DOCSLIB.ORG

Abstract Coyle, Kaitlin Patricia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abstract Coyle, Kaitlin Patricia ABSTRACT COYLE, KAITLIN PATRICIA. Recent Evolution of Host Genetic Control of Microbiota in Cichlid Fishes and Humans. (Under the direction of Dr. Reade B. Roberts). Host-associated microbial communities form a mutually symbiotic relationship with their host organisms. In humans and other animals, microbes colonizing the gut, skin, and other body sites have important roles in homeostatic processes including digestion and immunity. In Chapter 2, I examine the impact of the human earwax gene ABCC11 on the composition of bacterial communities at two apocrine-associated body sites, the external auditory canal and the axilla. I found that ABCC11 genotype explained a large portion of overall beta diversity and was also associated with major shifts in clinically relevant taxa at both sites. In Chapter 3, I use an exploratory approach to assess the relative contributions of host species, diet, and gut region to variation in gut microbial communities in African cichlid fishes over developmental time. I found that both host species and gut region were major determiners of community composition, while diet has only a short-term effect. I also identified patterns in colonization potentially associated with functional specialization in the herbivorous species. In Chapter 4, I use a whole-genome sequencing strategy of 29 cichlid species in order to identify candidate genes for trophic level divergence. I identified a promising candidate, pancreatic alpha-amylase, and perform preliminary functional testing at the expression and activity level. © Copyright 2018 by Kaitlin Patricia Coyle All Rights Reserved Recent Evolution of Host Genetic Control of Microbiota in Cichlid Fishes and Humans by Kaitlin Patricia Coyle A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Genetics Raleigh, North Carolina 2018 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Reade B. Roberts Jeffrey L. Thorne Committee Chair _______________________________ _______________________________ Antonio Planchart Gavin Conant BIOGRAPHY Kate was born in 1989 in New Jersey. She attended Mount Olive High School, where she was a member of FIRST Robotics Team 11. In 2012, she graduated from Case Western Reserve University with her Bachelor of Science in Biology with a minor in Entrepreneurial Studies. During her undergraduate studies, she worked in the labs of Dr. Christoper A. Cullis at CWRU and Dr. David J. Burke at the Holden Arboretum. In 2012, she moved to Raleigh to join the lab of Dr. Reade B. Roberts at North Carolina State University. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am so thrilled to have joined the Roberts Lab and my NCSU family. Reade has been a fantastic and mentor and friend, and I am eternally grateful to him for giving me the freedom to explore and learn in ways that suited my personal goals and interests. I would like to thank Natalie Roberts for her extensive assistance with animal husbandry, sample collection, and molecular work across almost all of my projects. My graduate cohort wives, Emily Moore and Katherine Knudsen, have been a constant source of support and entertainment, and I know graduate school would have been miserable without them. Finally, I need to thank my friends and family, especially my mother, Edna, and my sister, Dana, for their love and support, and a push when I needed it. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1: The Evolution of Host-Microbe Interactions and Trophic Specializations ............................................................................................................. 1 Evolution of host-microbe interactions ............................................................................ 1 Trophic level evolution .................................................................................................... 2 References ..................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Cosmopolitan ABCC11 alleles modulate apocrine-associated skin microbiota ................................................................................................................... 13 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 15 Ethics Statement ............................................................................................... 15 Sample collection .............................................................................................. 15 ABCC11 genotyping .......................................................................................... 16 16S library preparation and sequencing ............................................................ 16 16S data analysis .............................................................................................. 17 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................ 18 Results ......................................................................................................................... 19 Our data recapitulate known trends in antiperspirant usage .............................. 19 The EAC and axilla house similar taxa, but distinct colonization patterns ......... 19 Both body sites differ in bacterial community membership and diversity across ABCC11 genotypes................................................................................ 19 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 21 ABCC11 genotype explains variation in microbial communities in the EAC and axilla ........................................................................................................... 21 ABCC11 heterozygotes display intermediate microbial colonization patterns ... 21 ABCC11 genotype causes shifts in colonization by Alloiococcus otitis or Propionibacterium acnes in the external auditory canal .................................... 22 ABCC11 genotype causes shifts in colonization by Staphylococcus or Corynebacterium in the axilla ............................................................................ 23 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 25 References ................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Rapid evolution of host modulation of gut microbiota in Lake Malawi cichlid fish ...................................................................................................... 42 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 42 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 43 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 46 Fish husbandry and sampling strategy .............................................................. 46 DNA extraction and sequencing ........................................................................ 46 16S data analysis .............................................................................................. 47 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................ 48 Results ......................................................................................................................... 49 iv Changes over time/succession .................................................................................... 49 Effects of host species, diet, and gut region ...................................................... 49 Core microbiota ................................................................................................. 51 Functional outcomes of species-specific microbiota .......................................... 51 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 52 Colonization/succession over time .................................................................... 52 Gut region shows large effect on bacterial communities ................................... 53 Diet effects appear only transiently .................................................................... 54 Species effects arise early and persist through development ............................ 55 Potential functional specialization of microbiota by host trophic level ................ 56 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 59 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 60 References ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny of a Rapidly Evolving Clade: the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 5107–5110, April 1999 Evolution Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa (adaptive radiationysexual selectionyspeciationyamplified fragment length polymorphismylineage sorting) R. C. ALBERTSON,J.A.MARKERT,P.D.DANLEY, AND T. D. KOCHER† Department of Zoology and Program in Genetics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Communicated by John C. Avise, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, March 12, 1999 (received for review December 17, 1998) ABSTRACT Lake Malawi contains a flock of >500 spe- sponsible for speciation, then we expect that sister taxa will cies of cichlid fish that have evolved from a common ancestor frequently differ in color pattern but not morphology. within the last million years. The rapid diversification of this Most attempts to determine the relationships among cichlid group has been attributed to morphological adaptation and to species have used morphological characters, which may be sexual selection, but the relative timing and importance of prone to convergence (8). Molecular sequences normally these mechanisms is not known. A phylogeny of the group provide the independent estimate of phylogeny needed to infer would help identify the role each mechanism has played in the evolutionary mechanisms. The Lake Malawi cichlids, however, evolution of the flock. Previous attempts to reconstruct the are speciating faster than alleles can become fixed within a relationships among these taxa using molecular methods have species (9, 10). The coalescence of mtDNA haplotypes found been frustrated by the persistence of ancestral polymorphisms within populations predates the origin of many species (11). In within species.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish, Various Invertebrates
    Zambezi Basin Wetlands Volume II : Chapters 7 - 11 - Contents i Back to links page CONTENTS VOLUME II Technical Reviews Page CHAPTER 7 : FRESHWATER FISHES .............................. 393 7.1 Introduction .................................................................... 393 7.2 The origin and zoogeography of Zambezian fishes ....... 393 7.3 Ichthyological regions of the Zambezi .......................... 404 7.4 Threats to biodiversity ................................................... 416 7.5 Wetlands of special interest .......................................... 432 7.6 Conservation and future directions ............................... 440 7.7 References ..................................................................... 443 TABLE 7.2: The fishes of the Zambezi River system .............. 449 APPENDIX 7.1 : Zambezi Delta Survey .................................. 461 CHAPTER 8 : FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS ................... 487 8.1 Introduction ................................................................. 487 8.2 Literature review ......................................................... 488 8.3 The Zambezi River basin ............................................ 489 8.4 The Molluscan fauna .................................................. 491 8.5 Biogeography ............................................................... 508 8.6 Biomphalaria, Bulinis and Schistosomiasis ................ 515 8.7 Conservation ................................................................ 516 8.8 Further investigations .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On the Adaptive Function of Repeatedly Evolved Hypertrophied Lips of Cichlid fishes
    Erschienen in: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ; 115 (2015), 2. - S. 448-455 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12502 What big lips are good for: on the adaptive function of repeatedly evolved hypertrophied lips of cichlid fishes LUKAS BAUMGARTEN†, GONZALO MACHADO-SCHIAFFINO, FREDERICO HENNING and AXEL MEYER* Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany Linking phenotypic traits to an adaptive ecological function is a major goal of evolutionary biology. However, this task is challenging and has been accomplished in only a handful of species and ecological model systems. The repeatedly evolved adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes are composed of an enormously diverse set of species that differ in trophic morphology, body shape, coloration, and behaviour. Ecological guilds of species with conspicuously hypertrophied lips have evolved in parallel in all major cichlid radiations and are characterized by large lips and pointed and narrow heads. In the present study, we experimentally tested the adaptive significance of this set of conspicuous traits by comparing the success of hypertrophied-lipped and closely-related thin-lipped endemic Lake Victoria cichlids in a novel foraging assay. The hypertrophied-lipped species (Haplochromis chilotes) was clearly more successful in exploiting food resources from narrow crevices and the observed difference in foraging success increased more at narrower angles. Furthermore, pronounced differences in exploratory behaviour between the species suggest that the evolution of hypertrophied-lipped species involved the co-evolution of a suite of traits that include foraging behaviour. The repeated evolution of hypertrophied-lip morphology in conjunction with a narrow and pointed head shape in cichlids represents an evolutionary innovation that facilitates foraging in rocky crevices, thus allowing access to a novel niche.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Cerumen (Earwax) and Antibiotics
    Microbiology Research 2020; volume 11:8565 Assessment of antimicrobial nation of fatty acid). Another gland i.e. apoc- activity of cerumen (earwax) rine sweat glands release secretion that com- Correspondence: Iffat Naz, Department of bines with the sebum to form cerumen. It Biology, Scientific Unit, Deanship of and antibiotics against picks up discarded cells, ear follicles and Educational Services, Qassim University, pathogenic bacteria isolated may contain dust or other debris, but the Buraidah, 51452, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi from ear pus samples resulting compound forms earwax or ceru- Arabia (KSA). men.6 Tel.: +966 533897891 E-mail: [email protected] ; There are two different types of geneti- [email protected] Iffat Naz cally determined earwax such as wet type Department of Biology, Scientific Unit, and dry type. The dry type is most common Key words: Ear pus samples; Pathogenic bac- Deanship of Educational Services, in Asians and Native Americans and has a teria; Antibiotics; Cerumen; Antibacterial Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, grey brownish colour while the wet type can potency. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia be found in Caucasians and Africians and has a brown or dark colour.7 About 30-50% of Acknowledgements: The author would like to South Asians, Central Asians and Pacific thanks Mr. Jamil & Miss. Javeria (M. Phil islanders have the dry type of cerumen. Scholars), for assisting in collection of ear pus Abstract Cerumen type has been used by anthropolo- samples from different hospitals of Peshawar, gist to track human migratory patterns, such KP, Pakistan. She is also grateful to Dr. Abdul The present study is focused on the Rehman for providing laboratory facilities, at as those of Eskimas.8 Further, the study of assessment of the antimicrobial activity of Department of Microbiology, Abasyn cerumen and antibiotics against bacteria earwax has shown controversy, as some University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Morph Lake Malawi Mbuna Cichlids Benefit from Reduced Aggression from Con- and Hetero-Specifics
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.08.439056; this version posted April 9, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Rare morph Lake Malawi mbuna cichlids benefit from reduced aggression from con- and hetero-specifics 2 Running title: Reduced aggression benefits rare morph mbuna 3 4 Alexandra M. Tyers*, Gavan M. Cooke & George F. Turner 5 School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor. Gwynedd. Wales. UK. LL57 2UW 6 * Current address: Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9B, 50931, Köln 7 8 Corresponding author: A.M. Tyers, [email protected] 9 10 Abstract 11 Balancing selection is important for the maintenance of polymorphism as it can prevent either fixation of one 12 morph through directional selection or genetic drift, or speciation by disruptive selection. Polychromatism can 13 be maintained if the fitness of alternative morphs depends on the relative frequency in a population. In 14 aggressive species, negative frequency-dependent antagonism can prevent an increase in the frequency of rare 15 morphs as they would only benefit from increased fitness while they are rare. Heterospecific aggression is 16 common in nature and has the potential to contribute to rare morph advantage. Here we carry out field 17 observations and laboratory aggression experiments with mbuna cichlids from Lake Malawi, to investigate the 18 role of con- and heterospecific aggression in the maintenance of polychromatism and identify benefits to rare 19 mores which are likely to result from reduced aggression.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyi Cichlid (Maylandia Lombardoi) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Kenyi Cichlid (Maylandia lombardoi) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2011 Revised, July 2018 Web Version, 8/3/2018 Photo: Ged~commonswiki. Public domain. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maylandia_lombardoi.jpg. (July 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Kasembe (2017): “Endemic to Lake Malawi. Occurs at Mbenji Island and Nkhomo reef [Malawi].” From Froese and Pauly (2018): “Africa: Endemic to Mbenji Island, Lake Malawi [Malawi].” 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. This species is in trade in the United States. From Imperial Tropicals (2018): “Kenyi Cichlid (Pseudotropheus lombardoi) […] $ 7.99 […] UNSEXED 1” FISH” Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks There is taxonomic uncertainty concerning Maylandia lombardoi. Because it has recently been grouped in the genera Metriaclima and Pseudotropheus, these names were also used when searching for information in preparation of this assessment. From Kasembe (2017): “This species previously appeared on the IUCN Red List in the genus Maylandia but is now considered valid in the genus Metriaclima (Konings 2016, Stauffer et al. 2016).” From Seriously Fish (2018): “There is ongoing debate as to the true genus of this species, it having been variously grouped in both Maylandia and Metriaclima, as well as the currently valid Pseudotropheus.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)
    Checklist of the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa/Niassa) by M.K. Oliver, Ph.D. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Checklist of the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa/Niassa) by Michael K. Oliver, Ph.D. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University Updated 3 November 2018 First posted June 1999 The cichlids of Lake Malawi constitute the largest vertebrate species flock and largest lacustrine fish fauna on earth. This list includes all cichlid species, and the few subspecies, that have been formally described and named. Many–several hundred–additional endemic cichlid species are known but still undescribed, and this fact must be considered in assessing the biodiversity of the lake. Recent estimates of the total size of the lake’s cichlid fauna, counting both described and known but undescribed species, range from 700–843 species (Turner et al., 2001; Snoeks, 2001; Konings, 2007) or even 1000 species (Konings 2016). Additional undescribed species are still frequently being discovered, particularly in previously unexplored isolated locations and in deep water. The entire Lake Malawi cichlid metaflock is composed of two, possibly separate, endemic assemblages, the “Hap” group and the Mbuna group. Neither has been convincingly shown to be monophyletic. Membership in one or the other, or nonendemic status, is indicated in the checklist below for each genus, as is the type species of each endemic genus. The classification and synonymies are primarily based on the Catalog of Fishes with a few deviations. All synonymized genera and species should now be listed under their senior synonym. Nearly all species are endemic to L. Malawi, in some cases extending also into the upper Shiré River including Lake Malombe and even into the middle Shiré.
    [Show full text]
  • What Causes Swimmer's Ear?
    Swimmer’s Ear Affecting the outer ear, swimmer’s ear is a painful condition resulting from inflammation, irritation, or infection. These symptoms often occur after water gets trapped in your ear, with subsequent spread of bacteria or fungal organisms. Because this condition commonly affects swimmers, it is known as swimmer’s ear. Swimmer’s ear (also called acute otitis externa) often affects children and teenagers, but can also affect those with eczema (a condition that causes the skin to itch), or excess earwax. Your doctor will prescribe treatment to reduce your pain and to treat the infection. What causes swimmer’s ear? A common source of the infection is increased moisture trapped in the ear canal, from baths, showers, swimming, or moist environments. When water is trapped in the ear canal, bacteria that normally inhabit the skin and ear canal multiply, causing infection of the ear canal. Swimmer’s ear needs to be treated to reduce pain and eliminate any effect it may have on your hearing, as well as to prevent the spread of infection. Other factors that may contribute to swimmer’s ear include: ● Contact with excessive bacteria that may be present in hot tubs or polluted water ● Excessive cleaning of the ear canal with cotton swabs ● Contact with certain chemicals such as hair spray or hair dye (Avoid this by placing cotton balls in your ears when using these products.) ● Damage to the skin of the ear canal following water irrigation to remove wax ● A cut in the skin of the ear canal ● Other skin conditions affecting the ear canal, such as eczema or seborrhea What are the signs and symptoms? The most common symptoms of swimmer’s ear are itching inside the ear and pain that gets worse when you tug on the auricle (outer ear).
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Methods Earwax Sample Extraction a Clinical Research Assistant Was Specifically Trained in the Use of the Reiner-A
    Supplementary Methods Earwax Sample Extraction A clinical research assistant was specifically trained in the use of the Reiner-Alexander syringe by one ear-nose-throat specialist doctor. Before cleaning both ears, the external auditory canal was examined using an otoscope to rule out the presence of any external ear pathology, such as impacted earwax or perforated eardrum. Briefly, the Reiner-Alexander syringe slowly injects water at 37°C inside the external ear canal. The process of syringing creates a sensation of mild pressure in the ear as the warm water from the syringe flushes the wax out. The expelled water and the extracted earwax secretion were collected in a kidney basin. During the follow-up visit, participants self-clean their right ears using the earwax self-sampling device, according to the manufacturer instructions (www.trears.com). The four labelled earwax samples were stored at 4 °C until they were analysed. Earwax Analysis using the Reiner-Alexander Syringe The extracted solution of water plus earwax secretion was stored in a 50 ml cryovial. Earwax samples were then resuspended with 500 µl Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) to homogenise the sample. Then, 500 µl of diethyl ether was added to each sample and wobbled for one minute using a vortex. The resulting solution was stored at -20°C for 2 hours. Glucose levels were then analysed from the hydrophilic fraction. The earwax solution was dried using the displacement method of N2 at 25 degree Celsius. Following this, 125 µl of PPBS was added to resuspend each solution. The resulting solution containing earwax samples was stored at 4 degrees Celsius until analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Composition and Structure of Soil Microbial Communities Shifts in Response to Elevated Carbon Dioxide
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 259–272 & 2012 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/12 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The phylogenetic composition and structure of soil microbial communities shifts in response to elevated carbon dioxide Zhili He1, Yvette Piceno2, Ye Deng1, Meiying Xu1,3, Zhenmei Lu1,4, Todd DeSantis2, Gary Andersen2, Sarah E Hobbie5, Peter B Reich6 and Jizhong Zhou1,2 1Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; 2Ecology Department, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China; 4College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 5Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, St Paul, MN, USA and 6Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA One of the major factors associated with global change is the ever-increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2. Although the stimulating effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant growth and primary productivity have been established, its impacts on the diversity and function of soil microbial communities are poorly understood. In this study, phylogenetic microarrays (PhyloChip) were used to comprehensively survey the richness, composition and structure of soil microbial communities in a grassland experiment subjected to two CO2 conditions (ambient, 368 p.p.m., versus elevated, 560 p.p.m.) for 10 years. The richness based on the detected number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly decreased under eCO2.
    [Show full text]
  • View/Download
    CICHLIFORMES: Cichlidae (part 5) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara COMMENTS: v. 10.0 - 11 May 2021 Order CICHLIFORMES (part 5 of 8) Family CICHLIDAE Cichlids (part 5 of 7) Subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae African Cichlids (Palaeoplex through Yssichromis) Palaeoplex Schedel, Kupriyanov, Katongo & Schliewen 2020 palaeoplex, a key concept in geoecodynamics representing the total genomic variation of a given species in a given landscape, the analysis of which theoretically allows for the reconstruction of that species’ history; since the distribution of P. palimpsest is tied to an ancient landscape (upper Congo River drainage, Zambia), the name refers to its potential to elucidate the complex landscape evolution of that region via its palaeoplex Palaeoplex palimpsest Schedel, Kupriyanov, Katongo & Schliewen 2020 named for how its palaeoplex (see genus) is like a palimpsest (a parchment manuscript page, common in medieval times that has been overwritten after layers of old handwritten letters had been scraped off, in which the old letters are often still visible), revealing how changes in its landscape and/or ecological conditions affected gene flow and left genetic signatures by overwriting the genome several times, whereas remnants of more ancient genomic signatures still persist in the background; this has led to contrasting hypotheses regarding this cichlid’s phylogenetic position Pallidochromis Turner 1994 pallidus, pale, referring to pale coloration of all specimens observed at the time; chromis, a name
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Temperature and Continental Fragmentation to Amphibian Diversification
    Received: 25 May 2018 | Revised: 30 March 2019 | Accepted: 2 April 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13592 RESEARCH PAPER The contribution of temperature and continental fragmentation to amphibian diversification Jonathan Rolland1 | Fabien L. Condamine2 1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Abstract Columbia, Canada Aim: Abiotic factors such as global temperature or continental fragmentation may 2 CNRS, UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences favour speciation through the ecological and geographical isolation of lineages, but de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France macroevolutionary quantifications of such effect with both fossil and phylogenetic data are rarely performed. Here, we propose to use biogeographical estimations and Correspondence Jonathan Rolland, Department of Zoology, palaeo‐environmental diversification models to estimate whether and how palae‐ University of British Columbia, #4200‐6270 otemperature and the sequential break‐ups of Pangaea, Gondwana and Laurasia University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada. Email: [email protected] have affected the diversification of amphibians through time. Location: Global. Funding information University of British Columbia, Grant/Award Methods: Using a time‐calibrated phylogeny for 3,309 amphibian species and a Number: 151042; Agence Nationale de la genus‐level fossil record, we estimated the diversification rates of the group with Recherche, Grant/Award Number: ANR‐10‐ LABX‐25‐01 birth–death models allowing rates to depend on the temporal variations of the envi‐ ronment. We used estimates of global palaeotemperature and an index of continental Editor: Richard Ree fragmentation through time to test the association between speciation and/or ex‐ tinction rates and past temperature and fragmentation. We also estimated the bio‐ geographical history based on a time‐stratified parametric model informed by the global palaeogeography.
    [Show full text]