PROGRAM
AIM IIMTERIMATIOIMAL
SKI RACING ACADEMY
XA/OLF CREEK PASS
COLORADO
117' CHARLES HODGES
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS
^CONCEPT
A) DESIGN CONCEPT
B) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
C) CONSIDERATIONS
*SITE
A) LOCATION
B) MOUNTAIN
G) EXISTING FACILITIES
*FACILITIES
A) EXISTING
B) PROPOSED AREA EXPANSION
O) REQUIRED FOR ACADEMY
^ACTIVITIES
A) HUMN USERS
B) SEASONAL USES
C) ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT
D) DAILY PROGRAMS
E) RECREATIONAL
F) EDUCATIONAL ^ECONOMIC STUDY—WOLF GREEK
A) SKI OPERATION
B) OVERNIGHT AGCOMpDATION
'~ G) MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES
*BIBLIOGRAPHY
^APPENDIX GEIMERAL CONCEPT
CLIENT PURPOSE
As client, "The International Ski Racers' Association" hopes to est ablish a home "ba^e facility for the purpose _of training skiers of Olympic talent in '%" to "6" week camps year-round. The I.S.R.A, also hopes to integrate home offices within the facility.
OBJECTIVES
A. TO PROVIDE A MOUNTAIN EXPERIENCE
B. TO PROVIDE YEAR-ROUND FACILITIES
G. TO DESIGN FOR ACCEPTANCE OF THE STRUCTURES BY THE SITE
D. TO ENHANCE^THE ENVIRONMENT
GONSTDERATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES
Because there is no large population center nearby, it is obvious th3.t feasibility.investigations of Wolf Greek should be directed toward the possibility of developing a facility having multi-seasonal use potential. Items of most importance regarding feasibility of this type of facility are as follows:
1. AREA ACCESS
2. TERRAIN
3. GLIMATOLOGIGAL AND SNOW CONDITIONS
4. POTENTIAL SITE CAPACITY AND LAND USE 5. SUMMER SEASON POTENTIAL
6. ECONOMIC EVALUATION
Although the interaction.ofthe above items determines the potential
of the area, certain conclusions and comparisons with other areas can
be made on an independant basis.
AREA ACCESS
Wolf Greek is located on U.S. Highway 160, which is one of the major
east-west routes through the fiockyMountains . Although the Colorado
State Highway Department is currently considering construction of a
four-lane highway in the Wolf Greek area, the existing highway has more
than enough capacity to accomodate volumes that would be generated by
the proposed development. Closure of the highway due to adverse condi
tions-is minirna.j and would not cause any significant inconveniences.
Access via a major commercial airline is as good as that of many other resort-type ski areas in the region.
TERRAIN
The majority of the terrain within the Wolf Creek Bowl is well suited for the development of a facility of this type and provides the required variety of slopes to design a well-balanced trail system. Although the trail classification balance is most ideal, the advanced and expert trails are somewhat shorter than desirable. Inclusions of gladed trail areas for powder skiing will "offer an exciting variety of skiing
experiences, especially for the advanced a,nd expert skiers.
Maximum vertical rise is planned for i360 feet, which might be
considered inadequate for an academy of this type, but those areas
having substantial rise usually have a midpoint station above which most skiers prefer to ski. Since snow conditions at the Wolf Creek base are comparable with or better than most midpoints, and vertical rise is at least equivalent to that of the upper portions of other areas, well conditioned skiers will accept the vertical rise which can be provided. Certain advantages are inherent in the Wolf Creek situation.
Lifts do not have to be provided for transport of skiers to a midpoint station, and skiers will hot have to negotiate what are frequently marginal snow conditions when returning to the base area.
GLIMATOLOGIGAL AND SNOW CONDITIONS
Climatological and snow conditions at Wolf Creek are excellent when speaking of skier comcfort, as well as quantity and quality of snow. The Continental Divide Ridge provides excellent protection for the Wolf Greek Bowl, and winds should be inconsequential. Providing susceptible areas are studied prior to cutting trails or installing facilities, Gliniatological records indicate that temperatures in the Wolf Greek area are usually lower during the day and higher during the night than at similar ski areas. This condition is important in
reducing freezing and thawing action of the snow surface and resulting
icy conditions.
The Wolf Creek area experiences very early accumulation of snow and
an above-a.verage snowpack during the ski season. We estimate that the
area could expect to open on November 8, on the average, and operate
for an average of 175 days. The anticipated average opening date is
two to three weeks earlier than the average opening date of similar
areas within the region. The operating season is quite long as com
pared to Winter Park which has averaged 132 days for six seasons.
Wolf Creek experiences a high number of five-inch snows to insure
excellent skiing.
POTENTIAL SITE CAPACITY AND LAND USE
The ultimate capacity of Wolf Creek is to be 5800 skiers at one time,
which would constitute classification as' a major ski area. Installation
of lifts totalling over eight million vertical transport feet (VTF) per
hour is feasible without over-crowding the mountain. Skier density of
the proposed development is commensurate with similar ski areas. Land use within the base area will leave large quantities of open space, although some midrise facilities will have to be constructed in order to eliminate long walking distances to the lift facilities. OFF-SEASON POTENTIAL
The Southern Colorado Rocky Mountains are already a popular summer vacation and big-game hunting area. The Wolf Greek area is a part of this activity and additional recreation facilities should be beneficial to all concerned. Over 500,000 cars pass the area annually, providing many potential visitors.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION
Break-even analysis of overnight lodging and ski operations appear to be good. Inexpensive trail clearing and the lack of need to install transportation lifts have caused the break-even point for the ski oper ations to be better than average.
On the basis of the above considerations, It is concluded that the
Wolf Creek area is feasible for a ski development, and that, providing sufficient market exists, and optimum marketing and management techniques are used, the area can be a profitable venture while satisfying an international need. I MASTER PLAIN!
LOCATION
THE MOUNTAIN
I EXISTING FACILITIES LOCATION
SETTING
Wolf Greek Pass ski area is located on the slopes of a large Alpine
Bowl high in the San Juan Mountains of Southern Colorado. The upper reaches of the Bowl form the Continental Divide for approximately five miles of its winding path along the Colorado Rockies, The boundary between the Rio Grande and San Juan National Forests is defined by the
Continental Divide, resulting in the ski area being entirely within the confines of the Rio Grande. Geographically, the area is located approximately thirty-three air miles from the New Mexican border and
12^^ miles from the Utah border.
ACCESSIBILITY
Wolf Greek is reached from the east and west ip all weather by U.S.
160. U.S. 160 intersects north-south routes 1-25 at Walsenburg, U.S.285 at Alamosa, U.S. 84 at Pagosa Springs, and U.S. 55O at Durango. Nearest population centers are Pagosa Springs, twenty-two miles to the west, and South Fork, seventeen miles to the east. It is estimated that
Wolf Greek Paps is closed four hours per season because of adverse weather conditions. Commercial airlines serve Alamosa and Durango with connections at Denver, Albuquerque, and Phoenix. THE MOUNTAIN
TERRAIN
The Wolf Creek Pass Bowl consists of some 1,400 acres of skiable
terrain. Elevations within the Bowl vaxy from 10,350 feet at the top
level base to be located in Alberta Park to 11,900 feet at the top of
Alberta Peak. The terrain can be classified as benchy in some areas,
while other portions of the Bowl have long, fairly consistent slopes.
The upper edges along the Continental Divide axe quite steep in most
places with small, rather flat bench-type sections immediately below.
Below this small bench there is usually another steep section which is
skiable in most places. The terrain from this point to the base area
is mostly gentle, having some occasional steeper pitches, with the
exception of a small area in the lower central portion of the Bowl
where there is a miniatTire Bowl type feature with some non-skiable
slopes.
Tree cover is light on most of the skiable terrain within the Bowl,
- thus making an ideal situation for glade-type skiing intermingled with
established trails.
BASE AREA
The proposed base area, more commonly known as Alberta Park, is a
large relatively flat park with intermingled open, areas and areas of heavy timber cover. Drainage from the Bowl converges below Alberta
Park and flows into a thirty-four-acre lake called Alberta Park Reservoir which isa Colorado-Game and Fish Department recreational facility.
Rlsing..a.bove the lake and adjacent to the park area is a large, gentle" knoll with heavy timber cover and small, isolated, open areas which provide ideal terrain for summer camping and winter snow-touring,
SNOW
Climatological and snow coverage records for the most recent four teen years have been analyzed in order to define snow conditions at the
Wolf Creek ski area. Those aspects of particular concern werej
1) How many days, on the average, could the area expect to be
open for skiing?
2) What is the quality of the snow during the ski season?
3) How does the snowpack depth at Wolf Creek compare to that
of other ski areas?
Average length of season
An analysis of climatological and snow course data from the Wolf
Greek area indicates that a November 8 average opening date could be expected. Details of this analysis are given in Appendix "B" of this program. In determining this date, it was assumed that the areas to be used for skiing will be well groomed, and that the area will be :I opened under somewhat irarginal conditions when lack of early snowfall precludes^opening on the anticipated date. Delayed opening due to waiting on snowfall, or not being prepared to open when snowfall and lower temperatures are exceptionally early, could cause the average opening date to be^ considerably later.
_ The closing date is somewhat arbitrary in that it depends not only on snow conditions, but also on skier interest. Given good spring snow conditions, promotion of the area similar to the advertising done by Araphoe Basin and Alto, Utah, might all several days to the operating season. Without actually observing spring snow conditions at Wolf
Greek, and without fore-knowledge of what promotion plans might be initiated, it is difficult to set an exact closing date, although snow course and temperature records indicate the possibility of normal operations through April of most years and into May of some year.
Assuming that skier interest will be determining factor, an average operating season of 175 days could be realized based on a May 1 closing date,*^
Snow quality
Assuming a constant usuage factor, quality of snow on the trails is largely determined by trail exposure, temperature of area during and after snowfall, and frequency of snowfall. Inspection of records from; the TJolf Greek Climatological Station shows .that maximum daily
tempemtures usually decrease; significantly diiring the first part of
October, which partiallyvaceounts for the-early accumulation of snow.
The temperature is-usually associated with a major snow storm and as
a general rulev remains generally low after the initial drop. Although
o o CM o o o o o the maxiinum temperature remains relatiyely low, the minimum daily to LTV 00 < temperatures remain fairly hi^, resulting in an ideal situation for
T- CO -3- o o providing good snow conditions as well as relative skier comfort. Graphs < O V- CM included'in Appendix ^'D" give; the cgmpaxis'on between monthly mean max -3- OA CM tS < CN CM imum and minimum temperatures at Wolf Greek and other ski areas as noted. O r- ,- PO 1^ Even though a ski area ma,y have ideal;temperatures, it is essential CQ o -3- UJ o CM that the snow surface be occasionally replenished with new snow of vO v£) cr\ o OO sufficient quantity that it will not be skied off in a relatively short O r- >- o
O vO lA time. The following table gives the average frequency of snowstorms of CJ 00 LU lA Q O .- .- five inches or more for the last foixrteen years, based on the relation
O V.0 o OO lA 00 o o O ship that one inch of precipitation eqtials ten inches of snow. o .- _ CM
ro o CA CS o — o O r- CM
O D) T3 : o (1) 0) «- o • K c m u in +j 0) Q) Q. a) 3 > < cm _i UJ > K a 1 00 have contained ten inches or more. The favorable ambient temperatures and above average frequency of snowfalls of five inches or more should provide excellent skiing conditions throughout the season. Snowpack depth Depth of the snowpack is one of the most important factors in the feasibility of a ski area. The depth should be sufficient to outlast abrasion and action of skis, and to maintain good ground cover through out the season. Wolf Greek can expect above average snow depth compared to other ski areas, as illustrated by snow course data presented in the following table. SNOWPACK DEPTH r (FEBRUARY 1ST SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS) SNOW COURSE* SKI AREA (INCHES) Red River Taos 17.0 Snake River Keystone 2^.0 Cascade Purgatory 31.6 Vasquez Winter Park 33.8 Crested Butte Crested Butte 3't.O Yampa View Steamboat 36.A Aspen Aspen Mountain 39.1 WOLF CREEK PASS WOLF CREEK 58.8 See Appendix "A" for a description of the proximity of the listed snnw r.nilP<;««: tn thp rocn^rt i \/o ct i aroac lO WIND Observations made dvirlng approximately fifteen man-days of field investigations and discussions with people familiar with climatological conditions in the area, lead to the conclusion that wind will not be a major problem at Wolf Greek, except possibly on parts of the Continental Divide Ridge that have generally east-west trends. This portion of the ridge is very prominent and lacks any form of protection from surrounding mountains or tree cover. Wind conditions will probably prohibit the placement of chairlift terminals on this portion of the ridge as deter mined by an analysis of available wind data included in Appendix "G" of this program. Wind at this location is not of particular concern as the ridge forms a protective barrier for the Bowl and provides protection for chairlift terminals located just below the ridge without significant loss in vertical rise. Location of chairlift terminals of the portion of the Continental Divide forming the west side of the Bowl appears to be feasible as this area has good tree cover and is not as susceptible to the prevailing winds. It should be possible to screen any terminals in the area from the proposed Continental Divide Trail. AVALANCHE Climatological conditions at Wolf Greek are favorable for producing avalanche conditions on steeper slopes and cornice build-up on some of the ridges around the top of the Bowl. Potential avalanche hazard areas have been roughly identified on area map "3". In addition to those areas indicated, there are undoubtedly a number of small, localized hazard areas that will have to either be controlled or designated as restricted areas. Additional Information on avalanche areas within the existing ski area has been compiled in a study by Rio Grande National Forest personnel and in avalanche occurance records developed through a cooperative effort by the U.S, Forest Service and the Wolf Greek ski area. All parties concerned agree that avalanches will not be a problem, providing proper control plans are developed and carried out. FACILITIES EXISTING FACILITIES The present facilities at Wolf Greek Pass ski area are, to a large extent, the result of community interest in the area and volunteer labor to construct some of the lifts, buildings, and trails. It has developed slowly over a period of approximately sixteen years, adding facilities as funds became available. The mountain was being used for skiing prior to this time with uphill transportation consisting of a rope tow located in the vicinity of the hi^way pass.* LIFTS The present uphill transportation consists of three poma platter lifts and one small rope tow. Based on uphill capacity of these lifts and approximately eight-minute lift lines, site capacity of the existing area is about six hundred skiers at one time. Two of the poma lifts are relatively new. The third poma is quite old and will probably not be operational for more than three or four years. TRAILS (9 Existing trails are more than adequate to accomodate the area capacity ^^ as set by the amount of uphijl transportation. Established trails have good variety and provide enjoyable skiing.'^ In addition, there I are several sparsely timbered areas accessible from the upper lift which (0 can be used for powder skiing. High stumps, fallen timber, and occa- X i'ii: sional rocks in some areas require considerable snow cover before . these areas become skiable. Classification balance of the established trails is as follows. OTHER li'AGlLlTiES;/: Major facilities consist of a day lodge, maintainence building, and parking area. The day lodge has water and sanitation facilities, snack bar, ski rental, and lunchroom, Ife,y lodge facilities will com fortably accomiOdate site capacity of approximately four hundred skiers at one time. The parking area is somewhat smaller in capacity than the six hundred skiers a.t one time site capacity. With good snow removal and controlled parking, the ^rfcirig area cbuld theoretically handle foiir hundred fifty skiers at one time. MOUNTAIN FACILITIES *Des i gn'.c one ept *Lifts *Trails- To be included later FUTURE EXPANSION OF FACILITIES Plans for future expansion of the Wolf Greek area are being prepared at this time in a coordinated effort by McDowell and Associates Ul Consulting Engineers, Phil Flores,- landscape architect of Boulder, C£ Colorado, and a committee of sixteen fifth year architecture students '• I'-t at the University of Colorado. I- u. ACADEMY FACILITIES DESIGN CONCEPT To provide a facility to function as an independent housing unit with all necessary services to accomodate sevehtyfive to one hundred ski racers at one time, To provide a mountain experience for both racers and personnel To achieve a design which will enhance the Wolf Creek environment To provide maximum interaction of the facility and the slopes and site facilities. —-To design for maximum site acceptance To consider visual impact as a major design factor. ACADEMY FACILITIES *Ski operation support facilities *Dormitory facility *Food service facility *Educational facility *Recreation facilities Ul ^Administration facilities Q •Mountain facilities •Summer facilities •Access and parking U SKIfOPERATION SUPPORT •A DAY LODGE *A WARMING SHELTER •BROWN BAG AREA •CHAIRLIFT TERIttNAL •SKI PATROL OFFICE SKI OPERATION SUPPORT •DAY LODGE Purpose ~ Area where skiers may rest at the bottom of the mountain. Snack bar to serve hot drinks and light snacks. Warming area. People — l*fe.ximum capacity is one hundred skiers, twenty instructors, and five employees. Average capacity is fifty skiers, ten instructors, and five employees. Access — Priority direct access to ski termination point. Secondary i access to food storage. Access to dorm area, Sound — Hi^ ceilings in noisy spalces Control — Visual control of some areas such as conversation pit Expression of space — Warm, rough texture, openness, visi:ial access to ski slope area Service types — Trash, food, ice. Service methods — Carts Furniture — Table and benches, bulletin boards. Equipment — Kitchen, trash, serving line. Storage ~ Outside of ski area. Floor finish — Nonslip stainless. Base finish — Cedar. Mall finish — ftex Ull GOLjiipiie staiB. Ceiling, finish — Sound dLeadening. Lisiitin^ — I]&yli#:t, teri^t iacaM^eent:.ii:*it.. Poifer — 110 velts, 220 volts in siaclk area, ComiiaiiiicatioBS — Puljlic telejtiioffle, telerisioE, piMic address csitlet. Air supply — Low huaeMity, tenperatare :7Q de,gr5es. PlmtMns flxttires — Public rest rsxjjss, kitebeR service siisiES, ice • ssachine • hoak-^B, catch basiisB, ifechemieal seinrices — Trash ^ressr/al. Fire rrotsctior! — 3ri"iBkler, Struct^jre — Gl"J6-Iari.rsa.te5 roof stntc-lure, steel rfinfcrced cerserete slabs. aM fittiJigs. flontrol diiaensioris — Skis S'-O" — S'-S", Poles 3'-0" _;%'-0", width 4", Area of space — Lod,gp 30* 5y !^?' (ac-proxiiatelj), siack area, 30' hy 14' (apj!roxira.tely). •WARMING SHELTER Puj^pose ~ Act as a warming area for skiers at the top of the mountain directly adjacent to or incorporated with upper chair lift terminal. Hours of use 7:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. Peak use between 7t30 a.m. to lljOO a.m. and 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. People — Maximum capacity is thirty five persons. Average capacity is twenty five. No employment or management necessary. Access — Direct access from chairlift terminal and direct access to the upper start of slopes. Sound — Control of lift noise is essential. Interior will be moderately noisy. Music system is employed. Control — None except sound. Expression of space — Warm colors and natural textures of rough wood and heavy timber construction. Service types — Trash disposal. Service methods — Manual container removal. Furniture — Benches and three or four six-foot tables. Equipment —• Small trash containers. Storage — Outside ski racks. Floor finish — Non-slip. Base finish — Wood, Ceiling:Finish—Expose^ insulation board. Wall Finish—Tex #111 Olympic staih." iii 1 If d\ Lighting ~ 80^ natural, 20^ incandescent, sunshine if possible. Power •— 110 volts for maintainence. Communication — Telephone (intercom to base) (• Air Supply—Natural humidity, temperature 70 degrees. n • • • I 'I : Plumbing fixtiires — Rest room fixtures (required), two fountains. '! Mechanical Service — Air, water, gas. •\ Fire Protection — Sprinkler. - i Structure — Heavy timber and concrete. Control Dimensions — Tables 6' .-0" by 3' -0", skis 6'-0". Area — 20' by 30'. l'\ l- <»«. i: il ;i:5 •OUTSIDE EATING AREA Purpose ~ Provide area for rest between runs down the hill. In-summer I; to be used as a hike termination point. (¥111 require adequate snow removal in; winter,.) People — Maximum: twenty to twenty five. Average: fifteen to twenty. Hours of use; lunch hour (summer), all day (winter). Access —Direct to ski area, direct from warming shelter. Control — Wind protection, visual protection from direct low sun angles. Expression of space — Quiet, outdoor visually responsive to and from ski slopes, warm and protected space. Service types —Snow removal, trash. Service methods — Trash and snow manual, Ii'urniture Fixed benches and tables. Equipment — Trash cans. i..-:iv X Storage — None. Floor,finish —Open joint planks. I'-v Communication — None, Plumbing fixtures ~ None, AM\ Mechanical services —None, Wi Fire protection ~ None. Control dimensions --None. Area — 20' by 20'. • ''A\ m'l ! I I *GnAlRLIFT TERMINALS;, y ;:-v- :; ,:' -^^ --'- Purpose — %rea. space "to house terminal for lift facility which is protected on three sides and roof, People — ifeximum: ten in terminal space plus two employees. Access — Direct access to slope and warming-shelter. Sound — Noisy, v : Control —Visual, soimd. Expression of space —Service facility formal, cold td effect quick flow. Service types — High voltage, water. Service; methods Furniture — None, Equipment — Lift motor and equipment ma,nual, snow removal equipment. Storage — None except outdoor maintenence storage closet. .^ Floor finish — Open joint Wood plank&. Wall finish— Rough wood. Ceiling finish — Rough wood. Lighting — Incandescent. : Power —'High voltage electricity, . ^ .lfj^^J..(^ti^ Communication -.- Interphone with base. '^- ". • * Air supply — Natural. - - /- - >\ ' Plumbing — Hose bib. I lAj'y*^.. '^^ v.- ^ y '' • Mechanical services — None, m i! ,111 Fire protection ~ Wall extinguisher (chemical). Control dimension— 8'-0" by 20" equipment (lift) Area of space m ''iiJ.i •t's M if' 'if ,r If! iijiii I ^ii III l;:!lii •SKI PATROL HEADQUARTERS Purpose — Headquarters for rescue operations conducted by the ski patrol, branch of main ski patrol office at base of comm ercial area. People — Maximum: five. Average: two to three, Hours: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., management of emergency operations by ski patrol employees. Access — Direct access to medical facility and to lift terminal, li nil' indirect access to academy administrative offices. Sound —Quiet, office-type space. Control — Security, none other than ski patrol employees. Expression of space — Small office with secondary activity area such as television or reading, rough textures with bright lighting. Service types — None, Hi Service methods BXirniture — One desk, three chairs, one sofa, bulletin board. m Equipment — Typewriter, files, weather. Storage ~ One cabinet for office supplies. Floor finish — Non-slip resilient. Base finish — Rough wood. Wall finish — Rough texture. Gelling finish — Paint, Lighting —Bright florescent and naturali Power — 110 volts, four to five outlets, Communications — Telephone, interphone, radio, <—! i^' U^ i-^.jCi.^-1 fc- ^"'"- - - .1 \ Air supply — Normal Indoor, ^ - / iys*..^ t^^-'-^'^'-''^'^ J Plumbing fixtures — None. :i / '//^^"""^ &^-'''~>'^^^^^-- Mechanical services — None, / il Fire protection — Sprinkler, Control dimens lons — None, 'I lill 7 , ti ) iilia I ii DORMITORY FACILITY :,ll ili!; •ACCOMODATIONS FOR SEVENTY FIVE TO ONE HUNDRED TWENTY FIVE •DORMITORY-TYPE REST ROOMS •WORKSHOP AREAS •TAPE MONITOR AREAS •COMMONS AREAS 1= m >G>II :*! If m DORMITORY:.FAG ILITIES •SLEEPING ROOMS : Purpose,— Accomodations for seventy five to one hundred twenty five racers, both male and female, to provide sleeping and dressing arrangements in suites of four people. People — Four persons to a suite or room. Access — Direct access to exercise chairlift terminal and food service area, outside access to parking area via-the public entrance. Sound — Quiet, areas. Control — Visual, sound, privacy. Expression of space — Warm, friendly, rough textures, quietness. Service types — Laundry, mail, supplies. Service methods ~ Mail through office, laundTy adjacent to rest rooms (dump), supplies, through, commisary at base commercial area. - ; Furniture — Four beds (twin), two desks, two chairs, one lounge chair, two dresser drawers, one sink. Equipment — One sink with under cabinet. Storage — Closets including hanging space and shelf. Floor finish — Carpet, Base finish—Rough wood. M I;':: ili, ' i 1i,' Wall finish — Burlap and wood. Celling finish —Reflective ;paint;.and texture. Lighting — Natural incandescent. Power — Foior outlets. Gommunlcations — Telephone:, Air supply -- Normal, Plumbing fixtures — One sink. .Mechanical services— None, Control dimensions ~ Skis: 6'-0", four pair. Area of.space ' ^1! ; )•' •EQUIPMENT WORKSHOP AREAS (FOUR) ;:;^ ; -^ ,. -' ' Piirpose — Area where racers can make adjustments and alterations to i|: ta? ski equipment, to provide places and eqtiipment to effect | these adjustments. People — Ifexlmum: twenty persons, average: six to el^t persons, hours of use: 7J00 to 8:00 aim., 11 jOO a.m, toli30p.m,, 6:00 to 9«00 p,mi- : -- Access — Direct from sleeping rooms, indirect to lift terminal, and educational facility. Sound — Noisy,. Control — Visual, sound. Expression of space — Pxtrposefulness, actlveness, openness. Service types — Electric vaccuum. Service methods — In-wall vaccuum system. Furniture—Eight work tables, eight stools. Equipment — Six drills, hand, scrapers, wax pots, various hand tools. Storage — Storage for all tools (cabinet). Floor finish — Resilient, Base finish— Rough wood. I' Wall finish — Burlap. Ceiling finish ~ Acoustical, 'Mi Lighting —One hundred foot-candle floiurescent. Power --Eight no volt outlets. m Ii Communications. — None. If Air.supply— Normal indoor. Plumbing — One service sink.' ; lib Mechanical service — l^one. Fire protection — Wall-mounted extinguisher. Control dimension — Skis, 6'-0"} work bench, 6'-0" by 3'-Q". Area of space I II M •REST ROOM AREAS (FOUR) Purpose — To provide rest room and shower facilities, to serve the sleeping rooms in the dormitory facilities. People —Ifeximum: twenty five to thirty, average: fifteen to twenty. Hours: 6:00 a.m. to 8;30.a,m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. to 9»30,p.m. Access — Direct from sleeping areas, Sound — Much reelected due to hard surfaces. Control — Visual, sound. Expression of space — Hard surfaces, formal, purposefulness. Service types— Trash, laundry. Service methods — Manual, Furniture — None, Equipment -- Showers (individual). Sto.rage — Linen storage. Floor finish — Non-slip, Base finish — Vinyl. Wall finish —Vinyl, burlap. Ceiling finish — Acoustical. Lighting — Bright flourescent...--._ Power — Waterproof outlets. Communications — None, Air supply — Normal, humidity control. Plumbing fixtures — Two urinals, four water closets, three sinks, |; eight showers. Mechanical services — Humidity control. Fire protection — None, !!'•,» Control dimensions — None, Area of space Wi <:K, mi I, •TAPE MONITOR AREAS (TWO) Purpose — Area with individual booths for reviewi^ig of video tapes of the skier or other racers, extra-curlcular of of educational i=-!': times with coach, times of use; 6:00 to 9:00 p.m. Ililli People — Eight to twelve persons thirty minutes at a time. Access — Direct to educational facility and sleeping rooms. Sound — Quiet. Control — Lighting, visual. Expression of space — Quiet, purposefulness. Service types — None. Service methods — None. Furniture — Booths, chairs, tape storage. Equipment — Visual screen, recorder, booth. Storage — Tape storage. Floor finish — Carpet. Base finish — Rough wood. Wall finish — Vinyl, burlap. Ceiling finish — Acoustical. Lighting — Variable (rheostat). Power — Twelve 110 volt outlets. Communications — None. •ii; Iii' I Air supply— Normal. Plumbing fixtures — None. Mechanical services — None. Fire Protection — Wall extinguisher,? ; Gontrol dimensions — Booth: 3'iby 3'. nil Area of space jt'?i I *''' ', ' '.:i •GOMMGNS AREA Purpose— Area of conversation, relaxing, and quietness between study sessions or in slack periods during the day. People — Maximum: twenty five, average: ten-to fifteen, hours: evening and lunch hour, - I i Access ~ Direct access to sleeping rooms and food service area, Sound — Quiet, warm, comfortable, moderate at peak times. Control — Visual in some areas. !?•.'-•'•. Expression of space —• Informal, warm, comfortable. Siy' Service types— None. Service methods—None, Furniture — Tables, sofas, lounge chair. Equipment — Fire place/ wood rack. Storage — Wood. Floor finish— Carpet. r i Base finish — Cedar or pine. Wall finish — Burlap or vinyl. Ceiling finish — Rough texture. I'^r Lighting — Incandescent, low level, natural. Power — 110 volt outlets. Communications — None. ,;^ :.--;„.: ::,,— -;-. j • Air Supply — Normal,-good exhaust. Plumbing fixtures — Water foun-tain. Mechanical services ~ None, "' Fire protection -- Sprinkler, Structure — Medium vaulted exposed beam. Control dimensions —None, Area of space. ;. I .i:iil! \:i FOOD SERVICE FACILITY •FOOD PREPARATION •ADMINISTRATION •FOOD STORAGE •SERVING AREA •DINING AHiiiA •DISPOSAL/CLEANING AREA *il ;•ls tiil fi'liij ml:' mm m mifi ill 5 i t . - . FOOD SERVICE; AREA^ •DINING AREA : \;-v: \" MU -.: -. , ; - ;-•••:..:,: ••: - .: ";:/•;: " ,V . - _ - -. - : .,'i Purpose — An area providing dining; facilities for skiers and instructors | " arid a.dministratt>rs. V People —• i^ximum: one hundred fifty,average: one hundred to one hundred twenty five, hours of use: 6:00 to;7»30 a,m. 11:30-to 1:00 p.m. - 6:(k) to 7:30 p,m. Access — Direct from dormitory facility, direct interactCon with serving area. ;:;.•: Sound •— Noisy, Control — Visual from food serving arid preparation^ areas. Expression of space — Openness, warm, actlveness. Service types ~ Trash. Service methods — Container, manual. Furniture — Tables, chairs (individual). Equipment — No special equipment required. Storage —Goat and outside ski storage. Floor finish — Non-slip, seamless. Base finish — Rough wood. Wall finish— Text. #111 Olympic s-tein. Ceiling finish —- Natural wood. Lighting — Natural, Incandescent. Power — Service outlets. Communications—Public address system, music. Air supply— Normal, no humidity control, Plximbing fixtures — Water fountains, catch basins. Mechanical services—None. Fire protection — Sprinkler. 4; Structure — Glue laminated, exposed. Control dimensions — None, Area of space 1! Ij I ' f •FOOD PREPARATION AREA \. ^ Purpose -- Area for preparation:o£ all food to be served in dining area and snack area. People ~ Eight to ten employees, one administrator, hours: 5:30 to 9:00 a,m, ;• 10:00 a,m, to 1;30 p,m., and 3«30 to 7i00 p,m. !i i 1!^ Access — Direct to food serving area and to food storage area, Sound — Noisy, iii! Service types — Trash, food, laundry, ice. iii' Service methods — Krash: containers, food: carts, laundry: containers, ice: machine. Furnitiire — None, Equipment — Gold refridgerator storage, large mixer, freezer (large), large oven, cook top, work tables, stools. Storage — Spice cabinets, hand tool pots. Floor finish — Seamless. Base finish — Vinyl, Wall finish — Vinyl. Celling finish — Vinyl, acoustical. Lighting—Incandescent, natural. Power — 110 volt, 220 volt, UJ40 volt," -{-; (\ C ommunica ti 6ns — Intercom with dietician's office,; ill :l. ^ Air supply ~ Low temperatiire, good exhaust, . - " Plumbing fixtures — Service sinks r(fovir), voatch beisins. Mechanical services — Vent ihoods, grea,se traps. iillf ;r: Fire protection — Wall mounted extinguisher. ^i ,!••' li*. Control dimensions — Mixers .2'-0"; by 3—0" i- • -cold IpCker 6'r-O" by 8'-0" :, work table; .^' -0" by JiJ-' -0" freezer 6'-0" by i^'-0*' Area of space : ;i! Atb •SERVING AREA Purpose ~ Area for serving of food to persons in dining area from food preparation area, T: M iif| People — Three to four employees, skiers will pass down serving llnt^. Access — Direct to both dining area and food preparation area, Sound — Moderate. ('•• Control — Contamination, germ control. i! i 'il! Expression of space—Glean, actlveness, purposefulness. f Service types — Food, - Service methods — Manual carts. Furniture ~ None, Equipment — Steam tables, service tables, food warmers, heat lamps. Storage — Hand tool storage. Floor finish — Seamless, non- slip. Base finish — Vinyl or stainless steel. Wall finish — Vinyl. Ceiling finish — Acoustical tile. Lighting — Bright incandescent. Power — Service outlets. Communications — Verbal with'food preparation area. Air supply — Normal, low temperature, ._..._-. • Plumbing fixtixres ~ Hoise bibs-, catch basins, ;? -ii;;; v".^^^ Mechanical services — None, - / Fire protection — Sprinkler, 'i il Control dimension Area of space ,-..-.- : ;-^^. iii, i!:ll •DISPOSAL AND GLEANING ARM^^: ' \;" Purpose — Area for cleanir^g of •dishes and for disposal of trash and paper products often used for food service. People — Two employees, one hundred fiftyjaximtun users, hours are same as for food preparation. Access — Direct to dining area a.nd to food serving area, Sound — iNoisy, Control — Sound, visual. Expression of space -- 'Glea,n, active, purposeful. Service types.— Hot,: super-hot'water-for dishwashing. Service methods — Conveyor, Furniture — None,' Equipment — Dish conveyor, dish washer, trash containers. Storage — Open rack di^h storage. Floor finish — Seamless, sanitary. Base finish — Vinyl, Wall finish — Vinyl., Ceiling finish -- Vinyl. i': Lighting — Incandescent, Power — Waterproof outlets, Gommunlcations — None, Air supply — Normal,- low temperature, humidity control. Plumbing fixtures — Hose bibs, floor drains with grease trap. Mechanical services— Water heater. Fire protection —None, Control dimensions — Trays: 18" by 24", racks: 36" by 36". Area of space •FOOD STORAGE AREA - Purpose — Storage of food both perishable ;and canned for service of one week at a time because.-of distance to wholesale points of distribution. . People — Food for one hundred fifty for one week, two employees at a time, hours same as food preparation. Access ~ Direct to outside service "entrance and direct to food preparation. Sound — Quiet, Control — Visual, security, humidity. Expression of space — Quiet, storage, purposeful, active at times. Service types—Food, supplies^ Service methods—Cart, dollie, hand truck. Furniture — Short stool. Equipment— Storage refridgerator, coQler(milk). Storage — Shelving, cabinet.. Floor finish ~ Resilient. Base finish — Vinyl. Wall finish — Vinyl. Ceiling finish — Paint and texture. Lighting — Incandescent. Power — One 110 volt outlet. Communications —None, •i i!' .Air supply — Normal, humidity control. Plumbing fioctures — None, Ifechanical services —None. Fire protection — Sprinkler, Control dimensions —None, Area of space i.i :!! 11 i ! •i»- \w W^Ml^^'' •*IH it.«i'i •DIETICIAN OFFICE , .;-_.• :V J -. .;,;•/- Purpose — Administration of foodservices:, ordering of food and neededT y I supplies by, dietician through-this office,. People — Dietician only, hours: :7:00a,m, to 6:00 p.m. Access •— Direct to food preparation area. Sound — Quiet office. '_; ,\l Control — Visual, except to-food' preparation. Expression of space^— Off ice,,.purposef ulness, ; (ii. Service types — None. Service methods— None, Furniture ~ One desk, one executive chair, two straight chairs. f •; 1^ '-iJ Storage—One file cabinet. m Floor finish — Carpet, Base finish — Wood. Wall finish — Burlap. Gelling finish — Paint and texture. Lighting ~ Flourescent, Power — 110 volt outlets. Area of space ADt4INI3TRATION •ADMINISTRATOR ,GFFICES S^pjj;;- iSf;""' •INSTRUCTOR OFFICES .l:i( '-^m\ •A ! . ADMINISTRmcW, FAGILITr: •ADMINISTRATION OFFICE " Purpose .— Office, of academy director-and secretary to be used for over-seeing of function and for registration of skiers. People — Director and secretary. Maximum of four, Vours: 8:00 a.m. to 5»00 p.m. Access --.Direct to main entrance and meeting room, indirect to instructor's office. Control — Visual to entry, mail. Sound — Quiet to moderate. Expression of space — Warm, active, purposefulness , rough textures, bright. Furniture — Two desks, two executive chairs, two chairs. Equipment — Mail shutes, one file cabinet. Service types—Mail, records, files. Service methods — Manual, Storage—Records and files. Floor finish — Carpet, Base finish — Wood, Wall, finish — Burlap. Celling finish — Acoustical tile, ,. .. Llghtlng — Natixral, flourescent. Power— 110 volt conventional outlets, G ommunicati ons -- Phone, interphone. Intercom, public address, music, •I radio, television. Air supply— .Normal, I Plumbing fixtures — None. Mechanical services — None. Fire prevention — Sprinkler. Control dimensions ~ File: 18" by 3'-0". Area of space il 1 Sv^lS^ i 1 j i .ii • Ij ;;il '-'•\\ Ai •INSTRUCTOR'S OFFICE ;:; - ' :: - - Purpose — Office for instructors to revieiw schiedules, methods, and techniques, ^ People —: Maximum; twenty, average: ten to fifteen, hours; 8:00 td - 8:30 a.m., and 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. (morning peak). Access — Direct to main circulation , indirect to administration office. | |i Sound — Quiet. _.,; .-i - ' \ Control— Visual, h Expression of space ~ Relaxed, warm open, rough textures. Service types — None, i : Furniture ~ One desk, sofa, bulletin board, four chairs. Equipment ~ None. Storage — Twenty small lockers, -. i'i ilil Floor finish — Carpet, Base finish— Wood, V/all finish — Burlap, Ceiling finish — Acoustical tile. Lighting — Natural, flourescent,- Power — 110 volts, Gommunlcations — Phone, intercom, public address. Air supply — Normal. Plumbing fixtures — None, -Mechanicali services — None, Control dimension — Lockers: 20" by IQ"; by 12", Area of space •1. I • • I i I i! EDUCATIONAL FACILITY •CHALK TALK CLASS ROOr© •FILM PROJECTION ROOMS •VIDEO TAPE MONITORING ROO^S •EQUIPMENT ROOMS EDUGATibNALvFACILITY. V •PROJECTION LECTURE AREA Purpose. -— Area for film studies and general lectur-es. People — Maximum: one hundred fifty, ayerage;; seventy flye to;ohe hundred, hours: 7«00 to 8{00 a,m. ill 6:Q0;:tp $JOO p.m, Aceess — Direct to group study areas, indirect to administrative office, 111! ?••• Sound —-Moderately npisy. Control —Visual, sound. Expression of space—Semi-formal, actlveness, purposefuliness, openness. Service type — Films, video ta,pe's, ; Service methods — Projection deck, :permanent -screen. Furniture — Auditorium seating, ;table, six chairs, r^v: Equipment — Overhead projector, film projector, video projector, monitor, screen, v - .. | i,;ij -Storage — Filiii and. tape storage,; ^ Floor finish — Carpet and' vinyl asbestos. ; Base finish — Rough wood. Wall finish — Burlap, Celling finish •— Acoustical. Lighting — Incandescent, variable_,(rheps.tat). ^ i §!&-•-, • t ' •; • ^p|f? • : Communications: — Public address, jnusic,;mikejcfilm^ound. •Iii l|; •-i \ \\ ^^NAv'i. Air-Supply — Normal, \ 1: "-i. li ?^if;-' Plumbing fixtures -- Water fountain. 1 1.. ^^:, Mechanical services — None. 1 I gp^ i Fire protection — Sprinkler. iii :-iti ;-iii Control dimensions #>•;•;. I K;i; u li Area of space i; 1 •GROUP STUDY AREAS Purpose ~ Area for Individual groups to; study films and tapes with criticism from coaclies. People — ffeximum: fifteen to twenty, average: ten to fifteen, hours: 6:00-to ^$:dO p.m.; one to two coaches. ' Access — Direct from projection-lecture area.; ii ! Sound — Moderately noisy. i; >'•'• Control — Visual, sound. Expression of space— Warm, actlveness. Service types — Video tapes. Service method — Individual booths with monitors, Furnitiire — One table, one executive chair, fifteen straight chairs, fifteen booths. Equipment — Fifteen booths with play-back monitors. Storage — None, • Floor finish — Carpet. Base finish — Wood. Wall finish — Burlap. Ceiling finish — Acousticlil tile. Lighting — Incandescent, variable (rheostat). Power— Fifteen 110 volt outlets. I ill Communicat1ons — Interphone, music. i li; Air supply,— Normal, _; Plumbing fixtures — None, ^ ^ ^ Mechanical services — None, Fire protection—Sprinkler, Control dimension— Booths: 4'-0" by.;3'-0". Area of space ! r ^liA- ^g.. RECREATIONAL FACILITIES •SWIMMING POOL % •UNIVERSAL GYM •WORKOUT AREA •VOLLEYBALL COURT •SAUNA ROOM •WEIGHT ROOM •OUTDOOR GAMES AREA •HIKING TRAILS •HILL TRAINING AREA •OUTDOOR WORKOUT AREA m •MEDICAL AREA^ • ' RECREATION FACILITY •ni •WORKOUT AREA . : , i^ ;; Purpose — Area for skiers male; and female-to; work with weights and or^nized work exercise programs. People — Maximum: fifty,; average:; ;twenty to thirty, hours: 7«00 to-8:00 a.m., and 4:00 to 8:00 p.m. Access — Direct-to locker rooms, indirect to satma room and pool, Sound — Noisy, Control—Visual. Expression of space — Open, active, purposefulness, exciting. Service types—None. -^ . i 'I I i Service methods -- None. - Furniture — Four benches. i ii-i 1 111! Equipment — Four leg machines, one universal gym, two weight sets, six sets of dumbbells, two incline boards, one bench machine. Storage — Weight disk storage. Floor finish — Carpet. Base finish — Wood. Wall finish — Burlap. Ceiling finish — Vaulted text. #111 Olympic stain. Lighting — Incandescent,: natural* _;.J .-.--• '' --,^-_- -- 0:J i^fliS^ft^-r: Power—Maintenence outlets. Communications '— Music, intercom, public address. Air supply— Low temperatures, low humidity. •dip Plumbing fixtures — Water fountains. Mechanical services ~ Oxygen bottle*; Fire protection—Sprinkler. Control dimensions —Universal gym: -ll'-G!' by 11 '-0" Other machines r ;3'-0Y by 6'-0". "' Area of space 1 I ^ife> ^ir:i! '! 31 •POOL AREA - - : V •;. : - -. - Purpose — To house swimming pool and related activities.-; People — Maximum; - one hundred, averajge: fifty td seventy five, hours ^^t: 00 to: 9 :;G0 p. m;: ; :V Access — Direct to locker roort. Sound — Noisy, Control — Sound, weather. Expression of space — Open, active, fun, p^lrposeful, excitement. Service types '— Pool filtration. Service method — Permanent filtration system./ Furniture —Incline boards. ^ Equipment — Diving boards (high and low),-filtration system maint enence equipment. •tiT Storage — None. Floor finish — Non-slip. Base finish — Vinyl. Wall finish — Vinyl, Ceiling finish — Vinyl, Lighting — Incandescent, Power— Waterproof outlets. Communications — Public address, music. Air supply — High- temperature, ^ Plumbing fixtures —/.Catch basirts, water fountain. Mechanical services — /None, Fire protection — Sprinkler, / Structure v^r— Glue laminated roof beaihs. Control dimensions '///'; Area of space J- :' _ f-V. r •-,:; I I •LOCKER ROOM AREAS (TWO) Purpose,— Area to change clothes, take showers, saunas, rest rooms, medical area, People — Maximum: seventy five, average: twenty five to forty. Hours: 12:00 to 8:00 p.m. Access — Direct to gym and swimming pool areas and ti main circulation route and weight area. Control — Visual, sound, separation of the sexes. Expression of space — Quiet, warm, purposefulness. Service types — Laundry, supplies. Service methods — Container, supplies; manual. Furniture — Benches in locker room, table (treatment) in medical area with stool and chair, ^fe/ • • .Equipment — Sauna room, whirl pool bath, water heating. fe{/=-/" Storage — Medical supply cabinet, linen storage, lockers 18" by 18" by 6*. S?;; /: Floor finish — Carpet in locker area, non-slip in rest room and medical area, tile in showers,- •_?:;,"••••:-4,,; Base finish — Vinyl. Wall finish — Vinyl in all except showers where tile is used. Ceiling finish — Vinyl. Lighting — Incancescent. _,.—- __— Power —-It0 volt outlets, ; . Gommunicati-ons — Public address, ,// Air supply — Highytemperature. low humidity.:;,/. / / i- Plumbing fixtures —'-Water closet, jjrinalSj; showers,; hose bib. Fire prevention — Sprinklerv \ //;; - // / •; Area of ^s pace ";- .-stf^fsSsS/i;^/-,/ •GYMNASIUM \ / - V- //;": Purpose,^- Area for indoor games and' general conditioning, volleyball -; prominent. People --.Maximum: fifty, average: twenty to twenty five, hours of " uset 1:00 to.9»00 p.m. Access — Direct to locker room area. Sound — Noisy. Control — Sound, visual. "Expression of space — Active, "open,warm. Service types— None, Furniture — Ten benches sixi feet long. Equipment — Volley:^11, basketball,/hockey. Storage— For all.equipment. Floor finish — Wooden-with tartan floor. Base finish— Vinyl. Wall finish — Vinyl, Ceiling finish Acoustical tile. Lighting -r- Incandescent, natural* , Power— 110 volts. Communications— Public address. Air supply — Normal. ._.-„- w -X. ausbing fixtures - Water fountains. Struc^urg. -- Glue laminated. ; ^ ^^^^^^iSenslons. - Volleyball: 30'-0">,^ 50'-0".. Area of space '0 r- •FARKIHG AREAS il:; Purpose — To provide both sheltered and short term parkiag and service •;;- parking. People — Fifty covered, thirty short term, three service laxking. Access — Direct to main base area access road and to service doors in , - . • ,|i food service. Sound — Moderate. Control — Permit admittance to sheltered parking. • , f Squipment — Snow removal. Storage — For manual removal tools, twenty scoops. Control dimensions — Parking: 10'-O" by 20'-0" Drive: 2^'-0" . ; Service parking! 15'-0" by 25'-0". y. Area of space ACTIVITIES •DIRECTOR The director makes all decisions concerning scheduling, including the time and date of all races and time trials. He must oversee the instruction techniques and check with coaches on the daily progress of the skiers. In addition, he is responsible for all aspects of food service and the management of the facilities and grounds" ^SECRETARY The secretary sends invitations for all camps and prepares the rosters, as well as overseeing enrollment and caring for check-in records. She keeps all financial records including the payment of bills. In addition, the secretary makes all trappbrtatio,>i and housing arrangements. •INSTRUCTORS Gamp instructors are responsible for the personal instruction and training of the skiers^ and participate in hill instruction on a one to ten ratio with the students. They lecture during evening study sessions and oversee the workshop sessions. Also, they aid students in equipment techniques arid give critiques during video tape sessions. In addition, the instructors meet each morning to plan techniques and teaching activities --•;•';for that• day.t ^ •DIETICIAN The dietician sets up diets for the racers according to training schedules and oversees the preparation and. seirving of food. He is in charge of dining maintainence and inspection of the food service facility. In addition, he orders food one week at a time and keeps records of all deliveries and consumptions.*^ •JANITOR AND MAID SERVICES The janitors clean and maintain the premises on a daily tasis. They need a storage and service area with storage for one week's supply of malntainance products and required maintainence equipment, ifeid Pi^^-'ice is a branch of janitor services vrhich is supplied on a weekly basis. Laundry service is pro^^idf^d on a weekly basis by janitor employees in Southfork, •GROUNDS GREW The grounds crew is responsible for the maintenance of the ski runs and the manning of the ski lifts,' They are also in charge of snow removal'and the maintenance of the grounds surrounding the academy. The foreman oversees ski operations and support activities. Maintenance of facilities is shared with the main base area. WJ ifi •RACERS The racers spend thirty per cent of their time at camp in training and conditioning, both indoors and outdoors. They learn new techniques and styles and the application of these on the slopes. They also gain -the experience of competition and timed events. I ' j: •SUMMER CAMP March-June 5l30 Awake 6i30 Breakfast 7100 Hit slopes lit00 Video tape session ill 11:30 Lunch break 1:00 Hiking short and long Swimming Conditioning Hill training 6:00 Dinner 7100 Film and video tape study 8:00 Equipment sessions - ^;;^:?- 9l00 Lights out •WINTER CAMP November-February 6 J 00 Awake 6:30 Light workout 7;00 Breakfast 8100 Hit slopes 12:00 Lunch break 1:00 Hit slope /'^ideo tape session on the hill if: 00 Workout 6:00 Dinner 7:00 Film and video tape study 8:00 Equipment work 9;00 Lights out •FALL CONDITIONING GAMP August-November 7iOO Avfake 7i30 Light workout- 8:00 Breakfast 9«00 Long strenuous hikes 11:00 Technique practice 12:00 Lunch break 2:00 Weight training 3iOO Games Volleyball Swimming 6t00 Dinner 7100 Video tape and films SiOO Free time lOiOO Lights out Daily schedules designed with the help of Dick Boyce, Director of Racing, Gamp Wolf Greek, and Director of Ski School, Wolf Creek, HUMAN USERS SEASONAL USEB ; • - i - ' IH 'ill ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT DAILY PROGRAMS RECREATIONAL EDUCATIONAL W§' iif HUMAN USERS •THE RACERS f;.:-v:"', . Currently there are approximately one hundred fifty to one hundred seventy five top flite ski racers in the world. These racers come 0'k ^/;/ from som.e sixty nations. Directly behind these top world skiers are ^fe-'/i' • M^Ji ' some one hundred "B" grade skiers on each team. The United States has e-^ir/ twenty five "A" team skiers, twenty five "B" team skiers, and twenty ^^3,-/;: • five "G" team skiers, 'The United States currently pays $1,000,00 per m^. skier to send them to Chile, Argentina, and Australia during the summer a**-; •.. / ••-./' fi;?/i. for conditioning. •PERSONNEL WJ-i:. Currently there is a racing camp held each summer at Wolf Creek with an instructor-pupil ratio of one to five. Assuming seventy five to one hundred racers per camp there will be a need for at least twenty Instructors, Dick Boyce, Director of the Wolf Creek Gamp has suggested -that there be three administrative instructors, himseK, Adolf Koos, ooach of the U,S, Alpine team, and Sween Wilk, coach of the U,S, Nordic team,^ Food service personnel will number eight to ten because of the limited diet of the racers. Twenty to twenty five additional employees will i#J5- V .; be = heeded for the fa,cility. SEASONAL USES \ i Because of the year-round nature of a skier's conditioning, it will be necessary to hold camps year-round. Because the camps run only four to six weeks, the facility will be used as a ski lodge during unused winter months and a summer vacation lodge during unused summer months. These off-season uses will certainly be a positive factor to the economic feasibility of the academy. ACTIVITIES AND BQUPMENT The relationship of activities to equipment is more important in a racing camp than in a ski resort. Racers-spend many hours working I ! I £•' with and adjusting their equipment. A racer lives with his or her skies, ,.^* First thing in the morning he waxes skis to fit snow conditions, and i • • - &V,-- the last few minutes before bed are spent adjusting bindings. if/ Other equipment directly related will be the video tape cameras and the individual head sets used in onhill training, RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES •RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES FOR TRAINING SKIERS Swimming w. —.Volley ball Weight training iti-'- —Free exercises/ Organized calesthehics —"Universal gym" training / / —'Sauna training Long strenuous hikes Short free hikes —Hill training Technique work Mountain climbing ' Outdoor games Indoor requirements Outdoor requirements EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES •FILM WORK Study of films of racing techniques and of actual races. Designed to hekp racers see area of personal technique that is lacking, •VIDEO TAPE This method of study gives the racer a chance to study his personal style. As analysis by an Instructor is also needed, individual viewing areas aire needed so that the racer^a,nd his coach c^tfl,-rfview tapes. li,"'"'-' •TECHNIQUE SESSIONS Ss- •EQUIPMENT WORK SHOPS THESIS I. DESIGN .GONGEPTS .; iv «; ; Criteria for-/design of p.n'Olympic training facility for the -world skiers .is a many-facited consideration. Primary considerations for M the conceptual stage-of/design were the yerticality of the site, the total mountain-awareness, and the ef facts/of function-and flow on • •building separation and grouping,/, . Secondary, considerations are those of recycling of site materials - to be used .in buildings, maximum solar orientation for warmth and light," and tota,! separation from public facilities at Wolf Greek. Factors of restriction are the construction; of the complex within the expected permit area, minimum interuptipn of site drkinage, and ^ three.story height limitation. , :. ^ , II. SITE C0II3IDERATI0NS The site was.selected because.of its separation ffom-the public facility in the five year plan: This separation, is merely a visual one. The training::.center is.still able to use all the. utilities'of the public complex. ; The percent of slope (20^ to ^0^) had a great effect on the design of the complex. The bench area that was chosen afforded the area with a site with the least varria,tion of^terrain. The area seems to be of a common slope of approximately 20 to 25^. This extreme grade I caused the three level 'stag^red/arrangement of the dormatory units to occur out of.'an effort "to align the design with the site. This grade also caused the one graded-walkway to be completely raised platforms of all-weather redwood. In order to cause the least interruption of the natural site drainage, all buildings- that could be were aligned parallel with the slope. Because of the visual penetration of the •vegetation, this same penetration was follovred in the separation of the buildings. III. SPACIAL clJALITIES In order to achieve the mountain experience, all spaces had as much visual access both in and out. This was reflected in both the solar-oriented and vertical planes. The criteria for the transparency of the roof structure of the dormatory was the capability to visually penetrate the vertical levels from the buildings and walkways upsite from, the dormatories. In all areas, the maximum ceiling heights reflect the stress for the outdoor mood. This large volume coupled with the \ visual penetration .is meant to achieve.the- primary consideration of " /-'mountain: experience ;awareness;," Any restrictions wbuld ,/be those of /•• ithree story ihelghts, / /• ;:>"— IV. ^|UNGTICmL:RELAlgmSHlPSr,^:7 .-;////, Primary .reJa^tionships-^" those/of fpinctlpn/usually^/d^ / - Vv/ adjacent i,prganiv;ationa;lly arid;/lpcationally, .'-.The/ first-vof'ithesei;; - '—0|^ , relationships is ti^t/bf: a/dminlstration to edJuCation-; : This relation- shipr; is primary becauSei^it affords.^ the .only^-icharice for-overseeing- activities.-;,of the/administration. Because there is a-Vertical / -/-"i-S org5.nizationai relationship^,- it was~designed-with a-vertical relationship. _ _ -^ • ; Secondary,functional relationships are basically the; inter-- \: building.relationships which are. thei" basis for planning of the- ' inter-court, spaces. . ;' Priorities and decisions were/made on the basis of the flow of. the daily, routine or schedule;of; the; skiers. Priorities established, t- followed-the.-times of day used and duration of activity within/spaces. . Back-to-back activities, dn the' time schedule were -located adjacently either inters true tura,liy or intrastructurally. Natural processes or sequences played a role in-the. design of areas such as, the. training area and tjje locker-room. V. MATKHIALS.': - . ; :", All'"materials selected were, to reflect the surr-Oundings,/terrain, .-t"-^-;;7^^MS^ and textures^-of the/.site. " Hopefully, -these factors will again con tribute, to the-mountain experience. •.,'ith the use of the rich texti.ires , forms.,- and. colors, the /visual impact, of, the project, ^ill be ,a pleas:.ag one. In all areas, colors will be warm"colors and earth" tones—again a reflecti-ion:-,of- the -site. VI. STRUCTURAL FACTORS-; / .: . ,;./../ . Structural selections were -made on-the .basis of aesthetics and • mecha,nical necessity, ^ The-roof structiare in the dormatory is to be of glue-laminated beams as primary members and timber beams as - secondary members. The roof consists of plexiglas panels (l20"Xl4it-") formed slightly to prevent-deformation due to prolonged; snow loads. The glue-laminated beams are supported: by internal cblumhs;through all three .levels, ' Floor structures;consist"of "^" beams in areas requiring a plenum space ;f or mechanical-reasons. In other areas • the floor-slabs area is made of-belular concrete slab sections joined to the "^" beams by way of'an inset steel channel, the thickness of the; cellular concrete slab. These slabs are supported on the perimeter of the unit by way of small box-steel columns on the out side of the commons areas. VII. MECHANICAL FACTORS Because of the temperature range at Wolf Creek the necessity for air conditioning in the wa.y of cooling was eliminated. Maximum temperature is 68 to 70 deg?rees. Ihe cboling is done by way of natural ventilation circulated by a negative pressure generator with the use of a plenum space. Negative pressure is achieved by use of a air handler in the exhaust- phase. Heating is accomplished by way pf, outside air pre-heated before entering the air mover, llie air (at 65 degrees) is then distributed by the duct through the plenum space to the. units where it is thermostatically heated by In-duct boot heaters. The air is then viS^I^ T.'L-^tW returned through the plenum space and connecting ducts. Vn.- ELECTIRCAL FACTORS : -/ . llie reason for selection of/electricity as the main energy source was the.'locationof the site and the existing availability of electricity ih this area, -Pre~sent/facilities are served by electricity, and distance from service areas makes the electricity the most feasible choice. Transportation of electricity.is underground within the complex and in the raceway, with "romex" within buildings. .^ 1 •'is- - fj ; ^--••-"-r's i' •^-^:^s^>i-^V;^ M:^ 'i IXi SPECIAL EQUIPMENT Special equipment includes mainly lift and snow removal equipment for outdoor areas. The racing runs will be served by aVgondola lift. This lift would handle four skiers; per can and apprdximiately seventy cars per ho\ir. Snow removal equipment would consist pf a pair of , Thiokol snow-cats used for snow removal and snow maintainarice. Inside equipment includes dining, training-and video equipment., , The dining equipmeht will consist-of normal equipment used in prepar ation |5lus; warming, ovens, steam;tables, and dishwashing equipment. Training equipment i^rill consist-'of a sauna room and four universal gym weight .trairiins machines. Video. ta,je, equipment, will include' four, capieras, fourteen individual visual display screens and-^a, tape "projector. . ^ , ;; st -•- !,Vi X Q ,'• I'l Z iii If UJ w a >' i'' a •n < L :M..!., APPENDIX A i\ LOCATION COMPARISON OF CLIMATOLOGICAL AND SNOW COURSE DATA STATIONS AND RESPECTIVE SKI AREAS 1 Some of the data stations used In this report for the purpose of making comparisons of conditions at Wolf Creek and other ski areas are somewhat removed from the ski areas they are intended to repre sent, which results in the possibility that the data may vary some I what from actual area conditions. The following table illustrates f' the relative locations of the ski areas and respective data stations. •X '7 1' I ,i ' i. ! A-1 J BASE AREA DATA PROXIMITY TO ' SKI AREA ELEVATION STATION ELEV. SKI AREA Wolf Creek Pass 10,380 Wolf Creek IE 10,642 Colo. Dept. of Cl imatologlcal Highways camp Station adjacent to ski area Hi way 10,700 1 mme d i a te 1 y to Snow Course north of ski area Wolf Creek Pass 10,200 Alberta Park Snow Course near proposed base area Aspen 7.930 Aspen 7,913 Town of Aspen Climatologlcal near base of Station Aspen Mountain Aspen 9,700 Adjacent to Snow Course No. 3 lift on Aspen Mountain Crested Butte 9.300 Crested Butte 8,855 Approximately Climatologlcal 1 miIe from Station ski area Crested Butte 9,000 Approx. 3 Snow Course miles NW of ski area Winter Park 9,000 Winter Park 9,058 Near base of 1 Precipitation ski area Station Fraser 8,560 Town of Fraser Cl imatologlcal approximately Station 5 miles from ski area Vasquez 9,600 Approximately Snow Course 2 miles NW of I ski area BASE AREA DATA PROXIMITY TO SKI AREA ELEVATION STATION ^ ELEV. SKI AREA Steamboat 7,000 Steamboat 6,770 „ 3 to 4 miles from Springs ski area Climatologi cal Station Yompa View 8,500 Approx. k miles Snow Course from ski area Purgatory 9,000 Cascade Snow 8,850 Approx. 2-1/2 Course ml les north of ski area Keystone 9,300 Snake River Snow Course 9,700 Approx. 2 miles NE of ski area Taos 9,200 Red River 9,500 Approx. 5 miles Snow Course NE of ski area A-3 ANALYSIS OF PROBABLE AVERAGE OPENING DATE \ o In order to estimate an average opening date for Wolf Creek, precipi tation and snowpack data were analyzed for the winter seasons, 1958- 59 through 1971-72. The 1958-59 season was picked as a starting date as this was the first season measurements were made at the Wolf Creek IE climatological station. Two techniques were used to establish the probable opening date for each season. One technique was to take the equivalent water content of the snowpack on the Hiway course on "'! Feb. 1 and subtract from that the daily precipitation in reverse chronological order until such time as the snowpack was reduced to approximately 18 inches. The day after the first snowstorm of any significance prior to that date was assigned as the opening date for that season. This method assumed that the snowpack experienced only minor losses subsequent to the established opening date. Correlation coefficients between periodic changes in water content of the Hiway snow course and accumulated precipitation for the same time period at the Wolf Creek IE station and between depth of snow and the cor it I responding water equivalent had to be established and were determined to be as follows: Incremental change In water content of the snowpack equals 1.2 times accumulated precipitation. The relationship between snow depth and water content is actually exponential, but can be closely approximated by: snow depth equals 3.75 times equivalent water content (for 0 to kO Inches of snowpack) ; and snow depth equals 12 plus 2.64 times equivalent water content (for 40 to 100 inches of snow). B-1 I --1 The second technique used to determine probable opening dates was to correlate daily temperature and precipitation from early in each season and estimate the date that the snowpack was adequate to open the area. Some early-season snow depth records were available on the Wolf Creek Pass snow course and were used as an aid in estab lishing the opening dates. Estimated opening dates for each season are given in the table on the following page. S ESTIMATED OPENING DATE Using Hiway Snow Using Wolf Creek IE Course and Wolf Temp, and Preclp., Creek IE Preclp. and Wolf Creek Pass SEASON Records Snow Course Records 58-59 Nov, 28 Nov. 18 59-60 Oct. 4 Oct. 4 60-61 Nov. 28 Nov. 9 61-62 Oct. 31 Oct. 27 62-63 Nov. 20 Nov. 17 63-64 Nov. 25 Nov. 25 64-65 Nov. 18 Nov. 17 65-66 Oct. 19 Oct. 19 66-67 Nov. 9 Nov. 9 67-68 Dec. 13 Dec. 15 68-69 Nov. 15 Nov. 17 69-70 Oct. 17 Oct. 13 70-71 Oct. 24 Oct. 24 71-72 Oct. 18 Oct. 18 Average Nov. 8 Nov. 6 B-3 APPENDIX C ANALYSIS OF WIND CONDITIONS ON CONTINENTAL DIVIDE RIDGE NEAR EXISTING LIFT E-3 The following analysis was made to determine the feasibility of placing a chairlift terminal on the east-west trending portion of the Continental Divide Ridge. Wind measurement data was obtained through the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, for the wind speed and direction instrument located at Wolf Creek Pass Ski Area near the top of the existing Lift No. E-3. The records Include data collected during the months from October 24, 1970, to Jl May 16, 1971. The Instrument was frequently Inoperative during por •I tions of a day, and occasionally records were missing for several days. Our analysis considered only those portions of the records corresponding to probable lift operating time between 7:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. for the days on which the instrument was operating continu ously throughout most of the specified time. The records became somewhat more comprehensive after the early part of February when a different instrument was Installed at the Wolf Creek location. Data was analyzed for all days having meaningful records. The number of days each month having useful records is given In the following table. C-1 MH NO. OF DAYS Oct. (24th to 31st) Nov,. Q Dec. 2 Jan. 0 Feb. 2 Mar. ]] Apr. 5 May (1st to l6th) 3 TOTAL 25 days The high percentage of days falling In March and April could bias the results, although it is also possible that an even larger bias is Introduced by the fact that the inoperative days of the other months could have been caused by more severe climatological conditions and that Ice riming could have caused low readings. The wind data obtained was In the form of mean hourly speeds and directions with occasional notations that wind speeds had exceeded 75 mph for certain periods of time. Analysis of the data for the (lays given above resulted in the graph shown on Page C-3 which is a relationship between wind speed and the percent of mean hourly wind speeds of higher intensity. For example, 18 percent of the mean hourly wind speeds were greater than 30 miles per hour for the 216 hours that were analyzed. Inspection of the data indicated that there were three main wind regimes: constant winds of 10 to 20 mph, "linor storms of 20 to 30 mph, and major storms of 30+ mph. Of partic ular Interest are the wind gusts that could be expected during the V) NOTE: Data from wind measuring ."-' a instrument located on continental LU 100 divide in vicinity of existing lift E3 UJ upper terminal a. CO ^ 51- 80 WW- \ 60 ft- " ZlU UJ < X 0^ Ul o "-' 40 (HI^P', o - UJ •W«?*: o 20 Ul ir m,'J..m..f 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 MEAN HOURLY WIND SPEED Ml ( MILES PER HOUR ) '•' ,' I INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN HOURLY WIND SPEEDS L, FIGURE C-l C-3 '\ i ajor storms as this would be the main factor affecting chairlift iperation. In previous studies, we have found that wind storms can ;e defined by the equation: V = bt -m where V = the average wind speed over an arbitrary time interval; t = the time interval in hours; b and m = storm parameters which depend upon the ru^-ii-l particular storm considered. alying this technique to the Wolf Creek data, it was found that itainecJ gusts of 60 to 100+ mph could be anticipated during the ijor storms. This means that operation of a lift terminating on e ri(jge would be marginal for approximately 18 percent of the time, ^ior storms occurred on 8 of the 25 days that were analyzed, which •iults In marginal lift operations on 32 percent of the days, for an srage of almost 5 hours on those days. This analysis resulted In •f conclusion that a chairlift should not be terminated on the ridge •"•the existing E-3 lift, but is not an Indication of wind condi- *s at other parts of the area. n ^p?*s»*.^11' APPENDIX D MEAN MONTHLY MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE GRAPHS The following graphs give the mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures for climatological data stations representative of Wolf Creek, Aspen, Steamboat, Winter Park, and Crested Butte ski areas. Y£AR 1958 - 1959 1959-19,60 -jJSjBO -^4961 ,496J ^^962 to UJ oc < Q: UJ Q. UJ UJ I z KEY UJ cr < X ' CRESTED BUTTE CO UJ UJ ' FRASER or o UJ • STEAM BOAT SPRINGS -WOLF CREEK >- _J X h- o z < UJ m (C I-: -ri o Z OQ- "• t— > CJ Z ® 5 OOLJ 1962 - 1963 1963-1964 1964 - 1965 1965-1966 UJ a: r> \- < a: UJ Q. UJ •- H 2 UJ X X z o 2 Ul Q: z m oc H >: 6 z tn 5 •)i ti z (D 1- > o z (D H O o UJ < UJ < o Ul III o o UJ Ul o O UJ < UJ < O Z Q "3 U Z < < < MA R o z a -3 U. 2s o z a -3 u. o z o -5 u. s MONTH I>-3 FIGURE D-2 K;&ic£^b£'^^^^^^»«*iditiM^^ ^'i^'yi'^'t'.ir^M Wm ^-^^•-^^'-''ytiffMaariHfriili^^^^a^ir^ •^--- rirMiVh»:i,-'ai^';^fc^ I. YEAR 1966 - 1967 1967 -1968 1968 - 1969 1969-1970 1970 - 1971 V) UJ D h < It UJ a. UJ UJ |p D I z UJ X Q: X < < u. o z < i D >- _i X h z o z < UJ I I'! oc K » 11 > o z (D H^ >: 6 z "i 5 t- > u z m H > o z m 5 h^ > o z UJ o o UJ < }^ I o o UJ < o o UJ < o o UJ < UJ < o O UJ < o z o •> "- 2 o z a UJ O z o < UJ z o z a -> s o z o ^ u. MONTH (0 u MS 0 < 2 I"' Q ! I!f U » 11 111 t • I The following ski operation break-even analysis is based on the premise that efficiency will be above average In all aspects of the development and subsequent operations. Operating costs have been projected to be as much as 10 percent under what some similar areas are experiencing. Expenses incurred before the start of construction SKI OPERATION for Phase I, except for initial engineering and planning, have not been Included in the analysis. • CAPITAL COSTS • REVENUE AND CAPITAL COSTS OPERATIONAL Cost estimates for purchase of equipment and construction of facili COSTS ties for ski operations are based on the following assumptions: 1. All construction and trail clearing will be accomplished • BREAK-EVEN by contract. ANALYSIS 2. To provide for inflation, prices will increase at a straight-line rate of 5 percent/year. Completion of construction phases is anticipated to be as follows: a) Phase I — 197^ b) Phase II — 1976 c) Phase III — 1979 The table on the following page illustrates estimated costs for each phase of the development. e-^3 CAPITAL COSTS (In Thousands of Dollars) ITEM PHASE I PHASE I I PHASE Preliminary master plan 50.0 --. Lift purchase and installation 350.2 7^9.1 1,253.8 Trail clearing and grooming 90.0 87.8 59.9 Slope maintenance equipment 39'3 ^5-0 A9.8 Heavy equipment and vehicles 52.8 5^.1 68.6 Miscellaneous equipment 25.A 22.0 18.0 Communications equipment 18.0 38.2 21.6 Maintenance facilities ^1-3 36.0 A0.5 Base area access roads 37-9 35.1 — Parking areas 97*6 180.7 165.9 Water supply and sewage disposal 103.^ 188.6 11^.3 Power distribution 20.0 36.0 20.3 — Administrative facilities — 67.5 Day lodge and skier service 357-5 180.0 212.5 Miscellaneous furnishings 20.0 15.0 26.0 TOTAL 1.303.^ 1,667.6 2,118.7 WBSRaf^nra .1.11* Ifc.riiii.i i tini,^ •1 II t-iiilT^.ifctr.ai ^-:i«,ju£&. • Mi«»,.-;.&..x>ir,<.;.s.^.. i f-, •- —i...-,j-..-.-:»,».p.^.ymji^ i^i^a^^;; REVENUE AND OPERATIONAL COSTS Ski operation revenues have been calculated on the basis of income per skier visit as shown in the following table.(1: ) ITEM PHASE 1 PHASE 11 PHASE 111 Weighted average - lift ticket revenue $^.^5 $5.67 $6.88 (Average based on adult, all-day, all- 1 ift ticket price) (6.00) (7.50) (9.00) Ski school 0.53 0.79 0.96 (12^ - \h% of lift revenue) Ski rental 0.67 0.85 1.03 (15% of 1ift revenue) Retail shop 0.36 0.^5 0.55 (8% of 1ift revenue) Cafeteria (adjusted for food revenue credited 0.80 0.53 0.A3 to overnight accommodations) TOTAL REVENUE/SKIER VISIT $6.81 $8.29 $9.85 (1) These revenues and all subsequent costs and revenues are adjusted for inflationary increases on the same schedule given for "Capital Costs Wv Operational costs are categorized as follows: Fixed - annual costs. Including management and administrative salaries and expenses, fire and marine insurance, off season maintenance, and property taxes. Provision for a working capital fund has not been included in the break even analysis. Semi-Variable - seasonal costs which are Independent of business volume, such as miscellaneous equipment, supplies, labor costs for maintenance of lifts and trails, ski patrol, ticket sales, and snow removal. These costs are based on an average operating season of 175 days. Variable - those expenses proportional to the number of skier visits, such as liability insurance, U.S. Forest Service fees, marketing, supplies, and ski school. Estimated operational costs at the completion of each development phase are as follows: ITEM PHASE 1 PHASE 11 PHASE 111 Fixed $ 81,720 $176,020 $ 313,630 Semi-Variable 265,670 572,190 1,019,55 0 Variable Liability (3% of lift revenue) 0.1335 0.1701 0.2064 Marketing {8% of total revenue) 0.5^^8 0.6632 0.7880 Food {kS% of cafeteria revenue) 0.3600 0.2385 0.1935 U.S.F.S. Fee (2.5% of total revenue) 0.1752 0.2072 0.2462 fc-47 BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS The term "break-even point" is used to describe the percentage of capacity operation of a facility at which income will just cover expenses. Using the cost and revenue projections previously de veloped and an operating season of 175 days, the following break even points have been established: CAPACITY SKIER VISITS BREAK-EVEN STAGE OF OPERATION RECIUIRED TO POINT DEVELOPMENT (SKIER VISITS) COVER EXPENSES (PERCENT) Phase i 328,125 62,017 18.9 Phase I I 674,625 106,719 15.8 Phase I I I 1 ,015,000 158,412 15.6 The break-even analysis is shown in graphical form on Figs. 5, 6, and 7. These figures also show a second break-even point which is the annual skier visits required to cover operating expenses plus depreciation and interest. For the purpose of this report, de preciation and interest on the ski operation have been calculated as straight-line depreciation plus 7.5 percent interest on first cost. Use of this method provides an indicator only, as it is beyond the scope of this report to fully analyze an exact capital recovery factor at a fixed return on Investment due to the variable life ex pectancy of the items involved and possible necessity of early equip ment replacement. (1) Recovery on some items, such as trail clearing, would actually be considered as amortization rather than depreciation. We expect that the required skier visits for the break-even points given as follows represent capital recovery plus 7.5 to 10 percent return on first cost. CAPACITY SKIER VISITS REQUIRED BREAK-EVEN STAGE OF OPERATION TO COVER EXPENSES, DE- POINT DEVELOPMENT (SKIER VISITS) PRECIATION AND INTEREST (PERCENT) Phase I 328,125 92,421 28.2 Phase I I 674,625 163,181 24.2 Phase I I I 1,015,000 240,352 23.7 The above calculations were based on average depreciation rates as follows LIFE EXPECTANCY ITEM (YEARS) BuiIdings 30 Utilities 30 Lifts 15 Heavy Equipment 8 Light Equipment 5 Roads and Parking 30 TralIs 40 E-49 - ----r"! rifi I • ipoo A-0PERATIN6 BREAK-EVEN--# 422,336 62.017 SKIER VISITS B - TOTAL BREAK - EVEN 629.387 92.421 SKIER VISITS 500 f SKIER - VISITS (THOUSANDS) BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS SKI OPERATIONS PHASE I 2,500 2.000 (/) OT 1- cr OT 3 1,000 1^=^ IIzI O > X UJ oc ^ 500 300 SKIER - VISITS (THOUSANDS) BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS SKI OPERATIONS PHASE IE FIGURE 6 B-51 5.000 4,000 3^000 ; 2,000 1,000 500 SKIER - VISITS (THOUSANDS) BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS SKI OPERATIONS PHASE M The anticipated long operating season at Wolf Creek is quite significant in reducing the break-even points. As an example, the break-even point to cover expenses plus depreciation and interest for Phase I, assuming a 132-day operating season, would be about 33 percent. Efficiency of larger operations can also be seen in the reduction of the break-even point from Phase I to subsequent phases. Attainment of the required skier visits in order to break even appears to be realistic when considering performance of other major ski areas within the Rocky Mountains. Winter Park realized an average efficiency ratio of slightly over 40 percent during the 1969-70 season. E-53 The break-even analysis for overnight accommodations considers only the major facilities scheduled for construction during Phases II and 111 of the development program. For the purpose of projecting costs and revenues, it has been assumed that Phase II will be com pleted in 1976 and Phase I I I in 1979. OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS CAPITAL COSTS The total space requirement for the overnight accommodations is • CAPITAL COSTS estimated to be 736,000 square feet. For cost estimate purposes, an average construction cost of $25 per square foot has been used, • REVENUE AND modified by the same inflation schedule used in the ski operation OPERATIONAL analysis. The $25 per square foot Includes an allowance for all COSTS associated items, such as swimming pools, site improvements, and landscaping. Breakdown of the required space is as follows: • BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS REQUIRED SPACE ITEM (SQ. FT.) 1000 lodge units, including 624,000 hallway, office, lobby, and recreational space Restaurants - 1500 seats 30,000 Lounge and bar - 400 seats 4,000 Commercial 78,000 e-54 L Estimated costs of these and related facilities are given in the following table: CAPITAL COSTS (In Thousands of Dollars) ITEM PHASE PHASE III Lodge units, restaurants, lounges, $11,040 $12,420 and commercial space Maintenance and storage facilities 27 20 Water supply and sewage disposal 440 267 Village roads and limited parking 33 25 Equipment and furnishings 1,232 1,386 Power and gas distribution 30 25 TOTAL $12,802 $14,143 Water supply and sewage disposal would be tied into the ski operation system. The maintenance facilities listed above are in addition to those required for the ski operation. Total addition required is estimated at 2500 square feet at a cost of $15 per square foot. REVENUE AND OPERATIONAL COSTS Revenue on a guest-day basis for the various income items is given In the following table. 5q AVERAGE REVENUE/GUEST DAY ITEM PHASE 1 I PHASE 111 Rooms $14.83 $16.54 Food 8.68 9.69 Beverages and sundries 3.04 3.39 Miscellaneous 1.15 1.28 (telephone, services, etc.) TOTAL $27.70 $30.90 Additional revenue from rental of commercial space is used In the break-even analysis as $4.60 per square foot in Phase II and $5.30 per square foot in Phase III. Operational costs of the overnight facilities have been divided into three categories as follows: Fixed Costs - annual costs for management, property taxes, security, and a proportion of utilities and maintenance expenses. SemI-Variable Costs - these costs are dependent on the length of the operating season, but are not affected by fluctuations in business volume. They include administrative, general labor and expenses, and a proportion of utilities, maintenance, telephone, and marketing ex penses. g-56 Variable Costs variable costs are those expenses which are incurred for each guest day during which the facilities are used. They include room ser vice and expenses, initial cost of food, bev erages and sundries, U.S. Forest Service fees, and a proportion of maintenance, utilities, telephone, and marketing expenses. Operating costs are summarized in the following table: OPERATING COSTS ITEM PHASE I I PHASE I I I Fixed costs/available room $1,214 $1,323 Semi-variable costs/available room 2,984 3,310 (based on annual operation) Semi-variable costs/available room 1,634 1,812 (based on ski season operation) i Variable costs/guest day 13.51 15-10 BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS Break-even points for overnight accommodations have been calculated on the basis that the facilities will operate during the ski season only. This analysis is then supplemented by a graph which makes It possible to determine a reduction In break-even points, depending on C guest days during the summer season. Fixed costs have been charged against the ski season operations. Using the cost and revenue pro jections previously developed and an operating season of 175 days, the break-even points to cover operating expenses are as follows: CAPACITY GUEST DAYS BREAK-EVEN STAGE OF OPERATION REQUIRED TO POINT DEVELOPMENT (GUEST DAYS) COVER EXPENSES (PERCENT) Phase I I 350,000 87.738 25.1 Phase III 700,000 172,278 24.6 These break-even points are calculated on the basis of guest days. Break-even points calculated on the basis of room occupancy would be a higher percentage, depending on the average guests per room. Average room occupancy for resort accommodations is approximately 2 guests per room, although we would expect this number to be sign I ficantly higher at Wolf Creek on a seasonal basis. Break-even points for operating expenses plus annual depreciation and interest for the ski season only are estimated to be as follows: GUEST DAYS REQUIRED TO CAPACITY COVER EXPENSES, BREAK-EVEN STAGE OF OPERATION DEPRECIATION POINT DEVELOPMENT (GUEST DAYS) AND INTEREST (PERCENT) Phase 11 350,000 164,200 46.9 Phase 1 1 1 700,000 316,800 45.3 Depreciation and interest for the above were calculated by the capital recovery method using a 30-year - 7.5 percent factor. This technique decreases the break-even point by approximately 6 percent as compared to the straight-line depreciation plus first cost method used for ski e-58 •i-ii***.''^,'Mi«ir rW4.rtu. operations. The capital recovery method should be valid for over night accommodations since life expectancy of the facilities is more certain and capital investment for replacements should be minimal. Figures 8 and 9 on the following two pages illustrate the overnight accommodations break-even points in graphical form. The graph on Page 62 shows the reduction in ski season break-even points that can be achieved with summer business. The relationships illustrated on the graph are valid only when the number of available rooms specified are In operation for the summer. For example, 10,800 summer guest days with 75 rooms open to the public would allow for a 3,500-guest-day reduction in ski season break-even points. Points where the curves intersect the zero reduction are the summer break-even |)oints which cover semi-variable and variable costs. These curves Here calculated for a 120-day summer season with a 20-percent reduction in room rates. 7,500 CO v> (£ K- 5/300 250 GUEST-DAYS (THOUSANDS) BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS PHASE in FIGURE 8 g 60 15,000 t OT < _i 10,000 _i o a M. O OT O Z < OT 3 O X 5,000 r 500 GUEST-DAYS (THOUSANDS) BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS E PHASE UL 15 - y : - 10 / - OT a z < OT 3 O - - X t- - , / ^/ f ^/ < _ - Y f" f" 7 - Y ¥ ¥ : GUEST-DAYS (THOUSANDS) REDUCTION IN SKI SEASON BREAK-EVEN POINTS FROM SUMMER OPERATIONS OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS FIGURE 10 e-62 Economic evaluation of the major facilities required for the proposed development has been Included in the previous sections, with the ex ception of employee housing and campgrounds. We estimate that the cost for employee housing will be In the range of $2.25 to $2.75 mil lion depending on the marital status and living standards of the people MISCELLANEOUS seeking employment at Wolf Creek. FACILITIES Several alternatives are available regarding the type of campgrounds that can be installed. We have estimated costs for medium-convenience and for fully-modern campgrounds, based on U.S. Forest Service speci fications for the facilities as follows: MEDIUM-CONVENIENCE FULLY-MODERN ITEM CAMPGROUNDS CAMPGROUNDS Access road $14,000 $ 14,000 Interior roads 8,500 8,500 Camps Ites 42,600 42,600 Utilities Modern sewage col- lection 34,600 Toilet - bath house 20,000 To I let and disposal 6,600 station at Base 1 Water supply 4,800 26,500 TOTAL $76,500 $146,200 e-63 "Ski racing," Curt Gasewit. 1963: Arco Publishing Company, olf Greek! A Feasibility Study. V.'illia.m B, McDowell and Associates. \rea Gonsulting Engineers, ffc^PInterviewj Dean Gox: i^Ianager Wolf Greek Ski Area. "T nterviewj Dick Boyce: Director Wolf Greek Ski Racing Gamp. Director Wolf Greek Ski gchool. ^J interview: Adolf Koos: Coach of U.S, Alpine Team. ^^PInterview; I*largie Boyce: Ul.l, "G" Team member, .^Interview: Phil Bell: Professor of Architectiore, University of Colorado. Jnterview: Steve Payne: Chairman fifth year architecture committee on Wolf Creek, University of Colorado, I DC (9 g J Q)