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Feijoa History and Improvement

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Feijoa History and Improvement Table 2. Storage temperature effects on pH and percent soluble solids of 'Fuya' persimmons. Two week Firmness 2 Nov. 9 Nov. Storage at 3 Soluble Soluble Temp (C)z Weeks pH Solids (%) pH Solids (%) Initial Firm 5.86(0.142)y 14.6(1.203)y 5.77(0.144)y 13.9* (At harvest) (1.300) 0 Firm 5.74(0.158) 16.2 (2.869) 5.64(0.179) 14.1 (l.U^4) 0 Soft 5.29 (0.046) 13.8(0.824) 5.43(0.162) 13.6 (0.716) 5 Firm — none — none — 5 Soft 5.54 (0.263) 14.6(0.824) 5.42 (0.086) 14.2 (1 com \i.O5\J) 10 Firm 5.78(0.134) 13.9(0.640) 5.32 (0.089) 13.4 (U.O44) 10 Soft 5.41 (0.055) 13.1(0.531) 5.43(0.153) 13.3 (1.275) 20 Firm 5.96 (0.074) 15.2(0.839) 5.83(0.117) 13.5 (U. /Do) 20 Soft 5.74(0.107) 15.0(1.176) 5.40(0.071) 13.6 (0.839) 2Fruit harvested 2 Nov. and 9 Nov. 1992. Stored at 0, 5, 10 or 20C for 2 weeks, followed by 1 week at 20C. After 3 weeks storage, five firm and five soft fruit selected. yData are means of five fruit. (Sd). should be performed to determine practical postharvest growers 'Fuya' persimmons during storage. N. Z. T. of Exp. Agr. treatments to enhance uniform ripening and to develop 15:333-344. appropriate methods for handling and packaging. Miller, E. P. and T. E. Crocker 1992. Oriental persimmons in Florida, Fl. Coop. Ext. Service, Inst. Food Agr. Sci., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL. SP 101. Yamazeki, Toshihiko, Katsuyuki Suzuki, Shoji Murase, and Satoshi Literature Cited Otake. 1981. Color charts: Useful guide to evaluate the fruit matura tion. II. Colorimetric specification of color chart for Kaki fruit, cv. Collins R. J., D. P. George, and A. D. Mount. 1993. The world trade in 'Hiratanenashi'. Reprinted from the Bulletin of the Fruit Tree Re persimmons. Chromica Hort. 33(3):5-7. search Station (China Ministry of Ag., Forestry and Fisheries) Series MacRae, E. A. 1987. Development of chilling injury in New Zealand A No. 8, 1981. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 106:134-139. 1993. FEIJOA HISTORY AND IMPROVEMENT R. H. Sharpe, W. B. Sherman, and E. P. Miller fulness, and newer germplasm are problems for improvement Horticultural Sciences Department of this interesting fruit and ornamental plant. IFAS, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Many hundreds of plants of Feijoa are in ornamental hedges and a few in foundation plantings on the University of Florida campus. Because of its hardiness and other qual Additional index words. Varieties, propagation, climatic ities, it is recommended by Watkins and Sheehan (1969) in adaptation, pollination. their popular book on landscape plants for Florida. In 1990, we began to survey the local plantings for possibility Abstract. Horticultural development of Feijoa sellowiana Berg. of a dual fruiting and landscaping plant. Feijoa flowers in as a fruiting plant is discussed with notes on its origin, history, late April and May and fruit ripen in September and Oc climatic adaptation, cultural requirements, and cultivar de tober, so there are no frost hazards to fruiting. The plant scription and performance in Florida. Propagation, self-fruit- withstands winter cold to —10C (14F) or lower without in jury and is hardy throughout Florida (Mowry et al., 1958) as well as most of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Why has it not also become of interest for its fruit in Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. N-00796. Florida, as it has in California, New Zealand, Uruguay, We thank the following who have helped us in the study of Feijoa cultivars in Florida: Bemis Gordon, Brooksville; Jim Mercer, Chiefland; France, Russia, and other parts of the world? This paper and the Crowleys, Crawfordville, FL. may answer some questions and suggest solutions. 134 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 106: 1993. History little wonder the plant has not lived up to its potential or expectations. A good discussion of culture is given by One of the earliest and longest papers on Feijoa was by Franklin (1985). F. W. (Wilson) Popenoe (1912). Its first sentence - "Among the fruits which have been offered as commercial possibili Climatic Needs and Winter Chilling ties in California, there are few which possess such intrinsic merit as this one here considered." He describes its beauty, The Feijoa is native from 26° to 35° south latitude. In fine flavor, hardiness and good keeping qualities. He states Brazil, it grows in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, "Upon returning from South America in 1890, the late Dr. mostly at elevations of 400 to 1400 m. It thrived in the Eduard Andre, one of the most noted French botanists Mediterranean climates of France and California, and and horticulturists of his day, brought with him from La much literature states it needs the cool winters and dry Plata, Brazil, a layered plant of Feijoa sellowiana." Those summers of this climate. In contrast, its native habitat is who read this non-critically assume this original introduc warm and moderately wet in summer. There can be great tion to the rest of the world came from Brazil. La Plata is variation in rainfall, with droughts, but it occurs with the in Argentina, not Brazil, and later in his paper, he makes Butia palm (Cocos spp.) and the majestic Araucaria forests it plain that the plant's home was Uruguay. Only recently of Santa Caterina, Brazil. This region has cold enough win have Brazilian horticulturists begun working with this ters to nearly satisfy the winter chilling need of 'Gala' and plant (Raseira, 1992; Ducroquet, 1993). Some seed impor other apples and enough for 600 chilling hour plus peaches tations from Uruguay to France were made after 1890. at 800 to 1000 m elevation. The coldest month mean tem From these sources, seeds and plants were obtained for peratures and winter chilling in Uruguay, France, and trial in California and Florida. Later seeds from Argentina coastal California, where it thrives, are even lower, about were also obtained in California. The plants in Florida 9 to 12C. Porto Alegre, Brazil, on the coast, is similar to were tried mostly in the southern part of the state and Gainesville, 14C (57F) and coastal Santa Caterina is still were not fruitful. warmer, but we do not know of native Feijoa in these areas. Feijoa germplasm base outside its area of origin appears Ortho books (1985) is the only specific reference to rather narrow; coming mostly from Uruguay to France to amount of chilling needed, 100 to 200 hours, (presumably at California and subsequently to New Zealand and other 7C). Many others (Morton, 1987; Maxwell, 1991; Popenoe, countries. This may be a factor in adaptation to Florida, as 1920) emphasize its subtropical adaptation. Whatley, 1989, discussed later under winter chilling need. Feijoa may not in a list of cultivars states 'Coolidge' and 'Nazemetz' do not be native in Argentina and Paraguay (Ducroquet, F. P., need chilling, but this may not refer to fruiting. We think EPAGRI, Videira, S. C. Brazil, pers. comm., 1993). the coldest month mean temperature should be no higher Popenoe (1912) suggested Feijoa (fay-zho-a) as a com than 16C (6IF) for good flowering and fruiting. The oldest mon name in English. In Brazil, it is goiabeira serrana; in trees at the University of Florida, of unknown origin, flower Uruguay, guayabo. Recently there has been a claim that later than the younger plants raised from local produced the genus name should be Acca not Feijoa (Landrum, 1986; fruits, possibly indicating some progress in adaptation. Agricultural Research Service, 1992). It seems that Berg Feijoa, like the olive, (Hartmann, 1952; Chandler, 1958) described Acca in 1856 and Feijoa in 1858. Then Landrum appears to need winter chilling to initiate flowers on the studied Feijoa and a related plant Acca lanuginosa and new growth. There is little or no flowering of Feijoa at stated that "I agree with Burret that Acca and Feijoa should Miami and poor flowering south of Melbourne, Orlando, be united". Because of this combining of three species and St. Petersburg, Florida. Vegetative growth of olive is under Acca and the priority of Acca sellowiana Berg, some not particularly affected in warmer regions, but there is literature from New Zealand since 1985 reflects this change little observation of effects on Feijoa. Neither Mowry et al. with Feijoa appearing as a common name. In the U.S.A. (1953) or Watkins and Sheehan (1969) comment on adap the plant is also commonly called Pineapple Guava; it has tation to warmer areas of Florida. There are a few quite several other Spanish and Portuguese names in its native vigorous plants as far south as Miami, although none are home. fruitful. There is a need to determine the relative influences The other two species placed with sellowiana in the of winter chilling and self-sterility as factors in poor fruiting. genus Acca are found wild on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru. The nearest relative is found at elevations Cultivars of 1800 to 2400 m and Landrum (1986) thinks it might "hy bridize" with sellowiana and perhaps would make an in Since 1912 when Popenoe described the first cultivars, teresting ornamental. He does not guess at its cold-hardi there have been perhaps 40 others named, mostly in Uru ness. The other species was collected at 2800 to 3000 m.
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