momentum. In 1922, Arthur Compton studied the scattering of x-rays of known frequency from graphite and looked at the recoil electrons and the scattered x-rays. According to wave theory, when an electromagnetic wave of frequency is incident on an atom, it would cause electrons to oscillate. The electrons would absorb energy from the wave and re-radiate electromagnetic wave of a frequency . The frequency of scattered radiation would depend on the amount of energy absorbed from the wave, i.e. on the intensity of incident radiation and the duration of the exposure of electrons to the radiation and not on the frequency of the incident radiation. Compton found that the wavelength of the scattered radiation does not depend on the intensity of incident radiation but it depends on the angle of scattering and the wavelength of the incident beam. The wavelength of the radiation scattered at an angle is given by .where is the rest mass of the electron. The constant is known as the Compton wavelength of the electron and it has a value 0.0024 nm. The spectrum of radiation at an angle consists of two peaks, one at and the other at . -
Compton Scattering from Low to High Energies
Compton Scattering from Low to High Energies Marc Vanderhaeghen College of William & Mary / JLab HUGS 2004 @ JLab, June 1-18 2004 Outline Lecture 1 : Real Compton scattering on the nucleon and sum rules Lecture 2 : Forward virtual Compton scattering & nucleon structure functions Lecture 3 : Deeply virtual Compton scattering & generalized parton distributions Lecture 4 : Two-photon exchange physics in elastic electron-nucleon scattering …if you want to read more details in preparing these lectures, I have primarily used some review papers : Lecture 1, 2 : Drechsel, Pasquini, Vdh : Physics Reports 378 (2003) 99 - 205 Lecture 3 : Guichon, Vdh : Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 41 (1998) 125 – 190 Goeke, Polyakov, Vdh : Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 47 (2001) 401 - 515 Lecture 4 : research papers , field in rapid development since 2002 1st lecture : Real Compton scattering on the nucleon & sum rules IntroductionIntroduction :: thethe realreal ComptonCompton scatteringscattering (RCS)(RCS) processprocess ε, ε’ : photon polarization vectors σ, σ’ : nucleon spin projections Kinematics in LAB system : shift in wavelength of scattered photon Compton (1923) ComptonCompton scatteringscattering onon pointpoint particlesparticles Compton scattering on spin 1/2 point particle (Dirac) e.g. e- Klein-Nishina (1929) : Thomson term ΘL = 0 Compton scattering on spin 1/2 particle with anomalous magnetic moment Stern (1933) Powell (1949) LowLow energyenergy expansionexpansion ofof RCSRCS processprocess Spin-independent RCS amplitude note : transverse photons : Low -
The Basic Interactions Between Photons and Charged Particles With
Outline Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between • Photon interactions Photons and Charged Particles – Photoelectric effect – Compton scattering with Matter – Pair productions Radiation Dosimetry I – Coherent scattering • Charged particle interactions – Stopping power and range Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The – Bremsstrahlung interaction th physics of radiology, 4 ed. – Bragg peak http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther Photon interactions Photoelectric effect • Collision between a photon and an • With energy deposition atom results in ejection of a bound – Photoelectric effect electron – Compton scattering • The photon disappears and is replaced by an electron ejected from the atom • No energy deposition in classical Thomson treatment with kinetic energy KE = hν − Eb – Pair production (above the threshold of 1.02 MeV) • Highest probability if the photon – Photo-nuclear interactions for higher energies energy is just above the binding energy (above 10 MeV) of the electron (absorption edge) • Additional energy may be deposited • Without energy deposition locally by Auger electrons and/or – Coherent scattering Photoelectric mass attenuation coefficients fluorescence photons of lead and soft tissue as a function of photon energy. K and L-absorption edges are shown for lead Thomson scattering Photoelectric effect (classical treatment) • Electron tends to be ejected • Elastic scattering of photon (EM wave) on free electron o at 90 for low energy • Electron is accelerated by EM wave and radiates a wave photons, and approaching • No -
Particles and Deep Inelastic Scattering
Heidi Schellman Northwestern Particles and Deep Inelastic Scattering Heidi Schellman Northwestern University HUGS - JLab - June 2010 June 2010 HUGS 1 Heidi Schellman Northwestern k’ k q P P’ A generic scatter of a lepton off of some target. kµ and k0µ are the 4-momenta of the lepton and P µ and P 0µ indicate the target and the final state of the target, which may consist of many particles. qµ = kµ − k0µ is the 4-momentum transfer to the target. June 2010 HUGS 2 Heidi Schellman Northwestern Lorentz invariants k’ k q P P’ 2 2 02 2 2 2 02 2 2 2 The 5 invariant masses k = m` , k = m`0, P = M , P ≡ W , q ≡ −Q are invariants. In addition you can define 3 Mandelstam variables: s = (k + P )2, t = (k − k0)2 and u = (P − k0)2. 2 2 2 2 s + t + u = m` + M + m`0 + W . There are also handy variables ν = (p · q)=M , x = Q2=2Mµ and y = (p · q)=(p · k). June 2010 HUGS 3 Heidi Schellman Northwestern In the lab frame k’ k θ q M P’ The beam k is going in the z direction. Confine the scatter to the x − z plane. µ k = (Ek; 0; 0; k) P µ = (M; 0; 0; 0) 0µ 0 0 0 k = (Ek; k sin θ; 0; k cos θ) qµ = kµ − k0µ June 2010 HUGS 4 Heidi Schellman Northwestern In the lab frame k’ k θ q M P’ 2 2 2 s = ECM = 2EkM + M − m ! 2EkM 2 0 0 2 02 0 t = −Q = −2EkEk + 2kk cos θ + mk + mk ! −2kk (1 − cos θ) 0 ν = (p · q)=M = Ek − Ek energy transfer to target 0 y = (p · q)=(p · k) = (Ek − Ek)=Ek the inelasticity P 02 = W 2 = 2Mν + M 2 − Q2 invariant mass of P 0µ June 2010 HUGS 5 Heidi Schellman Northwestern In the CM frame k’ k q P P’ The beam k is going in the z direction. -
The Effects of Elastic Scattering in Neutral Atom Transport D
The effects of elastic scattering in neutral atom transport D. N. Ruzic Citation: Phys. Fluids B 5, 3140 (1993); doi: 10.1063/1.860651 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860651 View Table of Contents: http://pop.aip.org/resource/1/PFBPEI/v5/i9 Published by the American Institute of Physics. Related Articles Dissociation mechanisms of excited CH3X (X = Cl, Br, and I) formed via high-energy electron transfer using alkali metal targets J. Chem. Phys. 137, 184308 (2012) Efficient method for quantum calculations of molecule-molecule scattering properties in a magnetic field J. Chem. Phys. 137, 024103 (2012) Scattering resonances in slow NH3–He collisions J. Chem. Phys. 136, 074301 (2012) Accurate time dependent wave packet calculations for the N + OH reaction J. Chem. Phys. 135, 104307 (2011) The k-j-j′ vector correlation in inelastic and reactive scattering J. Chem. Phys. 135, 084305 (2011) Additional information on Phys. Fluids B Journal Homepage: http://pop.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://pop.aip.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://pop.aip.org/features/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://pop.aip.org/authors Downloaded 23 Dec 2012 to 192.17.144.173. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions The effects of elastic scattering in neutral atom transport D. N. Ruzic University of Illinois, 103South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 (Received 14 December 1992; accepted21 May 1993) Neutral atom elastic collisions are one of the dominant interactions in the edge of a high recycling diverted plasma. Starting from the quantum interatomic potentials, the scattering functions are derived for H on H ‘, H on Hz, and He on Hz in the energy range of 0.