S4678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 3, 1996 employees of the White House Travel Office filed later than 120 days after the date of the in full satisfaction of all claims of, or on be- whose employment in that Office was termi- enactment of this Act. half of, the individual against the United nated on May 19, 1993, for any attorney fees SEC. 3. REDUCTION. States that arose out of the termination of and costs they incurred with respect to that The amount paid pursuant to this Act to the White House Travel Office employment termination. an individual for attorney fees and costs de- of that individual on May 19, 1993. (b) VERIFICATION REQUIRED.—The Secretary scribed in section 1 shall be reduced by any This section shall become effective 3 days shall pay an individual in full under sub- amount received before the date of the en- after the date of enactment. section (a) upon submission by the individual actment of this Act, without obligation for f of documentation verifying the attorney fees repayment by the individual, for payment of and costs. such attorney fees and costs (including any (c) LIMITATION.—Payments under sub- THE AMAGANSETT NATIONAL amount received from the funds appropriated section (a) shall not include attorney fees or WILDLIFE REFUGE AUTHORIZA- costs incurred with respect to any congres- for the individual in the matter relating to TION ACT OF 1996 sional hearing or investigation into the ter- the ‘‘Office of the General Counsel’’ under mination of employment of the former em- the Heading ‘‘Office of the Secretary’’ in ployees of the White House Travel Office. title I of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, MOYNIHAN (AND D’AMATO) (d) NO INFERENCE OF LIABILITY.—Liability AMENDMENT NO. 3957 of the United States shall not be inferred 1994). from enactment of or payment under this SEC. 4. PAYMENT IN FULL SETTLEMENT OF Mr. COHEN (for Mr. MOYNIHAN, him- section. CLAIMS AGAINST THE UNITED self and Mr. D’AMATO) proposed an STATES. SEC. 2 LIMITATION ON FILING OF CLAIMS. Payment under this Act, when accepted by amendment to the bill (H.R. 1836) to The Secretary of the Treasury shall not authorize the Secretary of the Interior pay any claim filed under this Act that is an individual described in section 1, shall be filed later than 120 days after the date of the in full satisfaction of all claims of, or on be- to acquire property in the town of East enactment of this Act. half of, the individual against the United Hampton, Suffolk County, NY, for in- SEC. 3 REDUCTION. States that arose out of the termination of clusion in the Amagansett National The amount paid pursuant to this Act to the White House Travel Office employment Wildlife Refuge; as follows: of that individual on May 19, 1993. an individual for attorney fees and costs de- At the end of the bill, add the following: scribed in section 1 shall be reduced by any This section shall become effective 4 days after the date of enactment. SEC. 2. CORRECTIONS TO COASTAL BARRIER RE- amount received before the date of the en- SOURCES MAP. actment of this Act, without obligation for (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days repayment by the individual, for payment of DOLE AMENDMENT NO. 3956 after the date of enactment of this Act, the such attorney fees and costs (including any Mr. DOLE proposed an amendment to Secretary of the Interior shall make such amount received from the funds appropriated corrections to the map described in sub- for the individual in the matter relating to amendment No. 3955 proposed by him to the bill H.R. 2937, supra; as follows: section (b) as are necessary— the ‘‘Office of the General Counsel’’ under (1) to move the eastern boundary of the ex- Strike all after the word ‘‘section’’ and in- the heading ‘‘Office of the Secretary’’ in title cluded area covering Ocean Beach, Seaview, sert the following: I of the Department of Transportation and Ocean Bay Park, and part of Point O’Woods Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1994). 1. REIMBURSEMENT OF CERTAIN ATTORNEY to the western boundary of the Sunken For- SEC. 4. PAYMENT IN FULL SETTLEMENT OF FEES AND COSTS. est Preserve; and CLAIMS AGAINST THE UNITED (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the (2) ensure that the depiction of areas as STATES. Treasury shall pay, from amounts in the ‘‘otherwise protected areas’’ does not include Payment under this Act, when accepted by Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such any area that is owned by the Point O’Woods an individual described in section 1, shall be sums as are necessary to reimburse former Association (a privately held corporation in full satisfaction of all claims of, or on be- employees of the White House Travel Office under the laws of the State of New York). half of, the individual against the United whose employment in that Office was termi- States that arose out of the termination of (b) MAP DESCRIBED.—The map described in nated on May 19, 1993, for any attorney fees this subsection is the map that is included in the White House Travel Office employment and costs they incurred with respect to that of that individual on May 19, 1993. a set of maps entitled ‘‘Coastal Barrier Re- termination. sources System’’, dated October 24, 1990, that This section shall become effective 2 days (b) VERIFICATION REQUIRED.—The Secretary relates to the unit of the Coastal Barrier Re- after the date of enactment. shall pay an individual in full under sub- sources System entitled ‘‘Fire Island Unit section (a) upon submission by the individual NY–59P’’. DOLE AMENDMENT NO. 3955 of documentation verifying the attorney fees Mr. DOLE proposed an amendment to and costs. f the instruction to the motion to refer (c) LIMITATION.—Payments under sub- section (a) shall not include attorney fees or AUTHORITY FOR COMMITTEES TO the bill H.R. 2937, supra; as follows: costs incurred with respect to any Congres- MEET In lieu of the instructions insert the fol- sional hearing or investigation into the ter- COMMITTEE ON FINANCE lowing: with instructions to report back mination of employment of the former em- forthwith with the following amendment: ployees of the White House Travel Office. Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, the Fi- SECTION 1. REIMBURSEMENT OF CERTAIN AT- (d) NO INFERENCE OF LIABILITY.—Liability nance Committee requests unanimous TORNEY FEES AND COSTS. of the United States shall not be inferred consent for the full committee to con- (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the from enactment of or payment under this duct a hearing on Friday, May 3, 1996, Treasury shall pay, from amounts in the section. beginning at 10 a.m. in room SD–215. Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such SEC. 2. LIMITATION ON FILING OF CLAIMS. sums as are necessary to reimburse former The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without The Secretary of the Treasury shall not employees of the White House Travel Office objection, it is so ordered. pay any claim filed under this Act that is whose employment in that Office was termi- filed later than 120 days after the date of the SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE nated on May 19, 1993, for any attorney fees enactment of this Act. Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, I ask and costs incurred with respect to that ter- unanimous consent that the Select mination. SEC. 3. REDUCTION. (b) VERIFICATION REQUIRED.—The Secretary The amount paid pursuant to this Act to Committee on Intelligence be author- shall pay an individual in full under sub- an individual for attorney fees and costs de- ized to meet during the session of the section (a) upon submission by the individual scribed in section 1 shall be reduced by any Senate on Friday, May 3, 1996, at 10 of documentation verifying the attorney fees amount received before the date of the en- a.m. to hold a closed hearing on intel- and costs. actment of this Act, without obligation for ligence matters. (c) LIMITATION.—Payments under sub- repayment by the individual, for payment of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without section (a) shall not include attorney fees or such attorney fees and costs (including any costs incurred with respect to any Congres- amount received from the funds appropriated objection, it is so ordered. sional hearing or investigation into the ter- for the individual in the matter relating to f mination of employment of the former em- the ‘‘Office of the General Counsel’’ under ployees of the White House Travel Office. the heading ‘‘Office of the Secretary’’ in title ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS (d) NO INFERENCE OF LIABILITY.—Liability I of the Department of Transportation and of the United States shall not be inferred Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1994). from enactment of or payment under this SEC. 4. PAYMENT IN FULL SETTLEMENT OF MEXICO AND DRUGS section. CLAIMS AGAINST THE UNITED SEC. 2. LIMITATION ON FILING OF CLAIMS. STATES. ∑ Mr. D’AMATO. Mr. President, next The Secretary of the Treasury shall not Payment under this Act, when accepted by week Secretary Christopher will attend pay any claim filed under this Act that is an individual described in section 1, shall be the Annual Bi-National Commission May 3, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S4679 meeting in Mexico City. Secretary demic. Mr. Constantine’s leadership in to Mexico. We must employ every Christopher should use this meeting to this war on drugs is exemplified by Op- weapon in our arsenal in this war on convey the United States’ deep concern eration Zorro II’s success. drugs—diplomatic, financial, enforce- over the pervasive and consistent flow Mr. President, I sincerely hope that ment, and education. Every high-level of narcotics from Mexico into the Unit- strong and decisive action against U.S. official must be recruited in our ed States. The administration must in- Mexican drug traffickers is a fun- battle with the drug epidemic waging sist that the Mexican Government damental part of the administration’s war on this country. make real and substantial efforts to recently released 1996 National Drug I ask that the Washington Post arti- stop the flow of illegal drugs into our Control Strategy. On behalf of the ad- cle, to which I earlier referred, be country. ministration, and with the support of printed in the RECORD. Yesterday, the Administrator of the this Senator, Secretary Christopher The article follows: DEA, Thomas Constantine and Attor- should forcefully urge the Mexican [From the Washington Post, Apr. 28, 1996] ney General Janet Reno announced the Government to cooperate with United THE DRUG FIEFDOM OF NORTHERN MEXICO successful completion of law-enforce- States requests for extraditions of (By Molly Moore and John Ward Anderson) ment operation Zorro II which resulted Mexican narcotics traffickers and NUEVA CASAS GRANDES, MEXICO.—The only in the arrest of members of a major other criminals who have committed sign of prosperity in this bleak desert city, Mexican drug cartel. In Zorro II, 130 in- heinous acts of violence in the United 75 miles south of El Paso, is a gigantic, fake dividuals were arrested for their in- States. It is a fact that to date, Mexico medieval castle rising like a strange mirage volvement in a cocaine smuggling and still has not extradited a single Mexi- above cactus and scrub brush, abandoned distribution network that had been op- houses and closed shops. can national convicted of drug traffick- Camelot, as the ostentatious, slate-blue erating, and flourishing, in the United ing in the United States. disco and concert hall is known, stands as a States. This successful law enforce- At the Banking Committee’s recent stark reminder of how the culture of narcot- ment initiative is a major victory in hearing, perhaps the most compelling, ics trafficking can ravage cities as well as the war against the drugs and narcot- and disturbing testimony came from T. people. Bountiful narco-dollars—brought in ics-related crimes which are ravaging J. Bonner, a border patrol agent. Mr. by drug lords who used clandestine airstrips our cities. Bonner testified about his first hand outside of town for cocaine shipments to the Mr. President, there are daily news views of life on the firing lines in this United States—built the castle and fueled an reports of rampant corruption and economic boom in the city. war on drugs. He also provided a dis- Then, as quickly as the narco-dollars abuse within the Mexican Government turbing account of the January 1996 poured in, they suddenly evaporated when involving members of its law enforce- killing of Border Patrol Agent Jeffer- the new boss of Mexico’s most powerful drug ment. I will ask to have printed in the son Barr. Mr. Barr was shot and killed mafia started using Boeing 727 cargo planes RECORD an article from last Sunday’s while intercepting a group of Mexican to bypass Nueva Casas Grandes and similar Washington Post, entitled ‘‘The Drug drug smugglers in Eagle Pass, TX. One cities, transforming their narco booms into Fiefdom of Northern Mexico.’’ Accord- of Mr. Barr’s murderers was identified recessionary busts. ing to this April 28 article, ‘‘The four ‘‘The drug dealers brought shoes in by the and located by the FBI in a hospital in boxes, but now the money is not coming this main Mexican drug mafias—all Mexico. This killer was charged with way,’’ complained Ricardo Contreras, 24, who headquartered along the 2,000 mile murder and the United States is seek- shines shoes in the town square. U.S.-Mexico border—now supply more ing his extradition. But the Govern- His is not the only ruined city along the than 70% of the cocaine and half of all ment of Mexico has failed to honor this U.S.-Mexican border. The rise and demise of the marijuana sold in the U.S. The request. This is an outrage and a trag- Nueva Casas Grandes reflects how drug traf- drugs funnel as much as $30 billion a edy. The United States administration ficking has reshaped the economic, social year in illegal proceeds back into Mex- and political landscape of northern Mexico must get tough with the Mexican Gov- in the last five years. Shifting dynamics in ico—more than the country’s top two ernment and demand their full co- the international drug trade, as well as legitimate exports combined.’’ operation in dealing with these crimi- growing pressure on traffickers in Colombia, Maybe the administration and the nals. where cocaine largely is produced, have Mexican Government are finally will- Mr. President, the flood of narcotics turned this region known for its booming ing to acknowledge the severity and being sent from Mexico to the United manufacturing industry, burgeoning impact of the drug problem. According States is tearing apart the social fabric consumer class and progressive politics into to other news reports, Mexican narcot- of our country. Senator FEINSTEIN and a land of laundered drug money, riddled with ics organizations rely on protection I recently introduced a bill, S. 1547, corruption and violence. Northern Mexico’s slide toward becoming a from members of the government, po- which would prevent the administra- new Latin fiefdom for the movement of drugs lice, and judiciary for their continued tion from wasting more taxpayer dol- is a major problem for the United States, success and growth. These drug syn- lars on the Mexican bailout unless con- long accustomed to viewing the region as a dicates then turn to the Mexican banks certed measures are taken to stop the model of development. The four main Mexi- and exchange houses to launder their massive flow of narcotics from Mexico can drug mafias—all headquartered along dirty money. This incredible expansion into the United States. I urge my col- the 2,000-mile U.S.-Mexico border—now sup- of the Mexican narcotics trade and the leagues to support this bill. ply more than 70 percent of the cocaine and alleged corruption of Mexican Govern- Mr. President, the administration half of all the marijuana sold in the United States, in addition to large quantities of her- ment officials and business leaders is must continue to open their eyes to oin and methamphetamine. The drugs funnel unprecedented. Unfortunately, Mexi- these problems. We cannot pretend as as much as $30 billion a year in illegal pro- co’s drug problems are not confined to if they do not exist and simply hope ceeds back into Mexico—more than the the south side of our shared border. they will disappear. As a result of the country’s top two legitimate exports com- Mr. President, I was encouraged to administration’s past neglect and un- bined. learn that the Mexican Government fi- willingness to confront the drug prob- For a decade, northern Mexico has been nally took a long-overdue first step lem, the narcotics crisis in this coun- the embodiment of American hopes about with its enactment earlier this week of try has escalated in the last 3 years. where its southern neighbor was going. It has been the region where private enterprise an anti-money-laundering bill, but this The administration’s charade in de- and export-oriented manufacturing flour- is only the first step. The true test will claring Mexico as ‘‘fully cooperative’’ ishes, where peasants move up from poverty, be whether, and how, the law is actu- under the Foreign Assistance Act must where the North American Free Trade ally enforced. One thing is certain, the end. If the Mexican Government wants Agreement is gospel, and where pluralism defensiveness and reluctance of Mexi- to pretend there are no problems and and the beginnings of real democracy in can officials to acknowledge the sever- feign indignation when confronted with Mexico have taken root. Now it is threaten- ity of the money laundering problem is these issues, then they should not ex- ing to become an enormous menace—an em- very disturbing. I am in full support of pect United States financial support in pire of drug lords who smuggle cocaine and weapons across the border, corrupt officials the recent, and valid, statements made any form. The future of our country on both sides of the border and terrorize bor- by Thomas Constantine, Administrator and our children is at stake. der cities with assassinations. for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency Mr. President, Secretary Christopher Here, where the money first arrives from regarding this money laundering epi- should take a strong antidrug message the United States in car trunks, by wire S4680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 3, 1996 transfers and—in recent months—through forcement Network estimates it at $10 bil- With many more billions of dollars at risk, huge third-party check-buying networks, the lion to $30 billion. Carrillo and his competitors are seldom seen influence of billions of narco-dollars has be- Nowhere are the effects of the drug trade in the restaurants and discos they have built come embedded in the culture of the fron- more evident than in booming border cities across northern Mexico. They have not given tier, transcending the usual symbols of drug such as Ciudad Juarez, a roiling metropolis up their lavish lifestyles, but now they en- trafficking: the ostentatious pink mansions of 1.3 million that is joined by five bridges to tertain in private while threatening local of the newly wealthy, the crude graffiti of El Paso, Tex. Authorities say it is the home newspaper editors to keep away their pho- the multiplying street gangs in border of Mexico’s most powerful drug cartel. tographers. Often traffickers invite well- slums, the frequent shootouts between feud- Despite the nationwide recession, Juarez— known music stars to sing for select guests ing drug factions and the wars between cor- along with many of its sister cities along the inside well-guarded ranches near their north- rupt police units. border—is growing, if not prospering. Em- ern Mexico headquarters and lavish com- The money is financing the businesses ployment is up, glitzy new office buildings pounds in more glamorous parts of the coun- where residents eat, play, work, shop and in- are under construction, and its bars and res- try, such as Guadalajara, Acapulco and other vest. It is altering the lives and health of taurants are packed. While much of the resort areas. their children and families, leading to sky- city’s economic success is the result of le- But Carrillo and his counterparts are no rocketing homicide and overdose rates. It is gitimate business, a strong industrial base less brutal than those before them. greasing the governments that run the and cross-border tourism from El Paso, city Shootouts between rival groups often occur cities, states and nation. residents from all walks of life say drug along the border; in some major cities, drug ‘‘It is part of everyday life in northern money has become so entwined in their local assassinations are nearly a daily occurrence. Mexico,’’ said Luis Astorga, a sociologist economy that above-board businesses and The victims’ bodies are left with the telltale who has written extensively about the social those financed by narco-dollars are difficult mafia signatures: hands tied and a single and cultural impact of the drug trade in his to separate. bullet in the head. native frontier region. ‘‘It cannot be sepa- The influx of drug money has helped shape Last year, the largest cities along the bor- rated from the legitimate economy or the the city, from seedy discos and bars that run der recorded more than 1,000 slayings, more authorities in power.’’ along the underbelly of downtown Juarez to than half of them drug-related and unsolved. Northern Mexico has been a major smug- ritzy country club estates clustered around a In Tijuana, for example, there were 121 homi- gling route since early in this century, when green oasis of golf courses in newly develop- cides in the last six months, and officials say cattle rustler-turned-guerrilla Pancho Villa ing suburbs. at least half involved drugs. stormed across the desert frontier fomenting The Juarez Cartel and the many local or- Last year in Juarez, homicides were up 25 the revolutionary fervor of 1917. It is a vast ganizations that are its subcontractors for percent to 295, of which police estimate 70 territory of dry lake beds ideal for landing transporting the drugs have bought heavily percent were drug-related. Two years ago, into trucking businesses and car dealerships cocaine-packed jets, scrub desert perfect for the tortured bodies of the city’s newly re- for their operations. One major trafficking eluding border guards, industrial areas with tired police chief and two of his sons were family owns a petroleum company and is numerous warehouses for stockpiling tons of found in the trunk of their car, which had said to use its tanker truckers for smuggling illegal drugs and border stations where cus- been parked on one of the busy bridges con- drugs, according to U.S. and Mexican law en- toms officials check barely 5 percent of the necting Juarez and El Paso. Family members forcement officials. And the boss of the 87 million vehicles that cross each year. said they believed the three were murdered Juarez cartel, Amado Carrillo Fuentes, al- The cities of northern Mexico have diverse by drug lords who suspected the 26-year vet- economies, developed from decades of legiti- legedly owns several small airlines. In Tijuana, the Arellano-Felix brothers— eran policeman of being an informant for mate cross-border trade and tourism with leaders of the violent Tijuana Cartel—are U.S. law enforcement officials. their richer northern neighbor. The border City officials say much of the sharp rise in suspected of using a local racetrack to laun- was crossed last year by about 232 million der their drug money. Juan Garcia Abrego, homicides and other crimes in Juarez is a people, making it the world’s busiest inter- the recently arrested head of the Gulf Cartel, side effect of the Juarez Cartel’s practice of national boundary. reportedly owned more than a dozen used-car subcontracting its transportation and dis- It is Mexico’s most prosperous and indus- and automotive parts stores along the south tribution needs to numerous smaller organi- trialized region, stretching from Tijuana— Texas-Mexican border. zations along the border. Those groups in the country’s most visited tourist destina- But law enforcement officials and local turn often hire local smuggling families on tion—through dusty desert villages, past business leaders say it has become difficult street gang members to carry the drugs into grimy Cuidad Juarez on the border and east- to track the investments of the cartels and the United Sates in the trunks of cars, on ward toward the high-rises and belching in- their associates. ‘‘They’re getting much the backs of mules in more remote desert dustries of Monterrey, dubbed the Pittsburgh smarter,’’ said a Juarez businessman. ‘‘You areas, or hidden in boxes of tennis shoes, to- of Mexico. Despite the country’s deepest eco- can’t drive down the street anymore and say matoes or other legitimate commercial nomic recession in 60 years, northern Mexi- that and that and that was built by the drug items hauled by 18-wheel trucks. co’s border cities continue to boom, adding lords. Now they’re using middlemen to buy As a result, hundreds of newly created jobs in a year of record unemployment na- buildings.’’ ganps—put at 450 today, up from 120 five tionally and building new industries during a For many residents, the map of northern years ago—are battling for control of the period of unprecedented bankruptcies and Mexico is determined not by highways and street sale of drugs in Juarez. In many parts collapsing businesses. state lines but by the frequently changing of downtown Juarez, gangs with names such But now the underground economy built territories controlled by drug-trafficking or- as Los Gatos (The Cats) or El Puente Negro from decades of smuggling contraband, peo- ganizations. The areas shift each time a (The Black Bridge gang), the city’s most no- ple and drugs to the United States has be- kingpin is assassinated or jailed. torious, rule the night and mark their terri- come so intertwined with the region’s legiti- Today, two mafias dominate the region— tory with bold spray-painted graffiti. mate wealth that the two are almost indis- the Juarez and the Tijuana cartels—and two With so much cocaine entering northern tinguishable, according to investigators. The other powerful groups, the Sonora and Gulf Mexico, an increasing amount never leaves. constantly flowing river of people and cartels, operate variously at odds or in con- The Mexican drug cartels often take pay- money—magnified by the North American cert with them. The major trafficking orga- ment from their Colombian cocaine suppliers Free Trade Agreement among the United nizations are known by several names, but in the form of drugs rather than cash—a por- States, Mexico and Canada—is a perfect dis- generally are associated with their areas of tion of which they sell locally. Juarez last guise for moving drugs in a narco-dollars out geographic control. They, in turn, sub- year reported that drug ‘‘shooting galleries’’ of the United States, investigators say. contract the logistics of transporting their multiplied faster than police could track One highly audible indication of how drug drugs among an estimated 250 families and them. culture has penetrated the north of Mexico is gangs that work specific smuggling routes So while Mexico’s national leaders are fond found on the radio airwaves, where the most across the frontier. of saying drugs merely pass through Mexico popular songs are ‘‘narco-ballads’’ about dar- The Juarez Cartel, headed by Carrillo, en route to the world’s largest consumer ing trafficking escapades with drug lords as today is undisputedly the most powerful market of illegal narcotics, the outspoken the heroes and police as the bad guys. The mafia, controlling the central trafficking mayor of Juarez, Ramon Galindo Noriega, songs belt out the tales of mafia rivalries corridor between Juarez and El Paso. In re- says that is no longer the case. Last year, 90 and hapless U.S. drug agents with extraor- cent months Carrillo also has begun expand- people died of overdoses—up from four or dinarily accurate details of the constantly ing east into the territory of the Gulf Cartel, five the previous year, according to the changing drug world. ‘‘Mess with the mafia which is in disarray after the arrest earlier major. and pay with your hide,’’ one warns. this year of its alleged kingpin, Garcia According to court testimony in the Unit- While the exact amount of narcotics Abrego. ed States and U.S. and Mexican law enforce- money flowing back to Mexico is impossible Carrillo, who took over the Juarez Cartel ment officials, the cartels pay as much as to calculate, Mexican Assistant Attorney after his rival for the leadership was gunned $500 million a year in protection money to General Moises Moreno Hernandez, speaking down on a Cancun beach three years ago, is Mexican police, politicians and government at a conference last August, estimated that considered the pioneer of the new breed of officials—from the lowest border guard to $30 billion was returned to Mexico in 1994. shrewder, more corporate cartel bosses who the highest reaches of the federal govern- The U.S. Treasury’s Financial Crime En- shun the limelight. ment. Just this month, the governor of the May 3, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S4681 border state of Nuevo Leon was forced to re- gether with about a dozen smaller groups, Munising was first founded in 1850 sign following accusations of mismanage- they have been dubbed The Mexican Federa- when the Munising Co. bought 87,000 ment and drug-related corruption. tion by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Adminis- acres of land on the eastern shore of In some respects, northern Mexico should tration and gross an estimated $10 billion to Munising Bay. The land changed hands have had the best chance of any region of the $30 billion annually in narcotics sales in the nation to shake off decades of political cor- United States. Family ties are important to for the next 20 years as businesses ruption and offer tough resistance to the rise the groups, most of which can trace their opened and closed in the area. of the drug kingpins. lineage back decades to the cross-border In 1870, the beginnings of a thriving It was the first region of the country where smuggling of contraband such as stolen cars. town were seen. The village of 30 homes members of the conservative opposition Na- THE TIJUANA CARTEL was centered around the blast furnace tional Action Party (PAN) broke the stran- which had just begun producing iron. glehold of the ruling Institutional Revolu- Currently the second most powerful cartel. Considered the most violent of the Mexican The village had a blacksmith shop, tionary Party (PRI), winning governorships, sawmill, dock, and a government light- mayoralties and municipal seats with prom- organizations. Best known for the ambush of ises of fighting entrenched corruption. Catholic Cardinal Juan Jesus Posadas house. The village continued to thrive Instead, the drug cartels are more powerful Ocampo at Guadalajara Airport in May 1993. until 1877, when a fire destroyed the than ever. Leaders: Arellano-Felix brothers—Ben- whole community. One of the first PAN governors in the jamin, Ramon, Javier and Francisco (cur- By 1895, the lumber baron Timothy north, Ernesto Ruffo Appel, former governor rently jailed in Mexico)—who are the neph- Nester had acquired 184,000 acres in of Baja California, said he found drug-based ews of Guadalajara Cartel co-founder Miguel Munising Bay. He quickly began work corruption too institutionalized to clean up Angel Felix Gallardo. on a railroad to connect Munising to from the governor’s office. Activities: Controls most of drug smug- ‘‘The system doesn’t work,’’ said Ruffo, gling across the California border; has re- South Shore. A town was planned and who works at the national party level. cently diversified to become one of the main several buildings were built from the ‘‘Everybody’s on the take. There’s just too suppliers of methamphetamine, consolidat- nearby lumber. In January 1896, a post much money.’’ ing its position through a violent turf war in office was opened to serve the town’s According to many law enforcement offi- San Diego. 500 residents. In March 1896, the village cials and political specialists, the institu- THE SONORA CARTEL was incorporated and Nester was tionalization of corruption is a key mile- Also known as the Caro Quintero organiza- named president. The new town ex- stone in northern Mexico’s journey toward tion; made up of remnants of the old Guada- panded rapidly and after a year its resi- becoming a drug fiefdom. ‘‘In the past, you had specific protection lajara Cartel, best known for the brutal 1985 dents numbered 3,500. The lumber in- rackets that were between particular peo- torture and killing of DEA agent Enrique dustry would continue to drive the ex- ple,’’ said a U.S. law enforcement official Camarena. pansion of the village for many years who monitors drug trafficking on the border. Leaders/co-founders: Rafael Caro Quintero, to come. ‘‘Now you increasingly have protection [for under arrest. Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, Today, Munising is a small and vi- the cartels] regardless of who sits in a par- arrested in 1989, remains a major player from prison. brant community. Many people from ticular law enforcement job.’’ Michigan and around the country come At the low end, police, because of their Acting leader: Miguel Caro Quintero, poor pay, traditionally have been thoroughly brother of Rafael. to Munising to experience the many ac- corrupted by drug cartels. Police frequently Activities: Among the first Mexican orga- tivities its natural beauty has to offer. act as bodyguards and assassins for the king- nizations to transport drugs for the Colom- I know that my Senate colleagues join pins, and raging gun battles among local, bian kingpins. Main trafficking routes me in congratulating the city of state and federal police units—some in the through Arizona border area known as ‘‘co- Munising on its 100th anniversary.∑ caine alley’’ with movements also coordi- pay of the cartels, the others trying to arrest f them—are commonplace. nated through the Juarez Cartel in the terri- Late one night a few weeks ago, a Wild tory controlled by that organization. RISE IN DRUG USE West-style shootout exploded on the streets THE JUAREZ CARTEL ∑ Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, ear- of Juarez—police were fighting it out with Currently the most powerful of the Mexi- police. lier this week I and several of my col- can cartels. leagues—Mr. COVERDELL, Mr. KYL, Mr. Carloads of federal police surrounded city Leader: Amado Carrillo Fuentes, about 40; NICKLES, Mr. GRAMM, Mr. DOMENICI, police headquarters and within minutes took over in 1993. Shuns flamboyant lifestyle shooting broke out, leaving one federal offi- of his competitors, and is said to represent a Mr. FRIST, and Mr. CRAIG—came to this cer dead on the bloodied pavement and sev- new breed of kingpin who believes in com- floor to discuss the disturbing rise in eral city police wounded in what many offi- promising with rivals. drug use in this country since the be- cials described as an outgrowth of simmering Activities: Carrillo Fuentes pioneered the ginning of the Clinton administration. tensions between rival drug protection rack- use of Boeing 727s for bulk shipments of as Yesterday, the Wall Street Journal edi- ets. much as 15 tons of cocaine between South ‘‘I know I have policemen who are paid by torialized on the same subject. I ask America and northern Mexico. Cartel oper- the drug dealers,’’ said Mayor Galindo. ‘‘I that the editorial be printed in the ates primarily through Juarez-El Paso and pay 2,200 pesos [$297] a month. A drug dealer RECORD. surrounding desert along the west Texas and can give $1,000 a week for protection. I can’t New Mexico borders. The editorial follows: compete. When I listen to the politicians in WAITING TO EXHALE THE GULF CARTEL Mexico City talk about the drug struggle, Now, in April 1996, with eight months left they don’t know what they’re talking about. Once undisputed champ of the Mexican or- on a four-year term, Bill Clinton flies the Where can I hire police I can trust?’’ ganizations. Cartel’s fortunes began to fade press into Miami so he can be seen standing A few months before the shootout, Juarez about a year ago after its alleged kingpin, shoulder to shoulder with General Barry city police—frustrated that their federal Juan Garcia Abrego, 51, had to go under- McCaffrey, a decorated war hero he’s en- counterparts, charged with enforcing drug ground. He was arrested in January and de- listed to lead a war on drugs. Standing laws, were taking no action to stop the pro- ported to the United States, where he is among schoolchildren Monday, the President liferation of drug shooting galleries in the standing trial in Houston. poured his great rhetorical heart onto the city—leaked the addresses of 90 known drug Leader: Oscar Malherve, one of Abrego’s drug war. Along the way came these key houses to a local newspaper. The paper pub- top lieutenants and money-launderers. words: ‘‘Make no mistake about it, this has lished the list and confronted the federal po- Activities: Moves drugs primarily through got to be a bipartisan, American, nonpoliti- lice, who said they had never been given the the Texas border region, particularly Mata- cal effort.’’ Translation: Don’t blame me for list. ‘‘We published the list as proof that moros-Brownsville, and along the Gulf coast- this problem, especially during an election they’d received it,’’ said an editor. ‘‘And al shores.∑ campaign. they did nothing.’’ f In fact, Bill Clinton’s retreat in the drug Ruffo and others say even the judicial sys- war is among the worst sins for which his tem has become co-opted, by money or fear. CITY OF MUNISING’S 100TH Administration should be held accountable. ‘‘Judges are afraid they might be killed. It’s ANNIVERSARY After years of decline in drug use, recent very risky to confront this,’’ Ruffo said. On surveys make it clear that a younger that, he shares the pessimism of many in ∑ Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I rise today to commemorate the 100th anni- generation of Americans is again at risk. northern Mexico: ‘‘If we can’t even trust the The number of 12-to-17-year-olds using judicial system, we have nothing.’’ versary of the incorporation of the city marijuana increased to 2.9 million in 1994 THE MEXICAN FEDERATION of Munising, MI. In the Chippewa lan- from 1.6 million in 1992. Marijuana use in- Four organizations dominate the inter- guage, Munising means Place of the creased 200% among 14-to-15-year-olds during national drug trade in northern Mexico. To- Great Island. the same period. Since 1992, according to