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Extreme Drinking Among Young Adults in Kelowna and Vancouver: an Ethnographic Inquiry

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Extreme Drinking Among Young Adults in Kelowna and Vancouver: an Ethnographic Inquiry EXTREME DRINKING AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN KELOWNA AND VANCOUVER: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INQUIRY by Allison K. Sharkey B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Interdisciplinary Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) June 2016 © Allison K. Sharkey, 2016 The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the College of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled: Extreme Drinking among Young Adults in Kelowna and Vancouver: An Ethnographic Inquiry submitted by Allison K. Sharkey in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Interdisciplinary Studies . Dr. Naomi M. McPherson, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisor, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Hugo De Burgos, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisory Committee Member, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. R. Robin Dods, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisory Committee Member, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Linda Hatt, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences University Examiner, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Colleen Dell, University of Saskatchewan, School of Public Health External Examiner, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) June 14, 2016 (Date submitted to Grad Studies) ii Abstract This study presents an in-depth qualitative understanding of extreme drinking among young adults age 19-26 in Vancouver and Kelowna, BC and offers recommendations for harm prevention and reduction strategies. Extreme drinking is defined as the research participant’s intentional consumption of alcohol with the explicit intent to achieve a subjective state of intense drunkenness or intoxication. I investigate young adults’ conceptualizations of extreme drinking behaviours, their motivations for such behaviours and the cultural, economic, structural and political factors that influence the occurrence of extreme drinking. I identify issues harm prevention and reduction strategies should focus on. Methods include semi-structured interviews with self-identified current and former extreme drinkers and structured observations at licensed establishments in each city. I draw on personal experience, providing a component of autoethnography in my analysis. Among extreme drinkers, the perceived positive outcomes of extreme drinking tend to outweigh the perceived negative ones. Alcohol functions as social lubricant, facilitator of sexual encounters and as a means of entertainment. Several study participants report using alcohol to decrease feelings of stress, anxiety or depression. Life problems related to securing financially and emotionally rewarding careers and actual or perceived barriers to mental health care are cited as motivations for extreme drinking. Alcohol consumption provides young adults a means of catharsis and release from negative emotions related to life problems. Extreme drinkers use black humour to cope with negative drinking outcomes and to justify continued extreme drinking. Recommendations for harm reduction include implementing educational campaigns detailing particular health risks associated with extreme drinking and means for offsetting iii risks, encouraging authority figures to promote the idea that it is safe and acceptable to seek medical attention when intoxicated, enforcing laws regulating the operations of drinking establishments, increasing traffic stops in suburban areas, implementing alcohol counseling hotlines and instituting cellphone charging areas or free public phones in drinking establishments. Recommendations for harm prevention include encouraging older adults to model moderate drinking behaviours, providing safe opportunities for young people to experiment with alcohol and fostering awareness of issues associated with youth sexuality, mental health, social skills development and transitioning from childhood to adulthood. iv Preface The structured ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews conducted for this study were approved by The University of British Columbia (Okanagan) Behavioral Research Ethics Board. The approval certificate number is H14-00048. The research design, research project, data analysis and write up of results were carried out in their entirety by the author, Allison Sharkey. v Table of Contents Examination Committee……………………….………………………………………… ii Abstract……...……………………………………………………………………...…..... iii Preface……...……………………...…………………………………………...……….… v Table of Contents……..………..………………………………………………………… vi List of Tables………………………………………………………………………...….... ix Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..….... x Dedication………………………………………………………………………………… xi Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………..… 1 Summary of Topic and Research Questions…………..……………………….... 1 Alcohol Use and Abuse in Canada…….…………………………………………. 8 Research Locations…………….………....…………………………………..…… 9 Chapter Summaries…………….…………………………………………...…… 12 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature…………………………………………………… 16 Anthropology and Alcohol: A Chronological Review…………….…………… 16 Themes….………….…………………………………………………………...… 34 The Disease Concept of Alcoholism..…………………………………… 34 Drinking Patterns in Mediterranean Europe and Northern Europe.......... 39 Wage Labour and the Work Week: Influence on Drinking Patterns....… 43 Heavy Drinking and Extreme Drinking: What are the Risks?…………. 45 Discussion.……………………………………………………………….……..… 47 Chapter 3: Theories of Deviance……………………………………………………….. 49 Defining Deviance…….….…………………………………………………….… 50 Processes and Classification of Deviance…...……………….……….……....… 53 Durkheim and Merton: An Analysis…......……………….……………………. 62 Discussion….……...………..……………..……………………………………… 66 Chapter 4: Methods…………………………………………………………………...… 68 Summary of Methods…………………………………………………………… 68 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………..… 72 Autoethnography…………………………………………………………...…… 75 Insider and At-Home Ethnography………………………………………….… 77 vi Discussion……………………………………………………………………...… 81 Chapter 5: Results of Semi-Structured Interviews………………………………….… 83 Participant Biographical Information………………………………….……… 84 Young Adults’ Conceptualization of Extreme Drinking……………....……… 87 Motivations for Extreme Drinking…………………………………………...… 94 Contextual Factors…………………………………………………………...… 100 Culpability for Drunken Behaviour……………………………………...…… 106 Chapter 6: Results of Ethnographic and Autoethnographic Observations……...….. 114 Private Residences………...…………………………………………………… 115 Small Gatherings……………………………………………………..… 115 Pre-Drinking…………………………………………………………… 117 House Parties………………………………………………………...… 118 After-Parties…………………………………………………………… 122 Pubs…………………………………………………………………………...… 123 Bars…………………………………………………………………………....… 127 Clubs……….………………………………………………………………….… 130 Discussion….………………………………………………………………….… 133 Chapter 7: Learning to Drink……………………………………………………….… 134 Subcultural Factors………………………………………………………….… 135 Protestant Ethos and Conservative Drinking Attitudes….…………………. 136 Popular Culture Influences………………………………………………….... 138 Discussion………………………………………………………………………. 144 Chapter 8: Effectiveness of Harm Prevention and Reduction Strategies..…………. 147 School-Based and Adolescent-Targeted Alcohol Harm Prevention and Reduction Programs………..…………………………………………….. 148 Considerations…………………………………………………..…… 153 General Population Studies…….…………………………………………...… 154 Considerations…………………………………………………..…… 158 Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 159 Chapter 9: Explaining Extreme Drinking Behaviours……..…………………...…… 161 Functions of Alcohol Consumption………………………………………..… 161 vii Extreme Drinking as Deviant Behaviour: Catharsis, Retreatism and Negative Agency….…………………...………………………………..… 164 Black Humour………………………………………………………………… 173 Discussion…………………………………………………………………....… 180 Chapter 10: Conclusions……...….……………………………………………………. 182 Recommendations………………………………………………………….… 186 Harm Reduction…………………………….…..…………………… 187 Harm Prevention……………………………..….………………...… 192 Limitations of the Study….………….……………………………………… 196 Future Directions….………………………………………………………… 198 References…………….….…………………………..…………..…………………...… 200 Appendices.………...……..…………………………………………………………..… 219 Appendix A: Semi-Structured Interview Schedule….………………..…… 219 Appendix B: Structured Observation Schedule…………………………… 223 viii List of Tables Table 3.1 Merton's Adaptations ............................................................................................55 Table 3.2 Horary's Adaptations ............................................................................................57 Table 3.2 Horary's Adaptations 2 .........................................................................................57 ix Acknowledgements I thank my supervisor, Dr. Naomi M. McPherson, for her enduring guidance, support, encouragement, mentorship and dedication to my project. I offer my sincere gratitude to my committee members, Dr. Hugo De Burgos and Dr. Robin Dods, for their invaluable direction and assistance throughout my PhD program. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my parents, Dianne and John Sharkey, for their unwavering support for my educational pursuits. x Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my research participants, without whom this project would not have been possible. xi Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter, I provide an introduction
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