Aweaujc2014.Pdf

Generated by CamScanner Table of Contents Contents Page Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..............................................................................................................................iii List of Tables .........................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................viii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................3 Research Questions ....................................................................................................7 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................7 Delimitations ..............................................................................................................8 Limitations .................................................................................................................8 Assumptions ...............................................................................................................8 Summary ....................................................................................................................9 Operational Definitions ..............................................................................................11 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................13 Quantifying Motivational Music................................................................................14 Individual Preference .................................................................................................16 Music and Performance .............................................................................................21 Music and Exercise Heart Rate ..................................................................................25 Music and Effect on Perceived Exertion ...................................................................29 Music Tempo and the Effect on Exercise ..................................................................35 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................40 Subjects ......................................................................................................................40 Recruitment ................................................................................................................40 Music Selection ..........................................................................................................41 Apparatus and Instrumentation ..................................................................................42 Testing Procedure and Data Collection .....................................................................43 Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................................45 Power Analysis ..........................................................................................................45 Order of Procedure for Data Collection .....................................................................47 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ..............................................................................................48 Finish Time ................................................................................................................48 Average Heart Rate ....................................................................................................50 Rating of Perceived Exertion .....................................................................................52 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................54 Finish Time ................................................................................................................54 Average Heart Rate ....................................................................................................57 Rating of Perceived Exertion .....................................................................................59 Conclusion .................................................................................................................60 Recommendations for Future Study ..........................................................................61 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................63 TABLES ................................................................................................................................69 FIGURES ...............................................................................................................................72 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................75 Appendix A: Brunel Music Rating Inventory – 2 ......................................................75 Appendix B: Self-selected motivational song list ......................................................76 Appendix C: Order of testing with treatment ............................................................77 Appendix D: Informed Consent .................................................................................78 Appendix E: Individual data collection .....................................................................81 Appendix F: Time trial data collection .....................................................................82 Appendix G: Thesis Summary Document .................................................................83 vii Table 1. Descriptive statistics of anthropometric data .............................................................40 2. Descriptive statistics of music data ............................................................................42 3. Results from the dependent t test for finish time .......................................................48 4. Results from the dependent t test for average heart rate ............................................50 5. Results from the dependent t test for RPE .................................................................52 viii Figures 1. Order of procedure for data collection .......................................................................47 2. Difference in mean finish time with music and no music .........................................49 3. Difference in average heart rate with music and no music ........................................51 4. Difference in RPE with music and no music .............................................................53 EFFECTS OF MOTIVATIONAL MUSIC ON RUNNING 2 Abstract Music has a positive effect on performance measures during exercise and sport at submaximal intensities. Purpose: To measure the effects of self-selected motivational music on a 1.5 mile maximal intensity running time trial. Methodology: Subjects were trained male and female runners (N = 14), age 19-34 (M = 24.86). Each subject self- selected and rated a motivational song to be used as treatment in the running trial. The study was conducted as a repeated-measures crossover design in which the subjects were randomly assigned and ran two trials with and without motivational music. The variables of performance time, average heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The results from the data were analyzed using dependent t tests. The alpha level was set at p < 0.05. Results: On average, the subjects ran the trial 11 seconds faster with music, but the motivational music condition did not significantly improve performance time, t(13) = 1.754, p = 0.0515, r = 0.43. Subjects experienced a higher average heart rate of 5.2 beats per minute faster with the music condition, although the increase was not statistically significant, t(12) = -1.637, p = 0.064, r = 0.42. The music condition significantly lowered subjects’ RPE by 0.5 points on a scale of 0-10, t(13) = 2.446, p = 0.029, r = 0.56. Conclusion: The results of this study may help with the application of music in enduring high intensity exercise, which is essential as the research on the relationship between high intensity exercise and improved health markers continues to emerge. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATIONAL MUSIC ON RUNNING 3 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction Motivational music is a performance-enhancing tool that is often used by athletes during pre-competition and training. Individual music preferences and individual responses to music involve distinctly subjective factors and inherent properties of the music itself. The multiplicity of these factors causes great variety in how athletes perform with music, making it challenging to study (Bishop, 2010). Laukka and Quick (2011) surveyed 252 athletes and found that when using music during sports, 32% of participants preferred intense and rebellious music, 28% preferred energetic and rhythmic music, 25% preferred up-tempo and conventional music, 1% preferred reflective and complex music and 14% preferred other music. With so many widely distributed musical preferences, a maximal athletic

Load more