DE DE GRUYTER OPEN Differentiation of soils in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake 115 SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL DOI: 10.1515/ssa-2017-0014 Vol. 68 No. 3/2017: 115–124

MACIEJ MARKIEWICZ1*, S£AWOMIR S. GONET1, W£ODZIMIERZ MARSZELEWSKI2, £UKASZ MENDYK1, MARCIN SYKU£A1

1Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruñ, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Toruñ, Poland 2 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruñ, Department of Hydrology and Water Management 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Toruñ, Poland

Differentiation of soils and land use changes in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake (Northern Poland)

Abstract: The aims of the study were to characterize shoreline soil development and evolution and to determine land use changes (19th to 20th centuries) in the direct catchment of the completely vanished Gardeja lake. The study was based on pedological research and analysis of cartographic materials. The main factor determining the current development of shoreline zone soil cover at the former Gardeja lake was human activity (lake dewatering, further drainage and human-induced erosion). Studied soil profiles were developed from mineral, non-lacustrine materials (upper parts of the slopes) and lacustrine sediments covered with colluvium. The analyzed soil catenas are representative for the undulated young glacial landscape of Northern Poland. The biggest changes of the land use were observed for the class of grasslands that is combined with shrubs (increase of cover area). Keywords: Limnic soils, colluvial soils, land use changes, lake dewatering, post-lacustrine deposits

INTRODUCTION alterations. Furthermore, it also causes changes in the direction of pedogenetic processes (£achacz et al. Post-glacial lakes have been subject to a processes 2009, Gonet et al. 2010, Mendyk and Markiewicz leading to their disappearance since the very beginning 2013, Markiewicz et al. 2015, Mendyk et al. 2016). of their existence (e.g. Kalinowska 1961). These could Completely new soils are being developed from the be both natural processes (e.g. climatic, hydrological, dehydrated limnic sediments as gyttja and/or peat geological and biological factors) as well as anthro- often surrounds the former reservoirs (Uggla 1968, pogenic factors (Galon 1954, Kalinowska 1961, Smith Olkowski 1971, £achacz et al. 2009). In the case of et al. 2005, Liu et al. 2006, Radatz et al. 2010, Ptak agricultural use, these soils are mainly covered with 2013, Skowron and Jaworski 2017). The main anthro- pastures and meadows (Kalisz et al. 2015, Glina et pogenic factors causing the lakes disappearance include al. 2016). Areas of arable lands are also increasing drainage work, industrial and agricultural water (Gonet et al. 2010, Markiewicz et al. 2015). Erosion consumption, channel constructing or river engineering processes were triggered by tillage in the areas (Niewiarowski and Kot 2011). However, natural characterized by strongly undulated relief. This mechanisms can be initiated and/or accelerated by situation causes the development of colluvial soils, human activity. The pace of lake disappearance has mainly in the aggradation zone at the foot of slopes increased distinctly in the 19th and 20th centuries (Sowiñski et al. 2004, Smólczyñski and Orzechow- (Churski 1988, Marszelewski et al. 2011). The lake ski 2010, Smólczyñski et al. 2011, Wysocka-Czuba- area has been decreasing mainly as a result of escalating szek 2012, Œwitoniak 2014, 2015, Markiewicz et al. anthropic pressure. In extreme cases, especially in 2015, Mendyk et al. 2016). Northern Poland, some lakes have totally disappeared The aims of this paper were to characterize soil (Srokowski 1930, Kalinowska 1961, Marszelewski development and evolution in the shoreline and 2005). determine land use changes (19th to 20th centuries) in Lake water-level decrease often leads to major the direct catchment of the now completely vanished changes in the environment of the vanishing lake’s Gardeja lake. The study was based on pedological direct catchment. The change of the water relation field and laboratory research as well as analysis of influences plant cover transformations and land-use the available cartographic materials.

* PhD., M. Markiewicz, [email protected] http://ssa.ptg.sggw.pl/issues/2017/683 116 MACIEJ MARKIEWICZ, S£AWOMIR S. GONET, W£ODZIMIERZ MARSZELEWSKI, £UKASZ MENDYK, MARCIN SYKU£A

STUDY AREA (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015). The English equivalents for the soil taxa names in the Polish Soils The study area included the direct catchment of Classification were provided after Œwitoniak et al. the now vanished Gardeja lake, located in the I³awa (2016). Soil horizons were designated in respect to Lake District (Kondracki 2001) in northern Poland PSC 2011. (Figure 1, part I). The total lake catchment area Polish and German topographic maps from different determined for research purposes was about 4.9 km2 periods were used in order to define land use changes. and was situated on an undulating morainic plateau Cartographic materials were scanned and georectified consisting of glacial tills. There were several closed into a PUWG 1965 coordinate system using ESRI depressions within the ground moraine, including ArcGIS 9.3 software. post-lacustrine depressions filled with peat and gyttja The following materials were used: or lacustrine and fluvioglacial sands (Detailed Geo- German topographic maps on a 1:25 000 scale: logical Map of Poland, sheet No. 207, Gardeja, – Garnsee sheet, Agronomische Bohrungen, 1: 50 000). Catchment soil cover was strictly connected mapped 1872, printed 1900; with relief and lithology (Detailed Geological Map – Garnsee sheet, Meβtischblatt 987, mapped of Poland, 1:50 000, sheet No. 207, Soil-agricultural 1906, printed 1936. map of Poland, 1:25 000, Gardeja sheet). Clay-illuvial Polish topographic maps on a 1:25 000 scale: soils (in Polish: gleby p³owe; also eroded soils) and – Gardeja sheet 335.43, mapped 1973, printed black earths (in Polish: czarne ziemie) developed from 1982. ground moraine tills dominated. Depressions were The direct catchment of Lake Gardeja was deter- covered with organic soils (in Polish: gleby organicz- mined using a Polish topographic map. Within this ne), gleysols (in Polish: gleby glejowe) and colluvial limited area, each map was digitized afterwards to 7 soils (in Polish: gleby deluwialne). classes: water bodies, arable lands, grasslands and shrub, forests, orchards, residential areas, graveyards. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lake Gardeja water level in the 13th century was based on historical records (Reymann’s Topographic Special- Six soil profiles were selected in two transects Map of Central Europe ca. 1850 A.D., No. 32, (Profiles 1–3 at the western and Profiles 4–6 at the Marienwerder sheet, 1:200 000 scale, Powierski 1979) eastern parts) located at the former Lake Gardeja and field mapping of limnic deposits. shoreline (Figure 1, parts II-A and II-B respectively). Both transects was delineated from a lower slope RESULTS AND DISCUSSION position up to the former lake shoreline (estimated from 13th century documents, Figure 1, parts III-A Changes in lake surface area and III-B, respectively). The studied soils were described according to Changes in the Gardeja lake surface area were clo- Guidelines for Soil Description (Jahn et al. 2006) and sely related to the history of local human activity. The mean samples were collected by genetic soil horizons. first mention of the lake’s existence dates back to 1334 The following soil properties were determined in A.D in a prerogative from the Pomezanian Bishop collected samples: loss of ignition (LOI) after placing Bertold to the town of Gardeja, in which it was stated dried samples for 3 h in 550°C, bulk density by the that the residents were allowed to use the lake (the oven-dry method, particle size distribution by the sieve one and only lake; Figure 2) surrounding the settle- method and the hydrometer (the Bouyoucos aerometric, ment (Powierski 1979). After that there were two do- modified by Cassagrande and Prószyñski) method, cuments dated from 1338 and 1361 A.D. talking about texture class names were provided in line with the two lakes consisting of twenty-one “fishing deep si- Polish Soil Science Society classification (Polskie tes” (lake parts). The hypothetical area covered by the Towarzystwo Gleboznawcze 2009), soil-to-solution lake at that time was about 143.9 ha. There was no pH ratio of 1:2.5 using 1M KCl and H2O as the mention about the water level decrease and reasons suspension medium, total organic carbon (TOC) content of the lake’s division into two parts in the historical by sample oxidation in the K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 documents. These changes were most mixture and total nitrogen content (Nt) by the Kjel- probably connected with natural climate fluctuations dahl method. Content of carbonates in soil was deter- and drainage works intensively conducted in this area mined in the field after 10% HCl treatment. The soils since the beginning of the 17th century (Churski 1988, were classified according to the Polish Soil Classifi- Marszelewski 2005). Analysis of the oldest map cation (PSC 2011) and WRB classification system researched in this study has confirmed that in the Differentiation of soils in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake 117

FIGURE 1. Location of the study area (part I), transects (part II) and studied soil profiles (part III) 118 MACIEJ MARKIEWICZ, S£AWOMIR S. GONET, W£ODZIMIERZ MARSZELEWSKI, £UKASZ MENDYK, MARCIN SYKU£A

FIGURE 2. Land use changes in direct catchment of Lake Gardeja second half of the 19th century there was no single, maps from the beginning of the 20th century (Meβ- but two “twin” Gardeja lakes covering about 84.8 ha, tischblatt 1936) that Lakes Gardeja was in the advan- which comprises about 17.1% of the total catchment ced overgrowth stage. By 1906, the lake decreased area (later in this paper – TCA; Agronomische Boh- by half to about 8.6% (42.4 ha) of TCA. rungen 1900). It was clearly visible on the German Differentiation of soils in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake 119

After the plebiscite of 1920, Gardeja lost part of grain structures and texture of sands, loamy sands and the fertile soils to the west of its territory due to the sandy loams (Table 1). The contents of total organic subsequent changes in the Polish-German border. carbon (TOC) in these colluvial materials varied from Later on, the town received a subsidy for lake 1.21 g·kg–1 (A2-profile 2, Table 2) to 32.1 g·kg–1 (A2 draining and to enlarge the agricultural useable areas – profile 1, Table 2) while the C:N ratio had a span in the close vicinity of the water body (Figure 2). The from 9.2 (A1 – profile 4, A – profile 6, Table 2) to main reason for the draining works was the large 15.5 (A(p) – profile 5, Table 2). The higher content amount of wasted grain cultivation, especially wheat, of TOC was observed in profiles located at the lower caused by high ground water level during spring slope positions. This was probably connected with (Schachschneider 1970). The surface area of Garde- the high level of groundwater affecting the decrease ja lakes was consistently decreasing and there is no in the rate of organic matter decomposition (PSC evidence of water bodies on the map as of 1973 (Fi- 1989, 2011, Jonczak and Kuczyñska 2008, Œwitoniak gure 2). 2015). There was probably no ploughing process on the former surface horizons into the colluvium cover Land-use changes in direct catchment observed e.g. in the area of Brodnica Lake District (Markiewicz et. al. 2015). In horizons developed from The direct catchment of Gardeja lake is 495.8 ha colluvium materials, no reaction with 10% HCl were in size. The draining of the lake significantly influenced observed, nevertheless the pH in H2O were relatively land use changes. The area of the pastures and high 6.2–7.5 (Table 2). The thickness of the colluvium meadows (together with the shrubs) extended from cover in profiles 1, 2 and 4 was the reason to classify 9.6% (47.8 ha) of TCA in 1872 to 14.9% (73.7 ha) in these soils with the preference (PSC 2011, IUSS 1906. The surface area of the grasslands and shrubs Working Group WRB 2015). Surface horizons did increased after the lake was ultimately drained. This not meet the criteria for the mollic epipedon in both was 23.7% (117.7 ha) in 1973 (Figure 2). Other changes of the used classification systems. Thus they have in the land use were not caused directly by the lake’s been classified as the arenosols (in Polish: arenosole, drainage. Among the analyzed land-use types, arable PSC 2011) because of their sandy texture. It should land has the largest share and was much more stable be stated that there is no information about the specific during the analysed period. This shifted from 67.7% colluvial origin in the name of these soils according to of TCA (335.8 ha) in 1872, through 70.8% in 1906 to PSC (2011). This was already noticed by Œwitoniak et 65.1% in 1973 (Figure 2). The slight decrease was al. (2016) for the soils derived from the sandy collu- a result of the afforestation of the sandy, less fertile vium in the area of the Brodnica Lake District. In the part of the catchment. This was a widely observed case of the IUSS WRB classification (2015), these tendency (Sewerniak et al. 2014, Mendyk et al. 2016). soils are too shallow to be classified as arenosols. Another explanation could be the economic transition For this reason, its systematic position was Colluvic from mainly agriculture to industry and services. Regosol (Arenic). Progressive urbanization has forced the acquisition of Despite the fact that erosion processes are the last arable land and orchards for building development processes modifying all of the studied profiles, these (an increase in the share of residential areas from 2.5% could simply be divided into two subgroups. Profile 1, of TCA in 1872 to 5.5% in 1973; Figure 2). 2, 4 and 5 were located within the former Lakes Garde- ja bottom while profiles 3 and 6 represent the dry parts Morphology, properties and genesis of the depression slopes (about 1.5 m over the water of studied soils level in 1873; Figure 1, parts IIIa and IIIb, respectively). Soil materials lying under the colluvium in profiles The uppermost parts of all the described soil profiles located in the former lake bottom had a lacustrine consist of mineral sediments transported from a (gyttjas and lacustrine sands) or glaciofluvic genesis higher slope position. While aggradation was the main (Detailed Geological Map of Poland, sheet No. 207, process in the case of profiles 1, 2, 4 and 5, the rede- Gardeja, 1: 50 000). These materials were characte- position of colluvium transported along the slope from rized by their large variety of chemical properties, higher positions took place as shown in profiles especially in terms of the TOC content. Organic ma- 3 and 6 (Figure 1 – IIIa and IIIb). A situation of this terials (according to PSC 2011) were observed in pro- kind is common in strongly undulated areas and files 1 (2Lcb – 159 g·kg–1 TOC, Table 2) and 2 (2Lcb could lead to preservation of soils in the middle part – 136 g·kg–1 TOC, Table 2). Other limnic horizons of the slopes against erosion (Œwitoniak 2014). These developed from limnic materials different than lacu- materials were characterized with subangular or single strine sands (in profile 2 – 2GLb, in profile 4 – 2GLb1 120 MACIEJ MARKIEWICZ, S£AWOMIR S. GONET, W£ODZIMIERZ MARSZELEWSKI, £UKASZ MENDYK, MARCIN SYKU£A

TABLE 1. Physical properties of the studied soils

lioS htpeD )tsiom(roloC erutcurtS lioS mmniretemaidhtiwnoitcarffotnecreP erutxeT noziroH noziroh )mc( erutsiom 50.0–0.2 200.0–50.0 200.0< ssalc yradnuob .l.s.am52.18=h,1eliforP cinmildeirubrevolosonerA )*jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(*losyelg geRcivulloCcirtuE–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cimuH,cinerA(loso 1A 54–0 1/4Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 28 31 5 SL–gp G 2A 85–54 1/5.5Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS 58 31 2 SL–gp C bcL2 49–85 1/5.3Y5.7 LP tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n C 1bG2 011–49 1/4Y5.7 GS tsioM 29 6 2 S–lp C 2bG2 021–011 1/5.4Y5.7 AM tsioM 06 02 02 LS–lg – .l.s.am05.28=h,2eliforP cinmildeirubrevolosonerA )*jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(*losyelg ulloC–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cinerA(losogeRciv 1A 21–0 1/4Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 78 6 7 SL–gp A 2A 73–21 1/5.6Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS 89 2 0 S–lp C 3A 06–73 1/5Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS 79 2 1 S–lp C bcL2 67–06 1/5.3Y5.7 LP tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n d.n A 1bG2 08–67 1/5Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n ***S–lp A bLG2 09–08 1/5.3Y5.7 LP tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n A 2bG2 79–09 1/5.6Y5.2 GS tsioM 89 1 1 S–lp C 3bG2 011–79 1/5Y5.2 GS tsioM 49 4 2 S–lp – .l.s.am57.38=h,3eliforP )awopytawojelgabelg(losyelglacipyT )cirA(losogeRciyelgitcileRcirtuE–BRW pA 92–0 1/4Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 77 41 9 LS–pg C 1gC2 34–92 2/6Y5.2 AM tsiomylthgilS 37 6 12 LCS–ipg W,G 2gC2 06–34 1/5.6Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS 38 21 5 SL–gp W,C 3gC2 56–06 1/6Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n ***SL–gp C 4gC2 08–56 1/5.5Y5.2 AM tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.ngp ***SL– C 5gC2 001–08 1/5Y5.2 AM tsioM 26 22 61 LS–lg – .l.s.am0.18=h,4eliforP cinmildeirubrevolosonerA )*jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(*losyelg ulloC–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cinerA(losogeRciv 1A 15–0 2/6Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 48 01 6 SL–gp C 2A 65–15 2/5.6Y5.2 AM tsiomylthgilS 67 81 6 SL–gp C 1bLG2 28–65 1/5.3Y5.7 LP tsioM .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n C 2bLG2 031–28 1/3Y5.7 LP teW .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n – l.s.am5.28-h,5eliforP )awopytawojelgabelg(losyelglacipyT )cirA(losivulFciyelgitcileRcirtuE–BRW pA )03(02–0 1/4Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 77 41 9 LS–pg W,C 1gC2 24–)03(02 1/5.6Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS 69 1 3 S–lp C LG2 05–24 1/5.3Y5.7 LP tsioM .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n C 2gC2 08–05 1/5.6Y5.2 GS tsiomylthgilS .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n C 3gC2 88–08 2/5.4Y5.2 GS tsioM 99 1 0 S–lp C 4gC2 031–88 2/6Y5.2 GS tsioM 98 7 4 S–lp – .l.s.am58=h,6eliforP P dabelG(losyelglacipytdeirubrevo**lioslaivullocrepor )jewopytjewojelgeibelgjenlapokan**awicœa³wanlaiwule )cimaoL,cirA(losogeRcivulloC–BRW pA 43–0 2/5.4Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 67 71 7 LS–pg D A 26–43 2/5Y5.2 AS tsiomylthgilS 77 41 9 LS–pg C bgC2 18–26 5.1/6Y5.2 AM tsiomylthgilS 86 51 71 LS–pg –

* new proposal, not included in PSC 2011, **according to suggestions by Œwitoniak (2015), ***determined in the field. Explanations, Structures: SG – single grain, MA – masive, SA – subangular, PL – platy; Horizon boundaries: C – clear, G – gradual, D – diffuse, A – abrupt, W – wavy; Texture class: pl – S – sand (piasek luŸny), ps – S – sand (piasek s³abogliniasty), pg – LS – loamy sand (piasek gliniasty), gp – SL – sandy loam (glina piaszczysta), gl – SL – sandy loam (glina piaszczysta), gpi – SCL – sandy clay loam (glina piaszczysto-ilasta). Differentiation of soils in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake 121

TABLE 2. Chemical and physico-chemical properties of the studied soils

noziroH htpeD IOL COT tN N:C Hp OCaC 3 ytisnedkluB 3– )mc( 1– mc·g( ) gk·g( ) Hni 2O lCKni .l.s.am52.18=h,1eliforP cinmildeirubrevolosonerA *)jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(*losyelg geRcivulloCcirtuE–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cimuH,cinerA(loso 1A 54–0 7.34 4.12 50.2 4.01 7.6 9.5 N 34.1 2A 85–54 8.26 1.23 66.2 1.21 7.6 9.5 N .d.n bcL2 49–85 503 951 5.31 8.11 9.6 4.6 N 14.0 1bG2 011–49 3.17 0.04 79.2 5.31 7.6 1.6 N .d.n 2bG2 021–011 3.61 05.3 43.0 3.01 1.8 8.6 LS 26.1 .l.s.am05.28=h,2eliforP inmildeirubrevolosonerA *)jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(losyelgc ulloC–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cinerA(losogeRciv 1A 21–0 8.12 00.9 48.0 7.01 2.6 1.5 N 15.1 2A 73–21 49.2 12.1 01.0 1.21 5.6 4.5 N 45.1 3A 06–73 5.01 21.5 24.0 2.21 1.6 4.5 N 93.1 bcL2 67–06 572 631 5.01 0.31 0.7 4.6 N 84.0 1bG2 08–67 .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n N .d.n bLG2 09–08 2.95 2.73 05.3 6.01 5.6 0.6 N .d.n 2bG2 79–09 17.9 39.5 74.0 6.21 0.7 4.6 N 16.1 3bG2 011–79 9.51 36.7 75.0 4.31 5.7 4.6 N 86.1 .l.s.am57.38=h,3eliforP )awopytawojelgabelg(losyelglacipyT )cirA(losogeRciyelgitcileRcirtuE–BRW pA 92–0 1.43 8.31 33.1 4.01 1.7 2.6 N 25.1 1gC2 34–92 6.01 27.3 73.0 1.01 6.7 0.7 LS 36.1 2gC2 06–34 36.9 15.3 03.0 7.11 8.7 2.7 LS 75.1 3gC2 56–06 .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n LS .d.n 4gC2 08–56 .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n LS .d.n 5gC2 001–08 3.31 24.1 51.0 5.9 3.8 3.7 LS 67.1 .l.s.am0.18=h,4eliforP cinmildeirubrevolosonerA *)jewojelg-owonmileibelgjenlapokanlosonera(*losyelg ulloC–BRW )cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcirtuErevo)cinerA(losogeRciv 1A 15–0 5.81 21.7 77.0 2.9 5.6 5.5 N 15.1 2A 65–15 3.45 5.82 65.2 1.11 8.5 9.4 N .d.n 1bLG2 28–65 6.09 8.84 68.3 6.21 5.5 6.4 N 88.0 2bLG2 031–28 8.63 0.22 86.1 1.31 7.7 1.7 LS 77.0 l.s.am5.28-h,5eliforP )awopytawojelgabelg(losyelglacipyT )cirA(losivulFciyelgitcileRcirtuE–BRW )p(A )03(02–0 4.42 26.9 29.0 5.51 5.7 7.6 N 24.1 1gC2 24–)03(02 32.6 15.3 92.0 1.21 3.7 7.6 N 54.1 LG2 05–24 891 0.39 06.6 1.41 2.7 4.6 N 19.0 2gC2 08–05 1.31 29.6 05.0 8.31 4.7 7.6 N 53.1 3gC2 88–08 6.15 2.32 74.1 8.51 3.7 6.6 N 92.1 4gC2 031–88 2.01 39.3 12.0 7.81 4.7 3.6 N 34.1 .l.s.am58=h,6eliforP P dabelG(losyelglacipytdeirubrevo**lioslaivullocrepor )jewopytjewojelgeibelgjenlapokan**awicœa³wanlaiwule )cimaoL,cirA(losogeRcivulloC–BRW )p(A 43–0 5.22 39.8 78.0 3.01 0.7 2.6 N 25.1 A 26–43 2.61 15.5 06.0 2.9 6.7 9.6 N 83.1 gC2 18–26 6.01 34.1 71.0 4.8 8.7 3.6 LS 18.1

*new proposal, not included in PSC 2011, ** according to suggestions by Œwitoniak (2015); LOI – loss of ignition; Carbonates: N – non-calcareous, SL – slightly calcareous. 122 MACIEJ MARKIEWICZ, S£AWOMIR S. GONET, W£ODZIMIERZ MARSZELEWSKI, £UKASZ MENDYK, MARCIN SYKU£A and 2GLb2, in profile 5-2GL) contained from 22 to CONCLUSIONS 93 g·kg-1 TOC. In lacustrine and fluvioglacial sands (profiles 1-2 and 4-5), this parameter ranged from 3.5 1. Human activity (drainage works and human-induced to 40 g·kg–1. On the other hand, all of the above erosion) was the main factor determining the current mentioned sediments did not contain carbonates and development of the soil cover in the shoreline zone of the former Lake Gardeja. a pH determined in H2O from 5.5 to 8.1. Higher pH values were observed in bottom horizons, which is 2. Together with evolution of the soils there were most probably connected with the influence of significant changes of the land use in the direct ground water rich in base cations. There were no catchment of the lakes. The biggest shift was symptoms of the murshing process taking place in observed for the class of grassland that is combined the organic horizons. This could be the influence of the with shrubs, the area of which increased, along with colluvium cover preserving the limnic horizons that has the disappearance of Lake Gardeja. already been reported (e.g. Smólczyñski 2006, 3. The introduction of the limnic gleysols soils subtype £achacz et al. 2009, Mendyk et al. 2016). There was (in Polish: gleby limnowo-glejowe) within the type an inconvenience with the classification of the of gleysols could be considered during the deve- buried soils in profiles 1, 2 and 4 according to PSC lopment of the next Polish Soil Classification update. (2011). They were finally classified as limnic gleysols It should comprise soils that include both soils (in Polish: gleby limnowo-glejowe). This is a new derived from mineral-organic limnic materials and proposal for gleysols with organic horizons of limnic soils with organic limnic material not thick enough genesis, as similar soils developed from an alluvial to be classified as limnic organic soil. environment are present in PSC (2011; muddy 4. As was suggested before, restoration of the proper gleysols, in Polish: gleby mu³owo-glejowe). According colluvial soil type (in Polish: gleby deluwialne to the IUSS WRB (2015) these soils were classified w³aœciwe) within the order of weakly developed as Eutric Gleysols (Drainic, Limnic). No buried soils soils (in Polish: gleby s³abo ukszta³towane) should were described in profile 5 due to the small thickness be considered (Œwitoniak 2015). of the colluvium (30 cm). Thus the soil was classified as it is in the entire analysed profile. There was a clearly ACKNOWLEDGMENTS visible TOC content and morphology features alter- nation indicating fluvic properties and the gleyic Research was financed by the Ministry of Science properties (in the bottom part). After all, this is best and Higher Education of Poland in the form of suited for the typical gleysol (in Polish: gleba glejowa projects no. N N305 336734 and N N305 283337. typowa) according to PSC (2011) and Eutric Relicti- gleyic Fluvisol (Aric) in IUSS WRB (2015). REFERENCES Profiles 3 and 6 located above the former water lake’s level (Figure 1, parts IIIa and IIIb) represent Agronomische Bohrungen. 1900. Sheet Garnsee, 1:25 000. soils fully developed from mineral, non-lacustrine Churski Z. (Ed.), 1988. Naturalne i antropogeniczne przemiany jezior i mokrade³ w Polsce (Natural and Anthropogenic Changes materials. Colluvium covering the bottom soil horizons of Lakes and Wetlands in Poland). Wydawnictwo UMK, was described before. 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Zró¿nicowanie i zmiany u¿ytkowania gleb w otoczeniu zanik³ego jeziora Gardeja (Polska pó³nocna)

Streszczenie: Celem badañ by³a charakterystyka rozwoju pokrywy glebowej linii brzegowej oraz zmian u¿ytkowania terenu (XIX i XX wiek) jako czynników wp³ywaj¹cych na u¿ytkowanie terenu na obszarze zlewni bezpoœredniej zanik³ego Jeziora Gardeja. Wykorzystano badania gleb oraz analizê dostêpnych materia³ów kartograficznych. Stwierdzono, ¿e g³ównym czynnikiem determinu- j¹cym wspó³czesny rozwój gleb strefy brzegowej dawnego Jeziora Gardeja by³a dzia³alnoœæ cz³owieka (odwodnienie jeziora, melio- racje i denudacja antropogeniczna). Badane gleby powsta³y zarówno z utworów mineralnych nie posiadaj¹cych jeziornej genezy (górne czêœci stoków), jak i osadów jeziornych przykrytych deluwiami. Analizowane kateny glebowe s¹ typowe dla m³odoglacjal- nych krajobrazów pó³nocno-wschodniej Polski. Najwiêksze zmiany u¿ytkowania terenu zaobserwowano w odniesieniu do obszarów trawiastych i zakrzewieñ (wzrost powierzchni). S³owa kluczowe: Gleby limnowe, gleby deluwialne, zmiany u¿ytkowania gleb, odwodnienie gleb, osady pojeziorne