APPENDICES

Appendix One Chronology of Palestinian History, 1872–1908

Year /World District of 1872 Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Drought (c. 480 mm rainfall in Jerusalem). undertakes new revision of vilayet July: Official announcement that District of system by organising smaller Jerusalem to be upgraded to province (vilayet). provinces. Sanaʿa made capital of vilayet of 15 July: Süreya Paşa arrives as first governor of Yemen. Province of Jerusalem. After only three days, status of Jerusalem downgraded to ‘independent’ 30 July: Grand Vizier Mahmud or ‘unattached’ district (Ott. Turk. sancak, also: Nedim replaced by ex-governor mutasarrıflık). Süreya Paşa resigns and leaves of Baghdad, Midhat Paşa, Jerusalem on 21 August. co-author of vilayet reform of 1864 and well-known reformer. Süreya’s successor, Nazif Paşa, received expectantly since he had successfully managed construction of Jaffa-Jerusalem road during his previous term in 18 October: Midhat Paşa replaced Jerusalem (1867–1869). His first measure in office by Mütercim Mehmed Paşa as is to start building a Jerusalem- road. Grand Vizier after only two Foundation of municipality of Jaffa. months in office. Violent struggles between elite households in Gaza. Leading merchant and politician, Khalīl Inauguration of first public al-Shawwā, exiled to Acre. general school for girls in . Autumn: Several villages in the Hebron region rebel against conscription measures. Official creation of separate Jerusalem: Establishment of Italian consulate. exarchate for the Bulgarian Orthodox November: Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, and foundation of brother of Russian Tsar, visits Jerusalem; received independent Romanian , with military honours and triumphal arch built by sparking protests among Greek local Jewish community. Orthodox clergy throughout December: Visit of German Prince Bernhard von Ottoman Empire. Sachsen-Meiningen. Conflict between Greek Orthodox patriarch Onset of struggle between Greek and Greek clergy over patriarch’s refusal to sign Orthodox Patriarchate of petition against foundation of Bulgarian exarchate. (Antakya) and its mainly - After Russian and German interventions, patriarch speaking congregation, who demand deposed on 18 December. Violent demonstrations Arabisation of local clergy. by Arab Orthodox protesters in Jerusalem suppressed by military forces. 518 appendix one

Table (cont.) Year Ottoman Empire/World District of Jerusalem 1873 Onset of international depression. Continuation of drought (c. 480 mm of rain in Due to 1873–1875 agrarian crisis, Jerusalem), but pastoralists profit from a most Ottoman territories experience high Egyptian demand for livestock. economic downturn, leading to February: French engineer Farcy, granted a collapse of Ottoman treasury in 1875 concession for construction of a Jaffa-Jerusalem and lasting until end of 1870s. railway, arrives to conduct preparatory works. In bid to reform iltizam (land lease) Spring: Violent clashes between Latin and system, Ottoman government passes Greek Orthodox clerics at Church of Nativity right to appoint mültezims to local in Bethlehem; Ottoman military detachment administrative councils, facilitating permanently stationed at church. Franco-Ottoman transformation of urban notables into commission formed to investigate details. large landowners. Jerusalem: Ceremonial re-opening of aqueduct Ottoman pavilion at Vienna providing the city with water from ’s Universal Exhibition contains large Pools, financed by donation of £50,000 sterling by model of Jerusalem by Hungarian English philanthropist, Lady Burdett-Coutts. Due artisan Stefan Illes, based on British to poor workmanship, aqueduct soon falls out of Ordnance Survey of 1865 and use. Approximately 16,000 pilgrims come to the architectural research by Swiss city during the Easter season. architect Conrad Schick. Opening of first Masonic lodge in the city.

1874 Famines in Ottoman Empire after Highest rainfall in Jerusalem in about a decade unusually hard winter and bad (c. 1,100mm). Jaffa-Jerusalem carriage road and harvests in previous year. many houses in Jerusalem severely damaged by rain. Dramatic rise in prices of real estate, food Establishment of Public Debt and coal, exacerbated by influx of Russian Jewish Administration (Duyun-ı immigrants to Jerusalem. ʿUmumiye) in the Ottoman Empire. March–May: Local government rebuilds Jaffa- Jerusalem road. Total volume of traffic reported to have risen ten-fold by October. New commercial regulations: April: Clashes between Ottoman troops and tithe becomes a de facto eighth, members of Latin community in Bethlehem. introduction of state monopoly July: Delegates from Arab Orthodox community on tobacco. travel to to state their position in disputes with the Greek clergy. Jerusalem: Foundation of Jewish hospital. Establishment of German consulate.

1875 Britain buys majority stake in Abundant rainfall (c. 680 mm in Jerusalem). First Suez Canal Company. orange exports to Europe via Jaffa. Establishment of mixed courts in April: Exceptionally high number of Greek Egypt for cases involving foreign Orthodox pilgrims at Easter and Muslim pilgrims residents, intended to supplant (estimated at about 10,000) at Nabi Musa festival. consular courts. Templars of Colony of Sarona near Jaffa start first regular Jaffa-Jerusalem coach service.