DOCSLIB.ORG

Dante's Lucifer in the Commedia: Music, Pride, and the Corruption of the Divine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dante's Lucifer in the Commedia: Music, Pride, and the Corruption of the Divine DANTE’S LUCIFER IN THE COMMEDIA: MUSIC, PRIDE, AND THE CORRUPTION OF THE DIVINE by Rosina P. Zimmer A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 2014 Copyright by Rosina P. Zimmer 2014 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “E tutte le nostre brighe, se bene veniamo a cercare li loro principii, procedono quasi dal non conoscere l’uso del tempo.” (Alighieri Convivio IV) “All our troubles, if we carefully seek out their source, derive in some way from not knowing how to make a proper use of time.” I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Kenneth Keaton for his guidance and encouragement during the entire course of this work and to Dr. Steven Blakemore, who was of invaluable assistance the reading of the proofs, along with his thoughtful suggestions that were pertinent to this work. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Patricia P. Fleitas for her assistance and enthusiasm. I would also like to give a special thanks to Dr. Susan Love Brown, who, at the onset of this project, was Interim Director in the Public Intellectuals Program, and graciously offered me the opportunity to explore this topic. Inestimable assistance in my research was largely due to my association with Prof.ssa Teresina Ciliberti, of the socia della Dante. I am grateful beyond words for her direction and support. My deepest and most enduring debt is to my husband, Joseph Forbes Earl, who once again, has been most supportive and helpful in countless ways. To God the only wise, through Jesus Christ, to whom be honour and glory for ever and ever. Romans 16:27 iv ABSTRACT Author: Rosina P. Zimmer Title: Dante’s Lucifer in the Commedia: Music, Pride, and the Corruption of the Divine Institution: Florida Atlantic University Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Kenneth Keaton Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Year: 2014 The entity of Lucifer has long been an area of study and confusion throughout history. Among notable literary minds, Dante Alighieri stands out as an illuminating poet who brings to light the essence and nature of this nefarious character and his influence on mankind. In his revelatory work, the Commedia, Dante touches on but does not explicitly detail the scope and importance that music and specifically, song, has on the redemptive purgation of the soul. This work provides a more in depth investigation into the generally overlooked issue, that is, the origin and initial intent of song, the perversion of which, by whom and why, and Dante’s perception of the subject revealed in his missive to mankind. Along with the Commedia, we will examine scripture, writings of prominent theologians, scientific theory, along with other works by Dante to provide a link between Lucifer, music, the sin of pride, and the corruption of the divine. v DANTE’S LUCIFER IN THE COMMEDIA: MUSIC, PRIDE, AND THE CORRUPTION OF THE DIVINE PREFACE....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 9 Methodology in the Commedia................................................................................. 10 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 11 Background............................................................................................................... 18 The Political and Cultural Spheres ........................................................................... 18 Dante’s Concept of the Commedia ........................................................................... 19 CHAPTER I: THE PILGRIM....................................................................................... 26 The Pilgrim’s Condition in the “Dark Wood” .......................................................... 26 Purgatorio 2.............................................................................................................. 33 Purgatorio 12: A Case of Free Will ......................................................................... 33 In Conclusion............................................................................................................ 38 CHAPTER II: WHO IS LUCIFER?............................................................................. 40 The Identity of Lucifer as Satan................................................................................ 43 Images of Lucifer in Scripture .................................................................................. 46 Aquinas on Angels and Reason ................................................................................ 46 Lucifer as Artist: Musical References in Ezekiel ..................................................... 51 Musical References in Isaiah: The King of Babylon as Lucifer? ............................. 52 Nomenclature............................................................................................................ 55 Modern Scholarship on Dante’s Lucifer................................................................... 57 Concerning the Fall of Lucifer.................................................................................. 59 On Angels ................................................................................................................. 60 In Conclusion............................................................................................................ 62 CHAPTER III: MUSIC ................................................................................................ 64 Music......................................................................................................................... 64 Music in Antiquity .................................................................................................... 65 Music in the Middle Ages......................................................................................... 68 Literary Influences.................................................................................................... 69 La Scuola Siciliana ................................................................................................... 70 Dolce Stil Nuovo....................................................................................................... 72 Golden Section: The Order of Design in Art/Music................................................. 75 Harmony ................................................................................................................... 76 The Psalm.................................................................................................................. 77 vi Rhythm as a Metaphor for Life’s Cycles.................................................................. 79 The Power of Spoken Word and Song...................................................................... 80 Contemplative Life versus Active Life..................................................................... 82 Dante and Music ....................................................................................................... 84 The Effects of Music on the Soul in the Commedia ................................................. 85 The Pilgrim: “Retrosi Passi” Backward Steps ......................................................... 88 The Sacred in Art/Music........................................................................................... 95 St. Jerome.................................................................................................................. 95 Augustine .................................................................................................................. 96 The Perils of Music................................................................................................... 97 Purgatorio: The Songs of Purgation Interrupted...................................................... 99 In Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER IV: PRIDE OF THE ARTIST ................................................................. 102 Pride (La Superbia)................................................................................................. 102 The Origin of Pride ................................................................................................. 103 Dante on Pride and the Will.................................................................................... 104 The Terrace of the Prideful: Purgatorio 10 ............................................................ 106 Purgatorio 11: The Pride of the Artist.................................................................... 107 The Pride of Ulysses: The Desire for Knowledge .................................................. 111 Faith and Reason..................................................................................................... 115 Humility/Faith......................................................................................................... 117 David As An Example of Humility ........................................................................ 118 In Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adam, the Fall, and Original Sin Baker Academic, a Division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014
    Adam, the Fall, and Original Sin Theological, Biblical, and Scientific Perspectives EDITED BY Hans Madueme and Michael Reeves k Hans Madueme and Michael Reeves, Adam, The Fall, and Original Sin Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) MaduemeReeves_Adam_LC_wo.indd iii 9/17/14 7:47 AM © 2014 by Hans Madueme and Michael Reeves Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adam, the fall, and original sin : theological, biblical, and scientific perspectives / Hans Madueme and Michael Reeves, editors. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8010-3992-8 (pbk.) 1. Sin, Original. 2. Adam (Biblical figure) 3. Fall of man. I. Madueme, Hans, 1975– editor. BT720.A33 2014 233 .14—dc23 2014021973 Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ESV Text Edition: 2011 Scripture quotations labeled NASB are from the New American Standard Bible®, copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard
    Lecture 3: Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard Lecture Notes on “Computer and Network Security” by Avi Kak ([email protected]) January 26, 2021 3:43pm ©2021 Avinash Kak, Purdue University Goals: To introduce the notion of a block cipher in the modern context. To talk about the infeasibility of ideal block ciphers To introduce the notion of the Feistel Cipher Structure To go over DES, the Data Encryption Standard To illustrate important DES steps with Python and Perl code CONTENTS Section Title Page 3.1 Ideal Block Cipher 3 3.1.1 Size of the Encryption Key for the Ideal Block Cipher 6 3.2 The Feistel Structure for Block Ciphers 7 3.2.1 Mathematical Description of Each Round in the 10 Feistel Structure 3.2.2 Decryption in Ciphers Based on the Feistel Structure 12 3.3 DES: The Data Encryption Standard 16 3.3.1 One Round of Processing in DES 18 3.3.2 The S-Box for the Substitution Step in Each Round 22 3.3.3 The Substitution Tables 26 3.3.4 The P-Box Permutation in the Feistel Function 33 3.3.5 The DES Key Schedule: Generating the Round Keys 35 3.3.6 Initial Permutation of the Encryption Key 38 3.3.7 Contraction-Permutation that Generates the 48-Bit 42 Round Key from the 56-Bit Key 3.4 What Makes DES a Strong Cipher (to the 46 Extent It is a Strong Cipher) 3.5 Homework Problems 48 2 Computer and Network Security by Avi Kak Lecture 3 Back to TOC 3.1 IDEAL BLOCK CIPHER In a modern block cipher (but still using a classical encryption method), we replace a block of N bits from the plaintext with a block of N bits from the ciphertext.
    [Show full text]
  • Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, Newdes, RC2, and TEA
    Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA John Kelsey Bruce Schneier David Wagner Counterpane Systems U.C. Berkeley kelsey,schneier @counterpane.com [email protected] f g Abstract. We present new related-key attacks on the block ciphers 3- WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. Differen- tial related-key attacks allow both keys and plaintexts to be chosen with specific differences [KSW96]. Our attacks build on the original work, showing how to adapt the general attack to deal with the difficulties of the individual algorithms. We also give specific design principles to protect against these attacks. 1 Introduction Related-key cryptanalysis assumes that the attacker learns the encryption of certain plaintexts not only under the original (unknown) key K, but also under some derived keys K0 = f(K). In a chosen-related-key attack, the attacker specifies how the key is to be changed; known-related-key attacks are those where the key difference is known, but cannot be chosen by the attacker. We emphasize that the attacker knows or chooses the relationship between keys, not the actual key values. These techniques have been developed in [Knu93b, Bih94, KSW96]. Related-key cryptanalysis is a practical attack on key-exchange protocols that do not guarantee key-integrity|an attacker may be able to flip bits in the key without knowing the key|and key-update protocols that update keys using a known function: e.g., K, K + 1, K + 2, etc. Related-key attacks were also used against rotor machines: operators sometimes set rotors incorrectly.
    [Show full text]
  • Aliens of Marvel Universe
    Index DEM's Foreword: 2 GUNA 42 RIGELLIANS 26 AJM’s Foreword: 2 HERMS 42 R'MALK'I 26 TO THE STARS: 4 HIBERS 16 ROCLITES 26 Building a Starship: 5 HORUSIANS 17 R'ZAHNIANS 27 The Milky Way Galaxy: 8 HUJAH 17 SAGITTARIANS 27 The Races of the Milky Way: 9 INTERDITES 17 SARKS 27 The Andromeda Galaxy: 35 JUDANS 17 Saurids 47 Races of the Skrull Empire: 36 KALLUSIANS 39 sidri 47 Races Opposing the Skrulls: 39 KAMADO 18 SIRIANS 27 Neutral/Noncombatant Races: 41 KAWA 42 SIRIS 28 Races from Other Galaxies 45 KLKLX 18 SIRUSITES 28 Reference points on the net 50 KODABAKS 18 SKRULLS 36 AAKON 9 Korbinites 45 SLIGS 28 A'ASKAVARII 9 KOSMOSIANS 18 S'MGGANI 28 ACHERNONIANS 9 KRONANS 19 SNEEPERS 29 A-CHILTARIANS 9 KRYLORIANS 43 SOLONS 29 ALPHA CENTAURIANS 10 KT'KN 19 SSSTH 29 ARCTURANS 10 KYMELLIANS 19 stenth 29 ASTRANS 10 LANDLAKS 20 STONIANS 30 AUTOCRONS 11 LAXIDAZIANS 20 TAURIANS 30 axi-tun 45 LEM 20 technarchy 30 BA-BANI 11 LEVIANS 20 TEKTONS 38 BADOON 11 LUMINA 21 THUVRIANS 31 BETANS 11 MAKLUANS 21 TRIBBITES 31 CENTAURIANS 12 MANDOS 43 tribunals 48 CENTURII 12 MEGANS 21 TSILN 31 CIEGRIMITES 41 MEKKANS 21 tsyrani 48 CHR’YLITES 45 mephitisoids 46 UL'LULA'NS 32 CLAVIANS 12 m'ndavians 22 VEGANS 32 CONTRAXIANS 12 MOBIANS 43 vorms 49 COURGA 13 MORANI 36 VRELLNEXIANS 32 DAKKAMITES 13 MYNDAI 22 WILAMEANIS 40 DEONISTS 13 nanda 22 WOBBS 44 DIRE WRAITHS 39 NYMENIANS 44 XANDARIANS 40 DRUFFS 41 OVOIDS 23 XANTAREANS 33 ELAN 13 PEGASUSIANS 23 XANTHA 33 ENTEMEN 14 PHANTOMS 23 Xartans 49 ERGONS 14 PHERAGOTS 44 XERONIANS 33 FLB'DBI 14 plodex 46 XIXIX 33 FOMALHAUTI 14 POPPUPIANS 24 YIRBEK 38 FONABI 15 PROCYONITES 24 YRDS 49 FORTESQUIANS 15 QUEEGA 36 ZENN-LAVIANS 34 FROMA 15 QUISTS 24 Z'NOX 38 GEGKU 39 QUONS 25 ZN'RX (Snarks) 34 GLX 16 rajaks 47 ZUNDAMITES 34 GRAMOSIANS 16 REPTOIDS 25 Races Reference Table 51 GRUNDS 16 Rhunians 25 Blank Alien Race Sheet 54 1 The Universe of Marvel: Spacecraft and Aliens for the Marvel Super Heroes Game By David Edward Martin & Andrew James McFayden With help by TY_STATES , Aunt P and the crowd from www.classicmarvel.com .
    [Show full text]
  • MIGHTY PEN.Pmd
    From the mighty pen of SanjayThe World Renewal CONTENTS RAJYOGA PRACTICE: Rajyoga Practice: The Only Way to Attain Peace....(From THE ONLY WAY TO the Mighty Pen of Sanjay)...... 3 Singing His Praise From the ATTAIN PEACE Heart – “God of Gods” (Editorial) ............................. 4 very human being in this world makes life-long efforts Mamma was Complete with all to attain eternal happiness and constant and ever-lasting Divine Virtues ...................... 8 Epeace. In fact, man’s all actions are directed towards Rajyoga Serves to Achieve the achievement of this goal. But, the great turmoil and unrest Multi-Objectives of Human in the world, despite all efforts, makes one ask: “What really is Life ...................................... 11 the way to realise this universal aim?” Techniques of Letting Go .... 15 Can man realise full measure of peace and happiness if he Mamma: The Divine Mother of has abundance of material objects to gratify his senses? All Humble Souls ................ 18 Evidently not, because from one’s observation of the nature The True Meaning of of things as they are, one can easily conclude that success in Life Now ............................. 20 material pursuits does not necessarily lead one to inner Mateswari Jagadamba happiness as there are other factors also involved. The source Saraswati: A Multi-Faceted of true happiness lies not merely in material objects, rather it Personality.......................... 23 springs from the equanimity of mind; it comes by stabilising Understanding and Practising the mind in the self. We all know well that if man’s mind is Easy Spirituality ................. 25 disturbed, even the choicest dishes served to him would be How old is Earth? – Different tasteless, or great honour showered on him or even a grand Theories Based on Certain reception accorded to him, would seem meaningless.
    [Show full text]
  • The Doctrine of Original Sin Therefore, Just As Through One
    The Doctrine of Original Sin Therefore, just as through one person sin entered the world, and through sin, death, and thus death came to all, inasmuch as all sinned --Romans 5:12 The first man: Adam In order to understand the doctrine of original sin, it is necessary to begin with the first created man, Adam. Scripture and Tradition tell us that "God created man in his image; in the divine image he created him; male and female he created them" (Genesis 1:27). The first human, Adam, was created by God as the progenitor of the human race. From Adam’s ribs, God created his wife and companion, Eve. Together Adam and Eve, were given the loving gifts of free will, original justice and original holiness. God gave them the fruits, pleasures and duties of tending to the Garden of Eden where they lived in harmony with God, each other and God’s creations. 1 From the very beginning man held a special place in God’s creation. Composed of both flesh and spirit, man was created in, "the divine image" (Genesis 1:27) of the soul and was imbued with original holiness, justice and freewill. God placed mankind with, "dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, and all the living things that move on the earth" (Genesis 1:28). Along with the gift of a soul came the gift of freewill. God, desiring the free love of mankind and viewing them as his children rather than slaves and servants, gave Adam and Eve the freewill to accept or reject God’s love.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 – Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard
    Symmetric Cryptography Chapter 6 Block vs Stream Ciphers • Block ciphers process messages into blocks, each of which is then en/decrypted – Like a substitution on very big characters • 64-bits or more • Stream ciphers process messages a bit or byte at a time when en/decrypting – Many current ciphers are block ciphers • Better analyzed. • Broader range of applications. Block vs Stream Ciphers Block Cipher Principles • Block ciphers look like an extremely large substitution • Would need table of 264 entries for a 64-bit block • Arbitrary reversible substitution cipher for a large block size is not practical – 64-bit general substitution block cipher, key size 264! • Most symmetric block ciphers are based on a Feistel Cipher Structure • Needed since must be able to decrypt ciphertext to recover messages efficiently Ideal Block Cipher Substitution-Permutation Ciphers • in 1949 Shannon introduced idea of substitution- permutation (S-P) networks – modern substitution-transposition product cipher • These form the basis of modern block ciphers • S-P networks are based on the two primitive cryptographic operations we have seen before: – substitution (S-box) – permutation (P-box) (transposition) • Provide confusion and diffusion of message Diffusion and Confusion • Introduced by Claude Shannon to thwart cryptanalysis based on statistical analysis – Assume the attacker has some knowledge of the statistical characteristics of the plaintext • Cipher needs to completely obscure statistical properties of original message • A one-time pad does this Diffusion
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Circus & 'Martin Gardner
    MARTIN GARDNE MATHEMATICAL ;MATH EMATICAL ASSOCIATION J OF AMERICA MATHEMATICAL CIRCUS & 'MARTIN GARDNER THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Washington, DC 1992 MATHEMATICAL More Puzzles, Games, Paradoxes, and Other Mathematical Entertainments from Scientific American with a Preface by Donald Knuth, A Postscript, from the Author, and a new Bibliography by Mr. Gardner, Thoughts from Readers, and 105 Drawings and Published in the United States of America by The Mathematical Association of America Copyright O 1968,1969,1970,1971,1979,1981,1992by Martin Gardner. All riglhts reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. An MAA Spectrum book This book was updated and revised from the 1981 edition published by Vantage Books, New York. Most of this book originally appeared in slightly different form in Scientific American. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-060996 ISBN 0-88385-506-2 Manufactured in the United States of America For Donald E. Knuth, extraordinary mathematician, computer scientist, writer, musician, humorist, recreational math buff, and much more SPECTRUM SERIES Published by THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Committee on Publications ANDREW STERRETT, JR.,Chairman Spectrum Editorial Board ROGER HORN, Chairman SABRA ANDERSON BART BRADEN UNDERWOOD DUDLEY HUGH M. EDGAR JEANNE LADUKE LESTER H. LANGE MARY PARKER MPP.a (@ SPECTRUM Also by Martin Gardner from The Mathematical Association of America 1529 Eighteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036 (202) 387- 5200 Riddles of the Sphinx and Other Mathematical Puzzle Tales Mathematical Carnival Mathematical Magic Show Contents Preface xi .. Introduction Xlll 1. Optical Illusions 3 Answers on page 14 2. Matches 16 Answers on page 27 3.
    [Show full text]
  • How Can Original Sin Be Inherited?
    DEAR FATHER KERPER Michelangelo, The Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden. Web Gallery of Art sinned against obedience. But this act How can original represents much more: they actually rejected friendship with God and, even worse, attempted to supplant God as God. sin be inherited? To see this more clearly, we must rewind the Genesis tape back to chapter ear Father Kerper: I’ve always had a huge 1. Here we find that God had created problem with original sin. It seems so unfair. I can the first human beings “in the image of God.” (Genesis 1:27) As such, they understand punishing someone who has broken a immediately enjoyed friendship and law. That’s perfectly just. But why should someone even kinship with God, who had Dwho’s done nothing wrong get punished for what someone else lovingly created them so that they could share everything with Him. did millions of years ago? Though Adam and Eve had everything that human beings could Many people share your understandable In the case of speeding, the possibly enjoy, the serpent tempted reaction against the doctrine of original punishment – say a $200 ticket – is them to seek even more. Recall the sin. As you’ve expressed so well, it does always imposed directly on the specific serpent’s words to Eve: “God knows in indeed seem to violate the basic norms of person who committed an isolated fact that the day you eat it [the forbidden fairness. But it really doesn’t. How so? illegal act. Moreover, the punishment is fruit] your eyes will be opened and you To overcome this charge of unfairness, designed to prevent dangerous and illegal will be like gods.” (Genesis 3:5) we must do two things: first, reconsider behavior by creating terribly unpleasant By eating the forbidden fruit, Adam the meaning of punishment; and second, consequences, namely costly fines and and Eve attempted to seize equality rediscover the social nature – and social eventually the loss of one’s license.
    [Show full text]
  • A Theology of Creation Lived out in Christian Hymnody
    Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Concordia Seminary Scholarship 5-1-2014 A Theology of Creation Lived Out in Christian Hymnody Beth Hoeltke Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.csl.edu/phd Part of the Christianity Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hoeltke, Beth, "A Theology of Creation Lived Out in Christian Hymnody" (2014). Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation. 58. https://scholar.csl.edu/phd/58 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Concordia Seminary Scholarship at Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A THEOLOGY OF CREATION LIVED OUT IN CHRISTIAN HYMNODY A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Department of Doctrinal Theology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Beth June Hoeltke May 2014 Approved by Dr. Charles Arand Advisor Dr. Kent Burreson Reader Dr. Erik Herrmann Reader © 2014 by Beth June Hoeltke. All rights reserved. Dedicated in loving memory of my parents William and June Hoeltke Life is Precious. Give it over to God, our Creator, and trust in Him alone. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Lucifer's Only Mention in the Bible Is at Isaiah 14:12. the Marginal Notes Of
    LUCIFER, WHO OR WHAT? ROBERT L. ALDEN, PH.D.* Lucifer's only mention in the Bible is at Isaiah 14:12. The marginal notes of many Bibles direct attention to Luke 10:18 where we read Jesus' words: "I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven." I do not approve of such a connection and will seek to show why in the following paragraphs. The translation of the phrase helel ben shachar in Isaiah 14:12 is not easy. The hen shachar is not the problem.1 It means "son of dawn" or the like. The morning star is the son of the morning. The Hebrew idiom ben —"son" means anything closely related to or dependent on or described by the following word in the absolute state.2 But is helel a name? Is it a common noun? Is it a verb? The word helel appears in Zechariah 11:2 in parallel with a verb whose radical letters are yll. Both thus mean "howl" or "yell" and are apparently onomatopoetic. In Ezekiel 21:12 (v. 17 in Hebrew) we have a similar situation. There helel is parallel to zq which means "cry." Jeremiah 47:2 has a related form (hiph'il) and there the word is rendered "wail." The Syriac version, among others, so understood the word in question. "How are you fallen from heaven! Howl in the morning:.. ."3 More translators and commentators chose to render the word as a noun however. The Greek has heosphoros and the Latin lucifer. Both mean "light carrier." The translators of the Septuagint and the Vulgate along with the leading Rabbins and most of the early Christian writers understood the word as a derivative of hll, "to shine." Hence it means "bright one" or "shining one." This, of course, fits best with the rest of the phrase ben shachar, "son of dawn." Tertullian, commenting on Isaiah 14:12, said, "This must mean the devil..."4 Origen, too, readily identified "Lucifer" with Satan.5 John Milton's Paradise Lost has contributed to the dissemination of this erroneous notion: •Assistant Professor of Old Testament, Conservative Baptist Seminary, Denver, Colo- rado.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW THIS WEEK from MARVEL... Spider-Woman #1 Outlawed #1
    NEW THIS WEEK FROM MARVEL... Spider-Woman #1 Outlawed #1 Star Wars #4 Guardians of the Galaxy #3 Fantastic Four #20 Captain Marvel #16 Captain America #20 Excalibur #9 X-Force #9 Deadpool #4 Morbius #5 Amazing Mary Jane #6 Marvels X #3 (of 6) 2020 Iron Age #1 Atlantis Attacks #3 (of 5) Conan the Barbarian #14 Ghost-Spider #8 Valkyrie Jane Foster #9 Runaways #31 2020 Machine Man #2 (of 2) Aero #9 Thor #3 (2nd print) Star Wars Rise of Kylo Ren #2 (3rd print) Star Wars Rise of Kylo Ren #3 (2nd print) "Dollar" Empyre Galactus "Dollar" Empyre Swordman Taskmaster the Right Price GN Immortal Hulk Vol. 6 GN King Thor GN Conan the Barbarian Vol. 2 GN X-Men Milestones Messiah Complex GN Into the Spider-Verse Casual Miles Morales Funko-Pop NEW THIS WEEK FROM DC... Robin 80th Anniversary 100-Page Super Spectacular #1 Batman #91 Dceased Unkillables #2 (of 3) Justice League #43 Nightwing #70 Year of the Villain Hell Arisen #4 (of 4) Brave and the Bold #28 Facsimile Edition Aquaman #58 Plunge #2 (of 6) Teen Titans #40 1 Titans Giant Low Low Woods #4 (of 6) Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #9 (of 12) He Man and the Masters of the Multiverse #5 (of 6) Lucifer #18 Dollar Comics Justice League #1 (1987) Dollar Comics JLA #1 Superman Vol. 2 GN NEW THIS WEEK FROM IMAGE... 18 Undiscovered Country #5 Tartarus #2 Family Tree #5 Middlewest #16 Ascender #10 Die Die Die #9 Spawn #306 Bitter Root #7 Hardcore Reloaded #4 (of 5) Oblivion Song Vol.
    [Show full text]