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Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the -
Dwarf Planet Ceres
Dwarf Planet Ceres drishtiias.com/printpdf/dwarf-planet-ceres Why in News As per the data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, dwarf planet Ceres reportedly has salty water underground. Dawn (2007-18) was a mission to the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt - Vesta and Ceres. Key Points 1/3 Latest Findings: The scientists have given Ceres the status of an “ocean world” as it has a big reservoir of salty water underneath its frigid surface. This has led to an increased interest of scientists that the dwarf planet was maybe habitable or has the potential to be. Ocean Worlds is a term for ‘Water in the Solar System and Beyond’. The salty water originated in a brine reservoir spread hundreds of miles and about 40 km beneath the surface of the Ceres. Further, there is an evidence that Ceres remains geologically active with cryovolcanism - volcanoes oozing icy material. Instead of molten rock, cryovolcanoes or salty-mud volcanoes release frigid, salty water sometimes mixed with mud. Subsurface Oceans on other Celestial Bodies: Jupiter’s moon Europa, Saturn’s moon Enceladus, Neptune’s moon Triton, and the dwarf planet Pluto. This provides scientists a means to understand the history of the solar system. Ceres: It is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was the first member of the asteroid belt to be discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi spotted it in 1801. It is the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system (includes planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Scientists classified it as a dwarf planet in 2006. -
Should Earth Get Demoted from Planet Status Just Like Pluto?
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. – June. 2018), PP 15-19 www.iosrjournals.org Should Earth Get Demoted From Planet Status Just Like Pluto? Dipak Nath Assistant Professor, HOD, Department of Physics, Sao Chang Govt College, Tuensang;Nagaland, India. Corresponding Author: Dipak Nath Abstract: Clyde.W. Tombough discovered Pluto on march13, 1930. From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was classified as Planet. In the late 20th and early 21st century, many objects similar to Pluto were discovered in the outer solar system, notably the scattered disc object Eris in 2005, which is 27% more massive than Pluto. On august-24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined what it means to be a Planet within the solar system. This definition excluded Pluto as a Planet added it as a member of the new category “Dwarf Planet” along with Eris and Ceres. There were many reasons why Pluto got demoted to dwarf planet status, one of which was that it couldn't clear its orbit of asteroids and other debris. But Earth's orbit is also crowded...too crowded for Earth to be a planet? Earth is indeed in a very crowded orbit, surrounded by tens of thousands of asteroids and other objects. The presence of so many asteroids seems like a serious problem for Earth's claim that it has cleared its neighborhood. And Earth isn't alone in this problem - Jupiter is surrounded by some 100,000 Trojan asteroids, and there's similar clutter around Mars and Neptune. -
The Solar System Cause Impact Craters
ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomy Class 12 Solar System Survey Monday, February 5 Key Concepts (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. (2) The Jovian planets are made primarily of hydrogen and helium. (3) Moons (a.k.a. satellites) orbit the planets; some moons are large. (4) Asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects orbit the Sun. (5) Collision between objects in the Solar System cause impact craters. Family portrait of the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (Eris, Ceres, Pluto): My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine (Extra Cheese Pizzas). The Solar System: List of Ingredients Ingredient Percent of total mass Sun 99.8% Jupiter 0.1% other planets 0.05% everything else 0.05% The Sun dominates the Solar System Jupiter dominates the planets Object Mass Object Mass 1) Sun 330,000 2) Jupiter 320 10) Ganymede 0.025 3) Saturn 95 11) Titan 0.023 4) Neptune 17 12) Callisto 0.018 5) Uranus 15 13) Io 0.015 6) Earth 1.0 14) Moon 0.012 7) Venus 0.82 15) Europa 0.008 8) Mars 0.11 16) Triton 0.004 9) Mercury 0.055 17) Pluto 0.002 A few words about the Sun. The Sun is a large sphere of gas (mostly H, He – hydrogen and helium). The Sun shines because it is hot (T = 5,800 K). The Sun remains hot because it is powered by fusion of hydrogen to helium (H-bomb). (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. -
Download Student Activities Objects from the Area Around Its Orbit, Called Its Orbital Zone; at Amnh.Org/Worlds-Beyond-Earth-Educators
INSIDE Essential Questions Synopsis Missions Come Prepared Checklist Correlation to Standards Connections to Other Halls Glossary ONLINE Student Activities Additional Resources amnh.org/worlds-beyond-earth-educators EssentialEssential Questions Questions What is the solar system? In the 20th century, humans began leaving Earth. NASA’s Our solar system consists of our star—the Sun—and all the Apollo space program was the first to land humans on billions of objects that orbit it. These objects, which are bound another world, carrying 12 human astronauts to the Moon’s to the Sun by gravity, include the eight planets—Mercury, surface. Since then we’ve sent our proxies—robots—on Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; missions near and far across our solar system. Flyby several dwarf planets, including Ceres and Pluto; hundreds missions allow limited glimpses; orbiters survey surfaces; of moons orbiting the planets and other bodies, including landers get a close-up understanding of their landing Jupiter’s four major moons and Saturn’s seven, and, of course, location; and rovers, like human explorers, set off across the Earth’s own moon, the Moon; thousands of comets; millions surface to see what they can find and analyze. of asteroids; and billions of icy objects beyond Neptune. The solar system is shaped like a gigantic disk with the Sun at The results of these explorations are often surprising. With its center. Everywhere we look throughout the universe we the Moon as our only reference, we expected other worlds see similar disk-shaped systems bound together by gravity. to be cold, dry, dead places, but exploration has revealed Examples include faraway galaxies, planetary systems astonishing variety in our solar system. -
Stellium Handbook Part
2 Donna Cunningham’s Books on the Outer Planets If you’re dealing with a stellium that contains one or more outer planets, these ebooks will help you understand their role in your chart and explore ways to change difficult patterns they represent. Since The Stellium Handbook can’t cover them in the depth they deserve, you’ll gain a greater perspective through these ebooks that devote entire chapters to the meanings of Uranus, Neptune, or Pluto in a variety of contexts. The Outer Planets and Inner Life volumes are $15 each if purchased separately, or $35 for all three—a $10 savings. To order, go to PayPal.com and tell them which books you want, Donna’s email address ([email protected]), and the amount. The ebooks arrive on separate emails. If you want them sent to an email address other than the one you used, let her know. The Outer Planets and Inner Life, V.1: The Outer Planets as Career Indicators. If your stellium has outer planets in the career houses (2nd, 6th, or 10th), or if it relates to your chosen career, this book can give you helpful insights. There’s an otherworldly element when the outer planets are career markers, a sense of serving a greater purpose in human history. Each chapter of this e-book explores one of these planets in depth. See an excerpt here. The Outer Planets and Inner Life, v.2: Outer Planet Aspects to Venus and Mars. Learn about the love lives of people who have the outer planets woven in with the primary relationship planets, Venus and Mars, or in the relationship houses—the 7th, 8th, and 5th. -
Resonant Moons of Neptune
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-901-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Resonant moons of Neptune Marina Brozović (1), Mark R. Showalter (2), Robert A. Jacobson (1), Robert S. French (2), Jack L. Lissauer (3), Imke de Pater (4) (1) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, USA, (2) SETI Institute, California, USA, (3) NASA Ames Research Center, California, USA, (4) University of California Berkeley, California, USA Abstract We used integrated orbits to fit astrometric data of the 2. Methods regular moons of Neptune. We found a 73:69 inclination resonance between Naiad and Thalassa, the 2.1 Observations two innermost moons. Their resonant argument librates around 180° with an average amplitude of The astrometric data cover the period from 1981-2016, ~66° and a period of ~1.9 years. This is the first fourth- with the most significant amount of data originating order resonance discovered between the moons of the from the Voyager 2 spacecraft and HST. Voyager 2 outer planets. The resonance enabled an estimate of imaged all regular satellites except Hippocamp the GMs for Naiad and Thalassa, GMN= between 1989 June 7 and 1989 August 24. The follow- 3 -2 3 0.0080±0.0043 km s and GMT=0.0236±0.0064 km up observations originated from several Earth-based s-2. More high-precision astrometry of Naiad and telescopes, but the majority were still obtained by HST. Thalassa will help better constrain their masses. The [4] published the latest set of the HST astrometry GMs of Despina, Galatea, and Larissa are more including the discovery and follow up observations of difficult to measure because they are not in any direct Hippocamp. -
Study Guide to Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
Study Guide to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus By John Gray (Thorsons (HarperCollins), 1993 Key Concepts Relationships, communication, self-help, gender rancour, men, women Summary John Gray uses the metaphor of men and women coming from different planets to illustrate the commonly occurring conflicts between men and women. When they first met they had happy relationships because they respected and accepted differences between them. Then they came to Earth and forgot they were from different plants. The differences between men and women are not understood and can prohibit mutually loving relationships. Men don’t understand what women need and want; women don’t understand what men need and want. Gray maintains that if we follow his guidelines we will be able to communicate with each other better and will be able to get what we want in our relationships. Overview 1. Men are from Mars, women are from Venus Men and women are very different in the ways they think, respond and behave. Understanding these differences helps relationships. ‘We mistakenly assume that if our partners love us they will react and behave in [the way] we react and behave when we love someone.’ 2. Mr. Fix-It and the Home-Improvement Committee Women complain that men don't listen but are just looking to provide solutions. Men complain that women are always trying to improve them and the way they do things. Men value power, competence, and achievement. They need to achieve results by themselves. Women value feelings and the quality of relationships. Women should not offer unsolicited advice to men as it would seem critical and unaccepting. -
Venus: Global Warming Gone Bad Earth & Venus: Sister Planets? Venus Earth
Venus: Global warming gone bad Earth & Venus: Sister planets? Venus Earth Mass 5x1024 kg 6x1024 kg a (semi- 0.7 AU 1 AU major axis) What is T at surface ~750 K ~300 K the boiling Temp of water? P at surface ~90 atm ~1 atm atm N2 and H2O CO2 and composition clouds H2SO4 clouds How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? high energy low energy short wavelength long wavelength “bluer” “redder” hot cold How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? the Sun emits light Earth emits light here. T=6000 K here. T=300 K Venus emits light here. T=750 How do we know what the clouds are made of? Spectrum of planet with no atmosphere Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Wavelength of light (in the infrared) How do we know what the clouds are made of? Spectrum of Spectrum of planet with no planet with atmosphere atmosphere Wavelength at which a molecule in the atmosphere absorbs light Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Wavelength of light (in the Wavelength of light (in the infrared) infrared) How do we know what the clouds are made of? (Infrared light) How did Venus get so hot? Remember - all gases absorb light at specific wavelengths. “Greenhouse” gases (like carbon dioxide, water and methane) like to absorb in the infrared wavelengths. Planets emit light at infrared wavelengths (same as human bodies). Conclusio n? “Greenhouse” gases don’t lett the heat from the planet escape. -
Morphology and Dynamics of the Venus Atmosphere at the Cloud Top Level As Observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera
Morphology and dynamics of the Venus atmosphere at the cloud top level as observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informationstechnik, Physik der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Richard Moissl aus Grünstadt Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. 1. Referentin oder Referent: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Blum 2. Referentin oder Referent: Dr. Horst-Uwe Keller eingereicht am: 24. April 2008 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 9. Juli 2008 ISBN 978-3-936586-86-2 Copernicus Publications, Katlenburg-Lindau Druck: Schaltungsdienst Lange, Berlin Printed in Germany Contents Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Historical observations of Venus . .9 1.2 The atmosphere and climate of Venus . .9 1.2.1 Basic composition and structure of the Venus atmosphere . .9 1.2.2 The clouds of Venus . 11 1.2.3 Atmospheric dynamics at the cloud level . 12 1.3 Venus Express . 16 1.4 Goals and structure of the thesis . 19 2 The Venus Monitoring Camera experiment 21 2.1 Scientific objectives of the VMC in the context of this thesis . 21 2.1.1 UV Channel . 21 2.1.1.1 Morphology of the unknown UV absorber . 21 2.1.1.2 Atmospheric dynamics of the cloud tops . 21 2.1.2 The two IR channels . 22 2.1.2.1 Water vapor abundance and cloud opacity . 22 2.1.2.2 Surface and lower atmosphere . -
Reorientation Histories of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and Mars
Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 3016.pdf REORIENTATION HISTORIES OF THE MOON, MERCURY, VENUS, AND MARS. J. T. Keane1 and I. Matsuyama1, 1Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ([email protected]). Introduction: The nature of a planet’s spin is con- Since most large mass anomalies (e.g. impact ba- trolled by the planet’s inertia tensor. In a minimum sins) are axisymmetric at long-wavelength, we mod- energy rotation state, planets spin about the maximum eled their gravity fields using a linear combination of principal axis of inertia. Yet, the orientation of this axis concentric spherical caps. The gravity anomaly of a is not often constant with time. The redistribution of spherical cap scales linearly with the single (scalar) mass within a planet due to both interior processes surface density of that cap. For each mass anomaly, we (e.g. convection, intrusive volcanism) and surface pro- determine the best fitting linear combination of surface cesses (e.g. extrusive volcanism, impacts) can signifi- densities for the set of caps by fitting the observed cantly alter a planet’s inertia tensor, resulting in the gravitational potential to the analytically-derived gravi- reorientation of the planet. This form of reorientation is tational potential for each cap. We perform these fits known as true polar wander (TPW). TPW can have from spherical harmonic degree/order-3 and above in dramatic implications for the geology of a planet: it order to prevent fitting the tidal/rotational potential. As can directly alter the topography and gravity field of a the spherical harmonic gravity coefficeints all scale planet, generate tectonic stresses, change the insolation with the single surface density of each cap, we can geometry (affecting climate and volatile stability), and determine the degree-2 contribution of each cap by modify the orientation of the planet’s magnetic field. -
Ceres and Pluto: Dwarf Planets As a New Way of Thinking About an Old Solar System
Ceres and Pluto: Dwarf Planets as a New Way of Thinking about an Old Solar System TEACHER GUIDE BACKGROUND The decision by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 to define the terms “planet” and “dwarf planet” has caught the attention of the public and students from grade school to graduate school. The IAU’s decision has not changed the structure of the solar system; it has merely presented a different way of classifying the bodies that make it up. Planets are the Greek word for “wanderers” that were known as lights that moved in the sky. This middle school activity, developed for NASA’s Dawn mission, utilizes a researched-based instructional strategy called direct vocabulary instruction to help students understand the new definitions of planet and dwarf planet. Many of us have grown up with an understanding that our solar system is comprised of remnants from its early formation 4.5 billion years ago, primarily: bodies such as the Sun, planets, asteroids and comets; gas and dust, as well as a large volume of space. Many school children have learned the names and locations of the planets relative to the Sun using a mnemonic such as My Very Exceptional Mother Just Sat Upon Nine Porcupines (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto). The last of these bodies to be discovered, Pluto, has recently been reclassified as a dwarf planet. Pluto’s reduced status has even resulted in a new term as we enter 2007: someone or something has been “Plutoed” if that person or thing has been downsized in its prominence.