The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems 03 a Perfect Workflow

66 The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems 03 A Perfect Workflow

06 On Arctic Ice Floes

08 GNSS to Study Editorial Seabirds’ Island 10 Perfection for Agriculture Dear Readers, 12 Controlling The Bow Capturing and processing three-dimensional data is an essential part of modern geodesy and is becom- 15 The Underground World of Mulu ing increasingly important in other industries as well. The questions are less about data volume and more 18 With Glass Millimeters Matter about how data is processed and what projects it is used in. 20 Highest Precision and no Waste CONTENTS In this edition of the Reporter I am very pleased to 22 Surveying for the Movies once again present a number of exciting contribu- tions about how our customers and partners use 25 Smooth Road to the Games our wide array of products. This time the scope ranges from automatic agricultural track guidance 26 Climate – the Answers to the Leica 3D Disto and how it greatly increased are in the Soil the productivity of a cabinetmaker firm. The film and video game industry has also started using Leica 28 Modeling the World's Deepest Mine Geosystems and the reliability of Leica Geosystems equipment in extreme climates was proven once 30 Heavy Loads on again both in the high humidity of a cave network in Weak Foundations Malaysia and the freezing cold of the Arctic.

My personal favorite in this edition though, is the article “A Perfect Workflow”, describing how Leica Geosystems solutions and those of our sister company Intergraph complemented each other perfectly to complete a high-profile 3D Laserscanning project. Our parent company Hexagon provides us with the opportunity to work together on innovations, each company contributing its core competencies and Imprint together creating a whole that is greater than the sum of the parts. The company Fenstermaker in the Reporter: Leica Geosystems customer magazine USA is one of our customers and partners that profit Published by: Leica Geosystems AG, CH-9435 Heerbrugg from this. Editorial office: Leica Geosystems AG, 9435 Heerbrugg, Switzerland, Phone +41 71 727 34 08, [email protected] “Think Forward!” is the motto of the Hexagon 2012 Contents responsible: Agnes Zeiner user conference in Las Vegas from 4 –7 June. I look (Director Communications) forward to seeing you there, but until then, I hope Editor: Konrad Saal, Agnes Zeiner you enjoy reading this edition of the Reporter. Publication details: The Reporter is published in English, German, French, Spanish, and Russian, twice a year. Reprints and translations, including excerpts, are subject to the editor’s prior permission in writing. © Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg (Switzerland), Juergen Dold May 2012. Printed in Switzerland CEO Leica Geosystems Cover: © Nick Cobbing / Greenpeace

2 | Reporter 66 A Perfect Workflow

by Ryan J. Fuselier Fenstermaker relied on Leica Cyclone 3D Point Cloud Processing Software, Leica CloudWorx for AutoCAD Fenstermaker began as a small, regional survey- for 3D Model extraction from point cloud, and other ing company in 1950. It has since become one modeling systems. of the largest surveying and mapping companies in the southern United States, known for From this project we understood how the scanning its commitment to finding solutions to the most capabilities could be of value to the oil and gas indus- complex mapping and surveying challenges. try. In 2007, we completed a laser scan of a Georgia The Advanced Technologies Division formed in Gulf facility and implemented the first seat of Inter- 2008 offers specialized field services, including graph CADWorx plant design suite operating on top of Underwater Acoustic Imaging (UAI) and High- AutoCAD to model and generate 2D spool isometrics Definition Surveying (HDS) to provide topside for fabrication. Since it was our first chemical facility, and underwater as-built mapping services to we had to address several field and office challenges. the oil and gas industry. The combination and In the office, we streamlined our workflow between synergistic working relationship allows Fenster- Leica Cyclone, CloudWorx, and Intergraph CADWorx. maker to deliver high-resolution 3D visualiza- Leica Cyclone generated steel, CloudWorx extracted tion, accuracy, and detail on projects that are pipe centerlines, and Intergraph CADWorx added the not possible using traditional survey methods. intelligence.

Fenstermaker began laser scanning in 2006, prior As-Built Modeling to establishing the Advanced Technologies Division, After the Gulf project, we began testing the use with the help of Joe Lafranca from Leica Geosys- of laser scanning with traditional total stations in tems. The first laser scanning project was a Pump dimensional control projects that required high tol- Station and 9.6 km (6 mi) topographic survey travers- erances such as the large-scale fabrication of steel ing Lake Shore Drive in New Orleans. At the time, structures or modules, and even jumper and hub >>

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 3 alignments. We’ve taken all these tools – the scan- Traditional methods simply wouldn’t have worked. ners and total stations, Cyclone and CloudWorx from Conventional techniques such as prisms and total Leica Geosystems, and Intergraph CADWorx – and stations would have yielded accurate but limited created our own synergistic workflow that is more results, while costing the client more time and pos- efficient than conventional methods and allows us ing a greater safety risk. Instead, we put in place to develop high accuracy, intelligent design models our entire scanning/modeling workflow – from Leica for our clients. HDS scanner to Leica Cyclone/Intergraph CADWorx/ Leica CloudWorx software – to make this project a In one recent project, a large oil and gas company success. tasked with making upgrades to their existing infrastructure solicited our group to develop an as-built Advanced Workflow model of an offshore platform located 50 miles off Once we had the schedule coordinated with the cli- the Gulf Coast. ent, we sent a two-man survey crew in a helicopter with a Leica Geosystems HDS6000 laser scanner to Our scope was to map the existing structure on the map the 14 x 14 m (45 x 45 ft) portion of the upper and topside and second sub-level of the platform, with sub-level deck of the platform. On the first day, the particular attention to pre-identified tie points and crew completed the upper deck in nine scans and set general information along potential pipe routes and control for the lower deck. The next day the crew proposed equipment locations. The data needed to completed seven scans on the lower deck and mobi- be delivered to within 3 mm (0.12 in) accuracy for tie lized back to headquarters. points and to an as-built model classification Fenster- maker defines as Class A – Level 1. Class A – Level 1 Once back at the office, the survey team post-pro- means tie point and fabrication grade accuracy with cessed and registered the scan data within Leica specification-driven intelligence added to every Cyclone software. Main structural and pipe support- modeled component. In terms of timeline, the client ing steel was modeled and used to set the project directed that field data collection on the platform had coordinate system and Leica TruViews were pub- to be completed in two days, including mobilization. lished.

4 | Reporter 66 TruViews allow everyday professionals to easily view Looking Ahead and measure laser point cloud data without exten- Fenstermaker plans to continue to capitalize on sive knowledge of point cloud software. While navi- their success and work experience to build cutting gating a Leica TruView, participants can collaborate edge solutions in the oil and gas service sector. So about project needs, generate markups, manage many companies and facilities are only scratching assets, and acquire 3D coordinate data and measure- the surface in bridging the gap between data and ments. management. We are in a unique position having extensive knowledge of how a synergistic network Modeling Synergy exists between the as-built and design world. One The model was exported using the Cyclone Object day in the near future our clients will enter a feature Exchange (COE) format to AutoCAD. Our designers rich Ecosystem with bi-directional communication launched Leica CloudWorx within AutoCAD to model between project management, design, construction, the piping elements, flanges, and equipment along asset management, and training all powered by the with specification-driven intelligence. point cloud engine.

Intergraph CADWorx and Leica CloudWorx comple- About the author: ment each other well, both being menu driven pro- Ryan J. Fuselier, P.E., P.L.S., is Director of the Advanced grams within the native AutoCAD environment. The Technologies Division at Fenstermaker. synergy between these two programs is evident ([email protected]) in terms of functionality and our overall workflow efficiency. Used together, we can develop an intelligent asset model of existing conditions from which designers can build the most effective and efficient retrofit and upgrade for the facility. This ensures zero to no rework upon installation.

Because the data from the Leica Geosystems Following the acquisition by Hexagon in 2010, Inter- HDS6000 laser scanner was so accurate and com- graph® is a sister company of Leica Geosystems. prehensive, underlying structural deformation was Intergraph operates through two divisions: Security, uncovered. Government & Infrastructure (SG&I) and Process, Power & Marine (PP&M). During the modeling process, we could see the main deck structural steel deformation and notify the cli- Intergraph’s Process, Power & Marine division cre- ent. We were able to report this vertical deformation ates solutions that enable the design, construction, in a color relief map of the entire upper section of and operation of process and power plants, offshore the platform. With this visual and analytical data, platforms, and ships, and provides the information smart decisions could be made by the client concern- management capabilities to build and operate those ing corrective measures for reinforcing or replacing facilities. the structural components in the area to handle the proposed skid load. These unforeseen deformations The company’s leadership position is backed by a could have presented serious installation delays but proven track record of high-quality product develop- were able to be addressed prior to equipment mobi- ment, a global customer base of industry leaders, lization. and a worldwide sales and support network. Inter- graph Process, Power & Marine’s business is based As a final deliverable, the client wanted Fenstermak- on a strong financial foundation and steady growth. er’s SurvDMS (Data Management System) product with a specific interest in an intelligent as-built 3D More than two-thirds of the plants built worldwide model. SurvDMS is a portal for serving all project are designed using Intergraph software. related deliverables to include TruViews, monument data sheets, 3D models, and engineering/construction drawings.

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 5 On Arctic Ice Floes

by David Mainwaring invaluable, and they certainly know where to turn for equipment for their next expedition. The Cambridge doctoral students Till Wagner and Nick Toberg spent a month last summer The right Surveying Equipment surveying the dimensions and properties of “The total station was exactly what we needed,” Till the thin floating ice floes in the wilds of the said. “We're not trained surveyors, so to be able to Arctic between Svalbard and Greenland aboard essentially ‘plug and play’ with it was really impor- the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. The aim of tant. We were able to use the total station in snowy the expedition was to collect data that would conditions, on moving ice floes, and in temperatures provide firsthand insights into local ice condi- of as low as - 12 °C (10 °F). Despite the conditions, it tions in September, the period of most rapid was able to reference our positions and provide us melt. The gathered data will also be helpful to with scan points.” remote sensing scientists to validate satellite measurements and to global climate modelers The scientists received guidance and training on the to provide more accurate input for their simula- equipment from Opti-cal Surveying Equipment. Till tions. To ensure success, they needed just the explained, “Before the expedition, David from Opti- right total station to tie in snowdepth readings, cal came up to us in Cambridge and showed us exact- aerial imagery, and drilling sites with their 3D ly how it worked and what we needed to do with it to laser scanner data, and to produce low resolu- take the specific measurements we needed.” tion surveys of the ice topography. Measuring the Thickness When scientists Till Wagner and Nick Toberg needed Experts say the thinning of ice over the past decades a total station to take with them on an ice-surveying may lead to an ice-free summer in 2020. “What the expedition to the Arctic, they turned to UK’s Leica satellite radar sees is just the part of the ice that is Geosystems authorized dealer Opti-cal Survey Equip- above water. Since about nine tenths of the ice is ment Ltd for some advice on what to take. Opti-cal underwater there is a huge margin of error,” said Till Surveying Equipment Ltd provided the pair with a Wagner. “That's what we went there for: to get a Leica TPS1200+ total station for their mission, work- better handle on how thick the ice actually is.” ing with a Leica Viva Controller. Since completing the expedition and beginning the process of making The simplicity of the total station meant they were sense of the measurements, Till has said that the able to easily switch off its standard auto leveling device – and the support they got – was absolutely facility. On solid ground the auto leveling is a huge

6 | Reporter 66 © Stuart McDill / Reuters

Nick Toberg sets up a Leica TPS1200+ Total Station in front of the “Arctic Sunrise”. help for most surveyors but, when the ground is a But ship's crew and scientists were richly rewarded constantly moving ice floe, the option to switch it off for their efforts, not merely with the success of their came in very handy. They were using the total sta- measurements but equally by the stunning beauty of tion to match up the different depth measurements the arctic ocean; the endless fields of untouched ice; they had taken with the GPS positions to give them and encounters with dolphins, ivory gulls, and polar the information necessary for their studies into the bears (the latter thankfully always from the safety mechanics and evolution of thin sea ice sheets. of the ship).

The detailed survey of the structure of broken up With another arctic expedition planned for next year, and refrozen ice sheets will make it possible to bet- Till said that the TPS1200+ is an instrument that they ter understand the effects of winds and currents on would certainly consider taking again, as it afforded their motion and deformation. The study provides a them many advantages that other brands of device link between the micro scale physics of ice crystals had fallen down on, including being easy to use, and the large scale physics of vast ice fields. light-weight, and very durable.

An Enriching Expedition About the author: The measurements were taken on ice floes within a David Mainwaring is a land and minerals surveyor. mile of the open water edge, which meant the sur- After his graduation he started as a Technical Sales vey sites were subject to significant wave motion. representative at Leica Geosystems. Now he under- Add dense fog, interspersed with heavy snowfall takes the same role at Leica Geosystems’ authorized and chilling winds and you are working in challeng- dealer Opti-cal Survey Equipment Ltd. ing conditions. Conditions that called for a steady (www.surveyequipment.com) supply of hot tea, warm gloves, and robust scientific ([email protected]) equipment.

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 7 8 | Reporter 66 Seabirds’ Island Seabirds’ GNSS to Study ing and solving all of the logistics aspects, DRIGOT’s DRIGOT’s aspects, logistics ofthe all solving and ing discuss after August, In Grande. ofSelvagem island remote the on installed to be Planning) Land and (Regional Directorate for Information Geographic to DRIGOT solution station reference GNSS a turnkey provided of2011, Geosystems Leica beginning At the island. remote this on research ornithologists’ is supporting sensors orological mete connected several with station reference GNSS Geosystems A Leica behavior. birds’ the on effect an having be to appears change mate peaceful appearance can be deceiving, as cli as deceiving, be can appearance peaceful the But breed. to here come that birds marine the for asanctuary is ecosystem untouched This seabirds. of species rare some to home Selvagens), (Ilhas Islands Savage the lie Madeira of south the to kilometers hundred Several Santos Luís by - - - solution included a MET4 meteo station. GNSS and and GNSS station. meteo aMET4 included solution to the autonomous power supply. Furthermore, the choke-ring antenna were installed and connected AR25 aLeica and receiver Pro GRX1200 A Leica noise. and presence its through risk at population bird young local the of putting risk high to the due system supply power the from dropped overnight. An originally planned wind generator was power system to maintain batteries gel two as well as included, was panels solar sor, ofthree aset sen ofeach needs consumption to the According supply all system components with sufficient power. to built was system solar/wind designed a custom Grande, Selvagem on electricity no also is there Since Navy. Portuguese the with lift hour a14 got team the there, to get transport regular no is there As components. other and station ence refer GNSS the to install island to the travelled team - -

© Luís Ferreira meteo data are pushed via the satellite Internet connection to the Leica GNSS Spider server installed at the DRIGOT headquarters in Funchal (Madeira), which also manages the Madeira GNSS network REPGRAM.

The GNSS raw data collected on the island is of major relevance to geodynamic studies of the region, as it represents the behavior between Madeira and the Canary Islands. This data is used for scientific purposes by Portuguese universities as well as some international institutions and universities, such as EUREF and IGS.

Since the meteorological data was one of the main products demanded in this project, a high accuracy meteorological sensor, the Paroscientific MET4, was installed on site. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity are recorded every 10 minutes, and are a fundamental tool for all major scientific studies taking place on the island, in particular ornithologi- cal studies. The global climate has warmed up, and all models point towards this being the trend for Selvagens Islands decades to come. Nature Reserve

These changes in climate are affecting the distribu- The Selvagens (“Wild”) Islands are situated in the tion and phenology of countless species. It is vital North Atlantic, 163 nautical miles from Madeira to study and better know the links between these Island, including three volcanic islands, Selvagem changes and the behavior, physiology, and demog- Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora. The raphy of top predators, such as Cory’s Shearwater. terrestrial and marine biodiversity of the Selvagens Islands as well as the importance of their habitats The demographic data collected over the past 30 make these islands a unique Nature Reserve. years on Selvagem Grande Island will be correlat- ed with past climate data to better understand the The fauna of the Selvagens Islands is diversified, demographic responses of the Cory’s Shearwater mostly for nesting birds. The nature reserve is a population. In the future, with the availability of very refuge for an interesting community of several spe- accurate meteo data, the main task will be to create cies of seabirds such as Cory’s Shearwater, the larg- new models that help better understand the popu- est colony of this species in the world, White-faced lation trends, to be used as a reference point for Storm-petrel, one of the largest populations in the future comparisons. Atlantic and forms the northern boundary of the species distribution, Bulwer’s Petrel and Madeiran The preliminary analysis of the GNSS data collected Storm-petrel. reveals that the Leica GRX1200 Pro and the Leica AR25 choke-ring antenna are providing GNSS mea- More information about Madeira´s protected areas surements of superior quality. can be found at: www.pnm.pt

About the author: More information about Madeira can be found at: Luís Santos is a Surveying Engineer and is a Leica www.geocidmadeira.com Geosystems GNSS and HDS Product Specialist in Por- tugal. ([email protected]) For more information about the Madeira’s GNSS Maria João Seiça Neves ist Regional Director at reference service REPGRAM, please visit: DRIGOT. ([email protected]) www.repgram.org.pt

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 9 Perfection for Agriculture

by Konrad Saal by the fact that Leica Geosystems, a leading manu- facturer of surveying solutions, also provides auto- Precise Global Navigation Satellite Systems steer systems for agriculture. It had been clear to (GNSS) are established tools for geodesy, but him for some time that satellite-based technology these heavenly helpers also come to the aid would soon have a significant role to play in Swiss of farmers by enabling automatic steering sys- agriculture. He installed a Leica mojoRTK auto-steer tems. “Precision farming” describes giant trac- system on the tractor he uses to prepare the fields tors, combine harvesters, or other agricultural for March sowing of sugar beet and potato planting. machinery steered by an invisible hand, hum- In autumn, he uses the automatic guidance system to ming along for miles on the wide-open fields of sow his winter wheat. The non-overlapping steering our planet. An image that doesn’t quite fit with control of his farming machinery saves on fuel, wear the picture of small, mountainous Switzerland. and tear, and time. Besides, it’s nice to sit on board But could these precision auto-steer systems a tractor that’s always on track – without the driver also be used efficiently in a country where only having to intervene. And of course, productivity and about 24 per cent of the land is under cultiva- quality stay the same at night. Ever since, the rows of tion, most of it hilly or steep? seed on Marius Frei's fields look as if they have been set out with a string line. Farmer Marius Frei from Gut Lenzberg near Frauen- feld in Canton Thurgau has approximately 40 ha (100 He has since turned his passion for agricultural acres) of arable land and is fascinated by the use technology into a second source of income and has of precise auto-steer systems: “I love technological successfully been marketing Leica Geosystems agri- aids that are simple and useful.” The curiosity of this cultural solutions since 2010. Now he employs the technology inspired farmer was particularly aroused systems on his tractors not only for daily tasks in his

10 | Reporter 66 In Switzerland, guidance systems are particularly interesting for vegetable farmers, as shown here for potato planting. fields but also for tests, and his customers receive The requirements for auto-steering systems in practical demonstrations in addition to the usual mountainous Switzerland are incomparably higher sales talk, service, and advice. than in flatter countries, which is why his customers will benefit greatly from Leica mojoXact. Thanks “From a commercial point of view, auto-steer sys- to Leica Geosystems patented terrain compensation tems are primarily of interest to vegetable farm- this upgrade option provides even greater precision ers, as they spend many hours a year tending their in RTK positioning. “My fellow countrymen's liking for crops,” says Marius Frei. His customers also include precision and perfection even extends to the rows of farming contractors, who use the auto-steer system seeds in their fields,” says Frei with a smile. for sowing and soil preparation. “All my customers are impressed by the automatic guidance systems,” The auto-steer systems can also operate the auto- he explains. On the roof of his house and 25 km away matic part-width section control on these machines. in Kloten he has his own base stations, which trans- This saves seed because overlapping is reduced and mit correction data to ensure precision steering. every part of the field receives the right amount of The antennas mounted on the agricultural machines fertilizer. “I will be sowing corn in my fields this year receive this correction data. He is happy to provide with an automatic part-width section control,” says this service to customers working in the fields near Frei. For other applications – not just in agriculture both stations. – he looks forward to a bright future: “In the fall we will be preparing football pitches and sports fields He recently installed a Leica mojo3D with mojoXact with the help of Leica Geosystems automatic part- on another tractor. This successor model to the width section control.” acclaimed Leica mojoRTK has a large, clear display, allowing settings to be made conveniently via the About the author: touch screen. Moreover, the system supports many Konrad Saal is a Surveying Engineer and Manager steering templates, including freehand shapes, Marketing Communications at Leica Geosystems AG which can be saved alongside the details of the areas in Heerbrugg, Switzerland. worked and the field’s boundaries. And should any of ([email protected]) his customers need help, Marius Frei can assist them by means of the remote maintenance feature.

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 11 Controlling The Bow

by Vicki Speed project control was established using a combination of conventional and static GPS observation tech- The Bow, with construction costs at an estimat- niques. ed 1.5 billion Canadian dollars, is the largest office space in Calgary and the tallest building in Real-time Response Canada outside of Toronto. During the construc- Two continuously operating GPS reference stations tion of a skyscraper as complex as the Bow, the were selected as well and acted as a reference for structure will temporarily lose its exact verti- the external framework control. The GPS stations cality and the building will tilt, contract, and continuously streamed real-time kinematic data and expand. To ensure the functionality of such a constantly recorded raw GPS phase and code data complex and innovative design, MMM Geomat- for precise post-processing applications. ics, Ledcor Construction, and steel fabricators/ erectors Supreme Walters Joint Venture, estab- MMM further established an external rooftop con- lished an innovative “neutral” building control trol network that consisted of 12 Leica Geosystems network that combined leading-edge technolo- professional 360 degree prisms, tribrachs, and car- gies, advances in geomatics methodology, and riers located on existing buildings near the site. GPS rigorous quality control and quality assurance antennas were attached to the top of the prisms procedures to deliver precise real-time data. to allow for static GPS observations on these control markers. At three-month intervals, MMM per- In advance of construction, MMM, with help from formed a complete static GPS survey that involved long time survey equipment supplier, Spatial Technol- simultaneous occupation of all rooftop prisms and ogies Inc., selected the right equipment to establish framework control markers. In addition, conventional a comprehensive horizontal and vertical building con- angles, distances, and spirit-leveled observations trol network that would allow precise survey layout were combined with the GPS position differences both on and off the structure. in the network adjustment. After each survey, the network was re-adjusted and statistically significant The primary level of horizontal control consisted of coordinate updates, if any, were published. three external framework control stations. These reference stations were installed on solid infrastruc- Finally, MMM established a floor control system on ture, such as bridge abutments, nearby and located each level of the structure as it was constructed. The at adequate distances from any development for floor control system included a series of at least six maximum marker stability. The primary horizontal horizontal control stations, which were used for all

12 | Reporter 66 Controlling The Bow

subsequent layouts on the floor, including building and concrete. Artificial forces, caused by differen- elements such as atrium steel, edge-of-slab, curtain tial raft slab settlement and crane loading, yielded wall, elevator shafts, and project gridlines. These unbalanced loading on the structure. The period of stations were monumented on the ground floor con- the building movements varied and consisted of a crete surface and subsequently transferred vertically combination of short-term, daily, and seasonal dura- to each floor via laser plummet and validated by an tions. extensive survey and data quality control process via least squares adjustment. Surveyors have used inclinometer instrumentation on some of the most innovative and complex sky- MMM selected two Leica TCRP1201 and one Leica scraper projects in the world. MMM worked close- TS30 0.5 ” precision motorized total stations for all ly with Spatial Technologies Inc., as well as other precise setting-out activities on site. The Leica TS30 Leica Geosystems experts, to evaluate and test the was used for applications where stringent accuracy Leica Nivel technology and conduct short surveyor was required, including the establishment of floor training programs as needed, for use on the Bow control for subsequent use by all trades. The estab- project. lished control served as the primary horizontal reference for all future layout by all trades within the The Leica Nivel220 inclinometer is a two-axis high- tower. precision tilt sensor with a resolution of 0.001 mil- liradians. The device uses an optoelectronic principle Displacement and Deviation to accurately measure tilt and temperature in real Perhaps the most innovative technique employed time, and allows for continuous data logging. Inclina- on the project was the use of a network of Leica tion is measured from the true horizontal surface Nivel220 inclination sensors to track and correct for along the two orthogonal axes. any deviation from a neutral plumb state due to natural or man-made forces. The MMM survey team continuously monitored, validated, and compared the inclinometer-derived build- Natural forces that might impact the structure include ing deviations to deviations determined using con- wind, which creates building drag, and solar effects, ventional survey measurements from external fixed which cause temperature-related variation in steel control. >>

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 13 error when using GPS techniques in urban environ- ments is signal blockage and multipath from sur- rounding buildings. As the BOW’s elevation increased, these effects were diminished as the building sur- passed adjacent structures in height. In general, the layout using RTK GPS proved highly effective and accurate.

As the structure continuously deviated from a neutral plumb state due to natural and man-made forces, it was necessary to account and correct for this displacement. Observations indicated that building deviations from the plumb line exceeded 50 mm (2.0 in) at times. The inclinometer network allowed for the correction of this deviation.

GPS survey procedures employed to position the steel columns included the occupation of each column center using nominal RTK observation times Rising Challenges of two minutes. Structural displacement from the Continued monitoring of the structure, using the building’s neutral position was determined simulta- rooftop prism and framework control network, indi- neously using data from the inclinometer network. cated that building movement started to gain signifi- The inclinometer-determined displacements, during cance at about level 36 of the tower. Once building each two-minute GPS occupation, were then applied displacement was proven to be greater than 20 mm to the GPS positions to determine the actual move- in any direction, standard survey layout procedures ments of each column, thus accounting for the devia- were modified to account for the movement. tion of the structure from the vertical.

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS techniques were About the author: employed to plumb the building columns above level Vicki Speed is a freelance writer based in Littleton, 36. A major limiting factor and important source of Colorado/USA. ([email protected])

The Bow

At 58-stories and 236 m (775 ft) high, the Bow sky- The Bow will be the headquarters of EnCana Cor- scraper in downtown Calgary, Alberta is one of the poration, North America's second largest natural tallest and most unique buildings in Canada, encom- gas producer. The skyscraper is owned by H&R REIT, passing nearly two city blocks and 180,000 m² (1.9 designed by Foster + Partners with development million sq-ft) office and retail space. For the first driven by Matthews Development (Alberta), and built time in a North American skyscraper, the structure by Ledcor Construction Ltd. incorporates a triangular diagrid system to create a crescent-shaped building design. The diagonal and More information at: www.the-bow.com vertical steel frame with triangular plates significant- ly reduces the overall steel weight, and the number and size of interior columns and thickness of the elevator shaft walls.

14 | Reporter 66 The Underground World of Mulu

by Kevin Dixon through rattan and vines; climbing through roots, dense undergrowth, and limestone pinnacles; wad- When the Internet seems to have all the answers ing through streams and mud; and frequent tropical and the earth is revealed in ever more detail, it storms. Most people stay fully covered, despite the is refreshing to find a part of the planet that is heat and humidity, so as to avoid cuts and scratches still being discovered, even after thirty years that can quickly become infected. It also provides of exploratory expeditions. In Mulu, Sarawak, some protection against the leeches, horseflies, and Malaysia, what was created over millennia by mosquitoes. water pushing through the limestone bedding and faults to find the quickest route to the sea The success of early expeditions conducted by the is now a crystal underground world inhabited “Mulu Caves Project” depended to a large extent by bats and swifts. Surveying has been essen- upon good surveying. The surveys were needed not tial to the continuing discovery, providing maps only to illustrate the amazing discoveries being made to guide the explorers back to their starting but also because much of the scientific program point; showing potential new entrances as they relied upon accurate surveying. Nearly all the cave approach the surface; and hinting at new discov- passages were surveyed as they were discovered by eries as cave passages follow major faults, bed- small teams of two or three surveyors. The instru- ding planes, and drainage horizons. But what sur- ments typically used were compasses and clinom- veying technology and methods have survived eters with 30 m (100 ft) fibron tapes. Back at camp, this harsh environment to map this 3D maze? survey drawing was limited to transferring notes onto graph paper with the help of a protractor and Conditions within Mulu are not ideal for surveying ruler. Later, programmable calculators made the task equipment, or people for that matter. The humidity much easier. Field drawings were always limited to is typically 100 % and the temperature 30 °C (86 °F). graph paper and were drawn up in ink and Letraset Getting to the caves still requires machete work only after returning to the UK. >>

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 15 Surveying Today – with Leica DISTO™ targets. By surveying extra long legs, we expected Laser Distance Meters the accuracy to be improved compared to more tra- The 2011 expedition had a number of ambitious ditional, shorter survey legs. goals over the scheduled six weeks, many of which were surveying related. Teams of 2 – 4 people did It was the first time we used the Leica DISTO™ DXT. the surveying with one designated note-taker field Its higher IP rating (IP65) meant greater resistance to sketching the cave and tabulating the readings on a mud and water. This was an advantage as we could waterproof notepad. A second person operated the keep the DISTO™ DXT slung around our necks, ready instruments, shouting the readings to the note-taker. to use for quick measurements of passage dimensions – usually left and right walls, ceilings and floors Leica DISTO™ DXT and DISTO™ D8 laser distance in the direction of surveying. We used the same meters from Leica Geosystems were taken on the equipment and techniques for surface traversing Mulu 2011 expedition in addition to compasses and to connect cave entrances to fixed control stations. clinometers. The DISTO™ D8 with a built-in clinom- A feature of both laser distance meters that was eter meant we could reduce the number of clinom- greatly appreciated was the internal memory, which eters used plus it had the advantage of greater allowed the note-taker to check results and avoid inclination accuracy and could measure up to 200 m transcription errors. (656 ft). We had to avoid water and mud with the Leica DISTO™ D8 but it was worth it as we measured Establishing Controls distances of up to 186 m (610 ft) to reflective targets, A dual frequency GPS receiver, a Leica SR530, was often using the Leica DISTO™ D8 digital pointfinder taken on the expedition to determine a set of consis- with our high-powered headlamps to identify distant tent control points across the Mulu area, with particular emphasis on accurate height determination. Sta- tions were determined by the availability of a clear sky for good satellite visibility, which in primary jungle is difficult to find. Some stations were set in clear- ings that had been made within the park by the local authorities for emergency evacuation by helicopter. One location, just outside the park boundaries, had been recently cleared by the indigenous population. Thankfully, satellite visibility was good and the survey did not have to be repeated. The static 30 second GPS data was Precise Point Positioned (PPP) by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, using their free online service. The resulting absolute position accuracies ranged from 0.02 to 1.09 m (0.8 to 42.9 in), with the majority at the 0.1 m (4 in) level or better. The 1.09 m (42.9 in) result was not unexpected. It was from the worst site for visibility at the Terikan River Resur- gence with a narrow field of view above the river and a large cliff immediately to the east.

Expedition Summary A total of 15.2 km (9.4 mi) of new cave passages were explored and surveyed, which included adding 13.4 km (8.3 mi) to the Clearwater System, making it 189 km (117.4 mi) long and the 8th longest cave in the world. Two new caves were found and surveyed. Eight geodetic GPS points were surveyed. A total of 26.2 million laser scan data points were collected Robbie Shone drawing up the Mulu Caves. from Deer Cave and Sarawak Chamber, traversing

16 | Reporter 66 3.4 km (2.1 mi) with 36 setups. Sarawak Chamber, crystal speleothems, the formation of which is not the world’s largest underground chamber, was pho- yet understood. Large areas of Mulu limestone have tographed using Megaflash bulbs and a Panorama no known cave. This is sure to spur future expedi- setup. tions.

What takes people half way round the world to suf- About the author: fer, survey, and pay for the privilege? Curiosity and Kevin Dixon is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical wonder seem to play a large part, knowing that you Society, a Land Surveyor with a Degree in Computer are the first person to explore and survey a place, Science and Mathematics from the University of York, finding out what is round the corner and discovering UK, where he is based. ([email protected])

The Mulu Caves Project and Gunung Mulu National Park

The Mulu Caves Project is a collaboration between guides are also available, starting from the recently UK and Malaysian speleologists and the Sarawak renovated park headquarters. Camp 5 is in a beauti- Authorities in Malaysia. The expeditions are largely ful setting and is used as a base camp for viewing the self-funded by the members and usually take place razor sharp blades of the Limestone Pinnacles, some biannually. Preparations are lengthy and involve con- reaching higher than the rainforest canopy nestling siderable assistance from the Sarawak Authorities, between them. Much of the wildlife is nocturnal, a Sarawak Forestry Corporation officials, and National slow walk along a jungle trail at night is often well Park management. rewarded. Mulu has its own airport with regular flights from Miri and Kuching. (www.mulupark.com) Gunung Mulu National Park is well worth a visit, especially taking a walk through Deer Cave before watch- A good collection of photographs for the Mulu region ing the evening exodus of the estimated 3 million including caves and wildlife can be viewed at bats. Several adventure cave trips with experienced www.shonephotography.com.

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 17 With Glass Millimeters Matter

by Axel Wagner lines of the glass dome catch the eye immediately: all surfaces are rounded and mainly curved in two “Trinity Leeds – your retail soulmate is coming …” directions so that no regular geometrical shapes, This is the slogan on the website www.trinity- such as segments of spheres, cylinders etc., could leeds.com, announcing the planned opening of be used. a major shopping center in the middle of the English city of Leeds in the spring of 2013. Con- The Cuplock scaffolding system was constructed with sulting engineers GEOSYS-Eber provided survey- 1.30 x 1.30 m (4.3 x 4.3 ft) bays to follow the domed ing services to the German steelwork contractor roof and provide a working space some 1.50 and in charge of erecting the giant steel and glass 1.80 m (4.9 and 5.9 ft) high. Prefabricated frame units domed roof structure and several smaller roofs; known on site as “ladders” were then assembled a challenge that demanded top-class perfor- to form the domed shape. Longitudinal and trans- mance from the surveying engineers and the verse spars were welded together into frames with highest precision from their Leica TCRP1202+ 15 x 15 x 15 cm (5.9 x 5.9 x 5.9 in) solid steel blocks total station. forming the nodes at the intersections. These conical, machined nodes were marked with a point on Construction of the Trinity Leeds shopping center their top and bottom for which a “design coordinate” started in May 2011 and the main domed roof was was calculated. The surveying engineer then had to complete by the end of November. For the con- ensure this coordinate was achieved as accurately as struction of the roof a 25 m (82 ft) high scaffolding, possible so the absolute position anywhere on the exactly matching the shape of the dome, had to be roof surface did not deviate from the design value by erected. Temporary props on the top of the scaf- more than 20 mm (0.79 in). Still more stringent how- folding carried the load of the roof until the edge ever was the required relative accuracy of the ladder supports were installed. The extremely light and fine infill bays, which had to accommodate the inserted

18 | Reporter 66 prefabricated glass panels - the tolerance here was immediately surveyed with the TCRP1202+ total sta- only ± 2 mm (0.08 in). tion before being moved into place. This process could take up to half a day – depending on how Since the Trinity development is part of the city’s accurately the ladder was prepositioned and, in par- pedestrian zone, the scheduled times for trucks ticular, whether fabrication tolerances had been met. delivering the 12 x 3 m (39 x 10 ft) ladders had to be After the area had been covered with “ladders”, the met to the minute. Each transport movement had to edge tubes were connected to the permanent edge take place within a 10-minute window and the trucks supports, which would then carry the loads. These were unloaded immediately upon arrival to keep any edge tubes are curved steel tubes of up to 350 mm obstruction of the inner city area to a minimum. One (14 in) in diameter, the inner chords of which are of the largest unknowns in this operation was the welded to the ladders. The bearing arms for the roof English weather, which from time to time blew our supports sit on the outer edges and the thrust bear- plans to the winds or almost drowned us. For the ing for the roof supports is formed with steel plates installation, the ladders had to be taken out of their set into the building. vertical storage position and then placed down hori- zontally to be lifted by the crane. The cranes had The final stage was the phased removal of the tem- lifting chains adjusted to the exact lengths required porary props. They were lowered millimeter by mil- to set each ladder down on all its temporary props limeter until the load of the giant glass dome was simultaneously. If this were not done precisely, the carried by the curved edge beams and the roof sup- props would have given way like matchsticks, as they ports alone. could only carry the weight by acting together. About the author: Axel Wagner is an engineer with Once a ladder was within a few centimeters of its consulting engineers Geosys-Eber in Munich. final position, it was secured with chain hoists and ([email protected])

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 19 Highest Precision and no Waste

by Cornelia Dietz One of these orders involved retrofitting a door in a hallway to create a separate vestibule. Making doors The carpenter's job description has changed con- by hand is an extremely precise operation and always siderably since modern milling machines started begins with careful on-site measurements. “Nothing appearing in workshops and we seldom see them is more tiresome than a door based on imprecise with planes or chisels in their hands anymore. To measurements, which as a result is not an immediate be able to fulfill the individual wishes of its cus- good fit. Installation is time-consuming and the qual- tomers quickly and reliably, cabinetmakers Fried ity of the finished product suffers,” explains Project AG, based in Bever near St. Moritz (Switzerland), Manager Sandro Malgiaritta. “Until we had the Leica also needs to keep its computer technology up 3D Disto, we turned up on site with conventional to date. The company was on the lookout for a equipment such as notebooks, measuring tapes, simple but smart solution to produce customers’ squares, spirit levels, and retractable tapes, or we orders precisely, from measurement to milling. made templates. Because of the conical wall reveal and the irregular segmental door arch, this method Fried processes between 150 – 200 m³ (196 – 262 yd³) would have been very time-consuming and prone of wood annually, predominantly homegrown tim- to error on this job.” An additional charge would ber but also some exotic hardwoods. The company have applied to the manufacture of the door and passed into the hands of the second generation of the installation would have required several iterative family management in 1991, now concentrating on stages to get a perfect fit. interior architecture and the manufacture of built-to- order kitchens, doors, and cupboards to the specific Measuring the existing dimensions on site with the requirements of its customers. new Leica 3D Disto on the other hand was a simple

20 | Reporter 66 task. Sandro Malgiaritta set up the instrument to car- CAD. Next he programmed the CNC machine. The raw ry out an automatic scan every 2 cm (0.79 in): along material was cut to size, planed, and then machined the wall, past the corner to the irregularly shaped in the CNC milling machine. Using this marvel of arch and from there to the opposite wall and back to technology, any complicated shape can be precisely the floor. This was done in just a few minutes. The and quickly machined and identically reproduced – handy control unit, which communicates with the whether sizing cuts, profiles, ornaments, etc. CNC Leica 3D Disto via WiFi, was a great help. Measure- stands for “Computerized Numerical Control”; a digi- ments can be triggered and displayed as a drawing tal process that ensures the component is machined on its clear, high-resolution screen. to fit exactly into the desired position. Afterwards, the parts are finished and can be assembled. The Back in the office Malgiaritta imported the raw mea- new door was then fitted into its precise position surements onto his computer as DXF files from a USB on site. stick. He then created the drawing for the doors in “We were able to reduce the installation time for the door by two-thirds. The customer was also pleased "With the Leica 3D because he received a very neat product that offered him additional value,” says a delighted Malgiaritta. Disto, I can work with His initial skepticism as to whether the Leica 3D Disto precise dimensions from could measure the existing dimensions to millimeter the initial measurement accuracy – and do so for walls and rooms with such oblique angles – has long disappeared. The Leica 3D to the installation on Disto has since become an essential tool for many site. We’ve come full other projects. circle – I think that's About the author: Cornelia Dietz is Project Manager Marketing for Leica brilliant." Geosystems AG in Heerbrugg/Switzerland. ([email protected]). Sandro Malgiaritta, Project Manager Fried AG Surveying for the Movies

by Christine L. Grahl highly skilled in spatial data management and the broad world of data wrangling. “VFX work in film and Creating visual effects (commonly known as television is, fundamentally, coordinate geometry,” VFX) with digital technologies and computer- said Duncan Lees, co-owner and director of 4DMax, generated imagery (CGI) is spawning a massive a prominent VFX and forensic geomatics firm head- new industry, one that holds substantial prom- quartered near London. “We take real-world objects ise for filmmakers and data wranglers alike. In and spaces and create accurate computer versions March 2012, science fiction author Edgar Rice of them. Sometimes this is done photographically, Burroughs’ vision finally came to life on the big sometimes with lasers, sometimes with GNSS receiv- screen in Disney’s highly anticipated blockbust- ers or total stations, but mostly with a combination er John Carter – thanks in small part to the skills of several types of kits. The data we deliver is used of several surveyors with VFX expertise. Other quickly and to the limits of both its precision and opportunities are quickly emerging on the visual accuracy, so there is a real requirement for quality effects horizon as well. data.”

The push to achieve ever-more-stunning visual Lees, who was part of the visual effects team for effects in films and video games is creating new John Carter and has worked on other big-budget Hol- opportunities for surveyors and other spatial data lywood films such as Captain America, X Men First management experts. Class, and the Narnia films with 4DMax co-owner Louise Brand, notes that any increase in the quality A High Demand for Visual Effects of data, the speed of its delivery, or the integra- As the demand for visual effects has exploded, so tion of geometry and movement improves the end has the need to create these effects in ways that product and increases the viewing experience for the are faster, better, and cheaper. The result is a host moviegoer – a key factor in boosting ticket sales. of emerging opportunities for individuals who are These requirements, along with an increasing push

22 | Reporter 66 toward 3D, have led to a surge in demand for laser digital, and expectations for quality are ridiculously scan data in particular. To meet this demand, 4DMax high. Deliveries are typically due in hours or days has invested heavily in state-of-the-art software rather than weeks, extensive travel is required, and and hardware, including the acquisition of a Leica 14- to 16-hour days are typical. Lees describes how ScanStation C10 earlier this year. The company aims on two recent movie sets, his team set up and cali- to be a one-stop shop for all 3D VFX data, providing brated their equipment in one studio or sound stage; an integrated response to the varied VFX workload scanned people, props and places for 14 hours each through a single contract. day; and then took down and moved their equipment to another studio or sound stage in preparation for “In theory, a lot of people with a survey background another 14 hours of work the next day. “Every job is could work effectively in some areas of VFX,” Lees exhausting and, at times, demoralizing,” he said. said. “But in reality, it is not just the technical know- how that is essential; it is also the networking and The flip side is that it’s often a thrilling and highly people skills that secure the work and keep people rewarding experience. “We love working with cre- happy. No jobs or contracts in VFX are advertised ative and respectful and talented people who are anywhere. It is all word of mouth. It has taken us 10 prepared to let us be professional and who respond years to be able to run a thriving VFX 3D data capture positively to our experience and informed problem and modeling business.” solving,” Lees said. “The work is difficult and challenging, but the respect is enormous.” A Highly Rewarding Experience Besides needing the right connections, VFX pro- For Will Haynes, a third-generation surveyor and fessionals must be able to work in an extremely owner of FX Surveys in Los Angeles, working in the demanding environment. “VFX teams have no use film industry provides an artistic outlet for his skills. for paper plots of floor plans, sections or eleva- “It’s fun being part of a creative team,” said Haynes, tions”, says Lees; all of the deliverables are purely who recently worked as a set surveyor for Universal’s >>

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 23 Fast Five and Disney’s John Carter after several years ity to fully immerse players in the realistic scenes. of strategic networking. “Even though you’re work- Other developments involve the use of laser scan- ing really hard and long hours, it goes by quickly. The ning to create games that are easily scalable for a work is often fun, social and interesting – you’re part wide range of gaming systems and handheld devices. of a pretty tight-knit visual effects team when you’re on set. And you’re also helping to create an artistic In the highly competitive world of films and video product, even though it’s in a highly technical way. games, each new effect will undoubtedly spur other directors and developers to go even further in their Realistic Scenes for Video Games quest for a superior experience. Surveyors looking Technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace. The for a new adventure would do well to keep their emergence of lower-cost laser scanners such as the eyes on both the big screen and consumer gaming Leica ScanStation C5 is making it easier for profes- devices. “Everyone is looking for more and more sionals to acquire 3D data capture technologies. visual effects, and it seems like everything is in 3D,” Meanwhile, the general public is learning to appreci- said Haynes. “I don’t see things slowing down in this ate point clouds thanks to technologies like Micro- industry anytime soon.” soft’s Kinect, which captures 4D point cloud data for use with the Xbox 360 gaming system; at the This article is adapted from the original issue pub- same time, developments in open-source software lished in POB October 2011. The full version is avail- are facilitating the manipulation of data for a wide able at www.geodatapoint.com. variety of creative applications. About the author: Christine Grahl is the editor of POB Such advances are already occurring, as evidenced and GeoDataPoint.com. ([email protected]) by games like Activision’s Call of Duty, which has Duncan Lees: [email protected] broken numerous sales records largely due to its abil- Will Haynes: [email protected]

4DMax scanned the Taj Mahal for a VXF production.

24 | Reporter 66 Smooth Road to the Games

by Anton Ivanov robotic total stations and two prisms fixed on the paver’s screed. The total stations are mounted on When the alpine and nordic athletes drive from special brackets fixed to the tunnel walls every 150 m Sochi to their temporary homes in February (492 ft). The exact coordinates of the brackets are 2014 for the XXII Olympic Winter Games, they determined using the leveling reference network. will travel on smooth new roads. A GOMACO The total stations guide the paver through the tunnel concrete paver equipped with Leica PaveSmart continuously: two instruments guide the paver, while 3D is paving the way through six new tunnels the third waits its turn. Data from the total stations with a total length of 27.5 km (17.1 mi). is transferred to the paver’s on-board computer via radio. The computer then compares the prism loca- The Bamtonnelstroy company, specializing in tunnel tion with the project design and refines the place- engineering works, was hired as a contractor to pave ment of the concrete form. the surfaces through six new road tunnels. Bamton- nelstroy’s surveyors have chosen to equip a Gomaco By utilizing the concrete paving system Leica 3D paver with the Leica PaveSmart 3D concrete paving PaveSmart the first test road surface was estab- system provided by Navgeocom, Leica Geosystems’ lished with a vertical deviation of less than ± 2 mm Russian master distributor. It was the first time this (0.08 in) from the project design. The system has solution was supplied in Russia. three key benefits: it removes the need to check stringlines by walking along the rounded tunnel walls Bamtonnelstroy’s engineers will proceed with the and damaging newly built, wet roadway; it eliminates concrete foundation pouring after all six tunnels for human error; and it reduces construction time, sav- this road project have been bored. Because of the ing the contractor money. round shape of the tunnel walls, stringlines cannot be used for guidance inside the tunnels. Instead, the About the author: Gomaco Commander III will be paving concrete with Anton Ivanov is Public Relations Manager at Navgeo- a 6 m profile width through the tunnels. Position- com, Leica Geosystems' Master Distributor in Russia. ing will be accomplished with three Leica TPS1200+ ([email protected])

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 25 Climate – the Answers are in the Soil

by Dr. Michaela Bach over the coming years. A systematic and representative determination of the current carbon Soil is not only the basis for the production of reservoirs in soils used for agricultural purposes food, it also plays an important role in climate is intended to provide consistent base data for protection. Carbon reservoir in soil is discussed the German National Emission Inventory Report. in the report on greenhouse gas sources and sinks in the United Nations Framework Con- Over the next few years, georeferenced data will be vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). At the collected at more than 3,000 locations using GPS/ moment, Germany has no extensive, up-to-date GNSS and samples will be taken and stored for evalu- data on carbon reservoirs in agriculture soils. ation in an extensive geodatabase as part of the To plug this gap in the country's knowledge, the ‘Agricultural soil inventory’ project. Researchers Institute of Agricultural Climate Research at the will be creating a unique systematic data set, which Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (vTI) in should provide the answers to numerous questions Braunschweig is undertaking a research project in future years: How large are the carbon reservoirs to develop a German agricultural soil inventory in the agricultural soil of Germany? What influence

26 | Reporter 66 ([email protected]) project. inventory’ soil ‘Agricultural the on Evaluation Scientific of Manager as Institute Thünen the at works scientist, soil and geographer Bach, Dr. Michaela author: the About Konen. Lars says Institute,” Thünen von Heinrich Johann the by taken modified for use in under future research projects be therefore could and modular be device the that us to essential was it Moreover, criteria. important were service data reference the through coverage work net extensive and support, Germany-wide safety, failure “High Geosystems: Leica with cooperation a and system ofthis favor in decided team ment manage project the reason, this phase.” For tion induc and training a short after members team all by intuitively operated be can that system reliable we useimportant a simple-to-operate, robust, and is it field, the in teams mapping the “For Konen: Lars scientist Soil Germany. over all surveyed and selected are points sampling the ascos, by provided service correction to adata connection the and pole the on antenna external ofan use the ler. Through CS10 control Viva aLeica and Uno Viva aLeica using position precise the determined team fieldwork The cultural land and the information was collected. 8x every process spatial plex samples were random. wereSamples taken in a com the to ensure fieldwork the for agrid We established Manager. Fieldwork Konen, Lars to,” need explains we if again inventory’ soil ‘Agricultural the in used locations the find always can we that sure be and modeling quent subse for efficiently data the use we can then Only the field is to achieve a 2D accuracy of30 a2D accuracy to achieve is field the in task “Our future. the in way ameaningful in data of amount large the evaluate and to analyze able to be necessary is georeferencing Precise project. fieldwork extensive of this basis the on investigated be will to research relevant questions other and This within it? stored carbon the on have characteristics specific its and soil does influence What reservoirs? carbon soil affect management and use, land climate, do How reservoirs? carbon soil on have change climate will km (5km x5 cm (11.8cm mi) agri- on in). ------

© M. Welling / Thünen-Institut www.vti.bund.de or www.bze-landwirtschaft.de at: information More tion. Protec Consumer and Agriculture ofFood, Ministry Federal German ofthe establishment research ment Institute regions. Thünen The agricultural is a depart of problems to specific solution to the contribute and sea-fishindustry; and to aquaculture industry tive and agricultural food forest industry; and timber a sustainable, ecologically compatible, and competi for concepts to develop is research ofthe aim The Institute. Thünen von Heinrich Johann the by gated investi being oftopics range broad the into insight an give questions These efficiently? more used to be materials raw allow will innovations technical Which for agricultural, forestry, and marine ecosystems? have change climate does consequences es? What agriculture, forestry, and trends in pric agricultural competitionaffect international increasing does How About the Thünen Institute the Thünen About vTI also to uses sensors measure global radiation. The of LeicaGeosystemsGlobal Magazine |27 - - - - - Modeling the World's Deepest Mine

by Rekha Voralia and James Jobling Purser needed modifying before construction and installation commenced. Small deviations from the origi- Owned by Anglo Gold Ashanti and employing nal design could potentially cause problems during 6,000 people, Mponeng Mine is part of the old installation, so creating a 3D model was critical in Western Deep Levels Complex, near Johannes- preventing delays and costly overruns. burg, South Africa and, as of last year, is official- ly classified by The Guinness Book of Records as Creating a 3D CAD Model the world’s deepest mine. At its deepest point The scope of the job was to survey 3 km of develop- the mine extends to a depth of 4.1 km (2.5 mi) ment declines which had been identified as deviat- below surface, where the rock temperatures ing from the original design and could affect the can reach 60 ˚C (140 °F) and the ambient temper- installation. The project has four parallel declines ature reaches 36 ˚C (97 °F). To highlight potential that have been developed at an inclination of - 7.5 °, problem areas before the installation of a new progressing from levels 120 to 123 and 126. Under- conveyor, a monorail, and a chair-lift at the mine ground mine surveying specialists 3D MSI were com- a survey was carried out to build an accurate as- missioned with three objectives: Firstly, to survey built 3D model of the development. three of the four declines in 3D; secondly, to use the 3D CAD model to identify potential problem areas; Using the 3D CAD model of the declines the rele- and finally, to superimpose the geo-referenced CAD vant service infrastructure could be overlaid in a vir- models of the services to aid in the identification of tual CAD environment to determine any areas that these problem areas.

28 | Reporter 66 A Challenging Working Environment

Work in the mining industry is highly challenging, minimal disruption to the daily work of the mine. surveyors not only have to put up with working in Their business depends on reliable, fast, and accu- confined conditions but they also have to cope with rate technology and working with Leica Geosystems a constant flow of traffic dirt and extreme heat. is fundamental to the success of 3D MSI. Any delays in mining activity can result in hundreds and thousands of pounds in lost income so 3D MSI The speed and accuracy of this technology can save (www.3dmsi.co.uk) were under immense pressure to mining companies hundreds of thousands of pounds ensure their work was conducted with speed and per contract.

Based in the United Kingdom, 3D Mine Surveying cessing point cloud data and 3D Reshaper for mod- International Limited (3D MSI) specialize in under- eling. Owing to difficulties with the fine tolerances ground mine surveying and 3D modeling of survey between the extent of the infrastructure and the data. From site works to data processing and creat- tunnel design, 3D MSI surveyed down to - 3,900 m ing complex 3D drawings, 3D MSI use the latest laser (2.42 mi) to provide a comprehensive analysis of scanning instrumentation and a specially designed problem areas prior to the installations. A total of 240 remote surveying vehicle (RSV) to survey under- separate scans were taken for all 3 of the declines, ground operations at high speed. Working closely equating to a combined distance of 3.5 km (2.2 mi). with mine surveyors, design engineers, and health and safety auditors, the resulting data is used to Comparison to Original Design Modeling the World's ensure mine operations become safer and more effi- A complete wireframe was constructed for each cient with modern surveying technology. decline using 3D Reshaper; this allowed a comparison to be made between the original design and the To conduct the survey 3D MSI used the Leica Scan- model of the actual development. Once the wire- Deepest Mine Station C10, Leica HDS6000, and the Leica HDS6100 frame had been created it was possible to combine High Definition Surveying™ laser scanners. Software the 3D design with the CAD models of the equipment used included Leica Cyclone for collecting and pro- being fitted into the declines to ascertain whether they were going to fit as designed.

One of the most obvious discrepancies observed was at the top of decline 2. If the conveyor had been installed as originally designed, it would have penetrated the sidewall 1.2 km (0.7 mi) further down the decline. By superimposing the conveyor into the decline in the CAD environment it was possible to adjust the conveyor’s position in a virtual setting to determine if there was a solution to the problem without having to undertake costly engineering work. By doing this it became apparent that if the conveyor were moved 0.5m to the left it could fit without the need for any modifications to the tunnel profile.

About the authors: Rekha Voralia is Marketing Manager at Leica Geo- systems Ltd ([email protected]); James Jobling Purser is Managing Director at 3D MSI.

The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 29 30 | Reporter 66 Weak Foundations Weak on Loads Heavy od, the connection between landfill/pier as well as as well as landfill/pier between connection the od, meth construction and structure complex this With smoothly. flowing river the to keep it around built was Acover intervals. 100 nearly pipes steel site, pier At the foundations. weak by caused subsidence consolidation to prevent re-filled and improved to be needed soil portion, landfill the In airport. present to the connected all a taxiway, and ofpiers, platforms land, ofreclaimed consisting Bay, Tokyo in ofTama River mouth the at structure hybrid first Japan’s on constructed was D-Runway runway. the of safety the ence influ can movements large as operation, safe daily. Continuous monitoring for is important runway constructed newly the on land and off take each, tons of hundreds weighing airplanes Heavy land. reclaimed on located is it as build, to a was Haneda structure complex tional Airport The newly opened D-Runway at Tokyo Interna Tokyo at D-Runway opened newly The Dr. Zhang Yun and Nii Kazuhiro by m long were sunk into the sea at specified specified at sea the into sunk were m long - - - restriction. height airport the outside points at installed were they taxiway the at and operation, aircraft with ence interfer to avoid sides pier and landfill the at way run the near level ground at installed were Antennas structures. different the in joints the at movements the to measure joints the across positions these in installed were points oftwo sets positions; relative oftwo movements the measures system The opened. was runway the since quakes earth during movements any as well as changes ular sec monitoring been have and installed were points monitoring of GNSS Dozens characteristics. plex com its with runway ofthe management and nance mainte for designed was system monitoring The System the of Installation in a satisfactory condition for safe operation or not. or operation safe for condition asatisfactory in is D-Runway whether to assess used criteria of the one is ofmovement amount the as earthquakes, ing mustments be accurately measured, dur especially Move change. to secular due to sink and/or moving to be assumed were pier/taxiway between joints the ------

© Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT Ocean University. ([email protected]) Ocean University. Shanghai the at aprofessor isalso He Corporation. Geosurf at Engineer System Dr. Chief is Yun Zhang ([email protected]) integration. GNSS system with experience of years 14 has He Corporation. Geosurf at President Vice tive and Execu NiiKazuhiro is Chief Technology Officer authors: the About runway. the on installed seismometer the from signals trigger electric receiving by earthquakes of times end and start exact the capture can system (inter-quartile range). monitoring earthquake The IQR by caused values false deleting after medians final getting by results ofthe accuracy the improve 20 at data from nates 3D coordi ofthe median each TCP/IP. calculates It by communication, socket via Spider to Leica points monitoring from data LB2 transferring analysis, time an earthquake. Constant monitoring real performs of processing post and monitoring, earthquake ing, and runwaymonitor tasks: constant taxiway airport ofthree consists broadly system processing The data in files to the government server. collected uploads then and runway, the on based coordinates to plane coordinates geodetic world converts It Geosystems. Leica by developed uniquely message aGGQ with software Geosurf to the results 20 at data the analyzes tinuously con Spider server. the on running (Tokyo, Japan), are Corp. Geosurf partner Geosystems’ Leica by oped devel D-Runway, for software monitoring designed custom and Spider GNSS Leica Both building. ment Depart Fire the in room control monitoring the in located server the by analyzed to and ferred Monitoring data captured on the runwayis trans &Analysis Collection Data (0.39 of10 accuracy ahorizontal to maintain signals GLONASS using data collects also system the so ity, activ aircraft by disrupted be may reception data ground, the in put were antennas Since earthquake. ofan middle the in even performed be can tioning posi so it around absorber avibration fixing by lated iso seismically was antenna The runway. the near than rather airport, ofthe side the at building east Department’s Fire of the roof the on installed were antenna GNSS AX1203+ an with GG GMX902 A Leica in). Hz every two hours. It can also also can It hours. two every Hz Hz and outputs the the outputs and Hz mm mm ------

© Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT Source: Wikipedia destinations. to new routes as well as routes, ing exist on frequencies increased year, permitting per to 407,000 movements movements 285,000 from designed to increase Haneda's operational capacity was 2010. in runway This completed was and field air existing ofthe south to the reclamation land via constructed was D-Runway, runway, fourth The expansion. to outpace continued 1970, in demand pleted but com were terminal international an and runway new A to swell. airport the at traffic passenger causing citizens, its on restrictions travel lifted 1964,In Japan runway was completed. to 800 extended was runway first 1939 In airport's the complex. airport oftoday's end south the at land ofwaterfront piece 1931 in opened asmall on first Airfield Haneda The Haneda Airport International Tokyo The of LeicaGeosystemsGlobal Magazine |31 800 asecond m and m (2,625 ft) - - - THINK OPPORTUNITIES Join Leica Geosystems in Las Vegas, NV, 4-7 June for targeted sessions and workshops, visionary keynote presentations, interactive technology demonstrations, unlimited networking and much more! Think forward with Hexagon and learn how you can begin solving tomorrow’s problems today.

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