NONCOMMUTATIVE FORMAL POWER SERIES AND NONCOMMUTATIVE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Victor Vinnikov (Ben Gurion University)
1 2 NC polynomials and nc rational functions
I am interested in the free skew field (the skew field of noncommutative rational functions) which is the universal skew field of fractions of the free algebra.
My motivation comes from operator algebras, operator theory, and systems and control, where we are interested in some kind of free noncommutative functions that can take as arguments certain tuples of arbitrary (not necessarily commuting) operators on (say) a Hilbert space. NC polynomials and nc rational functions 3
Notation:
Gd — the free monoid with d generators g1,..., gd; elements of Gd are arbitrary words w = gi` ··· gi1 and the monoid operation is concatenation; the neutral element is the empty word ∅; we use the noncommutative multipower notation xw = xi` ··· xi1. Khx1, . . . , xdi — the free associative algebra over a field K with d generators x1, . . . , xd (the semigroup algebra of the free monoid); elements of Khx1, . . . , xdi are arbitrary noncommutative polynomials p = P p xw (finite sum) over in x , . . . , x . w∈Gd w K 1 d 4 NC polynomials and nc rational functions
A reminder on noncommutative localization: a skew field of fractions of a given ring is a skew field containing the ring and generated by it in the sense that no proper skew subfield contains the ring. If a noncommutative integral domain R satisfies the so called right Ore condition, (1) ∀ a, b ∈ R, b =6 0 ∃ c, d ∈ R, d =6 0: ad = bc, then one can construct a skew field of fractions analogously to the commutative case as the ring of right quotients, i.e., of formal fractions cd−1, d =6 0. In general, a skew field of fractions of a noncommutative integral domain might or might not exist.
If a skew field of fractions exists, it might not be unique. NC polynomials and nc rational functions 5
The correct definition (P.M. Cohn): A skew field of frac- tions K of a ring R is called a universal skew field of fractions if for every homomorphism φ: R → L to a skew field L there exists a local subring K0 ⊆ K containing R and a homomorphism θ : K0 → L extending φ such that
ker θ = {x ∈ K0 : x is not invertible in K0}.
Remarks: • The universal skew field of fractions is, when it exists, unique up to isomorphism. • An alternative characterization of the universal skew field of fractions is as follows: every matrix over R, which becomes invertible under some homomorphism from R to a skew field, is invertible over K. 6 NC polynomials and nc rational functions
The free algebra Khx1, . . . , xdi admits a universal skew field of fractions — namely, the skew field K