Globalization and World Politics

Markéta Votoupalová Contact

• Markéta Votoupalová, Ph.D. – NB264

– E-mail: [email protected] Course requirements

• Active participation (24 + 16 points) – News (4 points) – Readings, Ted Talks – Discussion • Presentation • Mid-term test • In-class exam Mid-term test

• Multiple-choice questions • Open questions – short answers • In class – 7th April (8th week)

• 15 points In-class exam

• 4 open questions • During week 13 (12th May)

• 30 points Presentations

• Teams • 60 minutes + discussion • Use Power Point, Prezi... • Activities: games, quizes, short videos... • Topics according to presentations => always to be narrowed down! • Check the dates! • https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16fqWZ2bA1H t8JTVFV1KgxgArx7aLo_Oj1jrttzK7Mro/edit#gid=0

• 15 points Date Presentation no. Title 24.3.Presentation I integration policies/current migration challenges – a case study current conflict or security problem – case study (Syria, Ukraine, 31.3.Presentation II terrorism, Boko Haram...) 7.4.Presentation III cyberterrorism/terrorism – a case study problems in developing/developed countries – case study 28.4.Presentation IV (development aid, diseases, education, blood diamonds...) 5.5.Presentation V media coverage, social media, propaganda – case study Course contents

• See the CESP website Introducing each other

• What do you study?

• What is your expectation of this course?

• Why Prague and the University of Economics? News

• How often do you read news?

• Do you double-check the information?

• Which sources do you find reliable? News Fake news

Amazon rainforest fires

• https://factcheck.afp.com/prayforamazonas- thousands-people-are-sharing-old-pictures- posts-about-amazon-rainforest-fires

Fun resources

• School of Life – Youtube • Big History Project – Sample video: • https://www.bighistoryproject.com/chapters/5#crisscr ossing-and-connected • FP's The Editor's Roundtable (The E.R.) – http://the-e-r-podcast.foreignpolicy.com/ Factfulness?

H. Rosling https://www.gapminder.org/ Discussion I.

• Is globalization a new phenomenon? – Why yes? – Why not? • Discuss in groups Discussion II.

• Is globalization positive or negative? – What prevails? • On a global level – Is the impact of globalization the same all around the world? • For you personally Aspects of globalization

• What aspects can you identify/distinguish? – … – … – … – … – … Dimensions of globalization

• By David Held; Paul James; Manfred B. Steger 1. Economic 2. Political (security; institutional) 3. Cultural (social; religious) 4. Ecological + Ideologies Issues of globalization

• States and markets • Science and technology, development • Territoriality – ‘unbundling’ • Identities – local and transnational • Society and politics – networks • Uncertainty and competition • ... Concept of Globalization (James & Steger) • When was ´globalization´ first used as a concept? • Has the meaning of the concept changed? • What was first – globalization as a process or globalization as a concept? • Globalizations?

Al-Rodhan & Stoudmann

• Connotations: progress, development, stability, integration, cooperation × regression, colonialism, destabilization • Different perspectives, different world positions – George Ritzer (2003): “Attitudes toward globalization depend, among other things, on whether one gains or loses from it.” • Definitions – Narrow and exclusive × broad and inclusive – Complex and multifaceted • The concept first appeared in Merriam-Webster’s dictionary in 1961 • Many of the definitions refer to questions of economics (67 of 114), often they involve political and social aspects as well • Cesare Poppi (1997): “More than any other concept, globalization is the debate about it.” Globalization?

• The term ‘globalization’ suggests a sort of dynamism best captured by the notion of ‘development’ or ‘unfolding’ along discernible patterns. • It always corresponds to the idea of change , and, therefore, denotes transformation. Anthony Giddens

• British sociologist • 9 – modernity • 12 – contradictory, fragmentation, unity • 13 – transformation of time and space David Held (& Anthony McGrew)

• Professor of Politics and IR (Professor of IR) • 13 – the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness • Globalization/Anti-Globalization (2007) • Globalization Theory (2007) Jan A. Scholte

• Professor; global studies • 13 – distanceless and borderless qualities • 14 – de-territorialization, ‘supraterritorial’ relations • Globalization (2005) Saskia Sassen

• A Dutch-American sociologist; globalization, human migration • A Sociology of Globalization (2007) • Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (2008) • The Global City : New York, London, Tokyo (2001) Some others • Immanuel Wallerstein : The Capitalist World Economy (1979) – a capitalist world economy; a global division of labour • Kenichi Ohmae : The End of the Nation-State (1995); The Borderless World (1990) – the borderless world • Paul Hirst & Grahame Thompson – a myth • Anthony McGrew – a historical process; a significant shift • Ulrich Beck – the weakening of state sovereignty and state structures • Thomas Larsson – world shrinkage • Robert O. Keohane – transnational flows; networks of interdependence • Manuel Castells : The Information Age (1996-8); The Internet Galaxy (2001) • Robbie Robertson : Three Waves of Globalization (2004) • Benjamin Barber : Consumed (2007) • Serge Latouche : The Westernization of the World (1996) • George Ritzer : The McDonaldization of Society (1993) • Thomas L. Friedman : The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (2007) • Jagdish Bhagwati : In Defense of Globalization (2007) Three perspectives on globalization • By David Held & Anthony McGrew 1. Hyperglobalist – The existence of a single global economy transcending and integrating the world’s major economic regions – The de-nationalization of strategic economic activities – Global markets can escape effective political regulation (by nation states) 2. Sceptical – Cautious about the revolutionary character of globalization – The intensity of contemporary global interdependence is considerably exaggerated – The world is breaking up into several major economic and political blocs (with different forms of capitalism) – The continued primacy of national power and sovereignty 3. Transformationalist – A shift or transformation in the scale of human social organization that extends the reach of power relations across the world’s major regions and continents – Highly uneven process, it divides as it integrates – A multidimensional process (not only economic); an historical process (not novel) – A vigorously contested process Development of globalization Roots and drivers of globalization

• Science • Technology • Production • Transportation • Communication • ? The prehistoric period (10000 BCE- 3500 BCE) • Hunters and gatherers: contact was geographically limited and mostly coincidental • (8000 BCE) Farmers and herders, i.e. agriculture : population increases, establishment of permanent villages, construction of fortified towns – Nomads → seled tribes, powerful states based on agricultural food production • Decentralized, egalitarian nature of groups → centralized and highly stratified patriarchal social structures headed by chiefs and priests + additional social classes : full-time craft specialists (invention of new technologies) and professional bureaucrats and soldiers • However, globalization in this period still very limited The premodern period (3500 BCE- 1500) • Writing (spread of ideas, coordination of complex social activities or large state formations), wheel (transportation) => their diffusion in Eurasia • The age of empires • Multiplication and extension of long-distance communication and exchange of culture (e.g. religions), technology, commodities, and diseases – Silk Road : connected the Chinese and the Roman Empires – ´One belt, one road´ initiative! • China / East Asia => Europe emerge as primary historical agents Silk Road Original Silk Road

• Westward expansion of China’s Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) • Trade networks: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan => to Europe • Central Asia = epicenter of one of the first waves of globalization (economic, cultural, religious) • Chinese silk, spices, jade, and other goods moved west + gold and other precious metals, ivory, and glass products east Nowadays? https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/c hinas-massive-belt-and-road- initiative The early modern period (1500-1750)

• Europe (influence of Islamic and Chinese cultures) • Expansion westward : Searching for a new, profitable sea route to India • Inventions, innovations (printing press ) + the Reformation (power of the Catholic Church reduced, helped spread related ‘liberal’ ideas of individualism and limited government) - ´protestant ethic´ • Another qualitative leap that greatly intensified demographic, cultural, ecological, and economic flows between Europe, Africa, and the Americas • Rise of European metropolitan centers and their merchant classes laid the foundation of the ‘capitalist world system’ – Substantial support from their respective governments (e.g. national joint stock companies like the Dutch and British East India companies) – Direct political rule ( colonies ) – Atlantic slave trade • Religious warfare within Europe • Westphalian states system The modern period (1750-1970) I • World trade increased dramatically; peaked before WW1 • Colonial rule • New industrial regimes required new power sources => environmental damage • Railways , mechanized shipping => intercontinental air transport enabled the establishment of a genuine global infrastructure, while lowering transportation costs • Transportation + communication technologies : telegraph, telephone and wireless radio communication, mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, television • Population explosion => boost in productivity and bureaucratic control and surveillance techniques • Mass migration, urbanization, colonial competition, excessive liberalization of world trade => intensified interstate rivalries – nationalism, two world wars , global economic depression The modern period II

• A growing consciousness of rapidly shrinking world • Europeans confronted with stories of the ‘distant’ and images of countless ‘others’ , assumed the role of the world’s guardians of universal law and morality, civilizational leaders • Racist practices and inequality, the West and the ‘rest’ • The capitalist system: Philosophy of individualism and rational self-interest, the free market and its ‘invisible hand’ • The system fed by a steady stream of materials and resources from the ‘rest’ The contemporary period (from 1970)

• Another quantum leap in the history of globalization: dramatic creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide interdependencies and global exchanges • The collapse of communism and attempts to create a single global market/regional markets

• Future? Questions

• When did globalization begin? • What inventions helped ´globalization´ around 3 000 BCE? • What is the Silk Road? • Why was the Westphalian peace important? • When did the volume of world trade peak?