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Dammed Arkansas: Early Developments in How Arkansas Came to Be a Dammed State, 1836-1945 Mary Suter University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Dammed Arkansas: Early Developments in How Arkansas Came to Be a Dammed State, 1836-1945 Mary Suter University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2013 Dammed Arkansas: Early Developments in How Arkansas Came to Be a Dammed State, 1836-1945 Mary Suter University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Suter, Mary, "Dammed Arkansas: Early Developments in How Arkansas Came to Be a Dammed State, 1836-1945" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 891. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/891 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DAMMED ARKANSAS: EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN HOW ARKANSAS CAME TO BE A DAMMED STATE, 1836-1945 Dammed Arkansas: Early Developments in How Arkansas Came to Be a Dammed State, 1836-1945 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Mary C. Suter Indiana University at South Bend Bachelor of Arts in History, 1979 The George Washington University Master of Arts in Museum Studies, 1981 August 2013 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. __________________________________________ Dr. Jeannie M. Whayne Dissertation Director _______________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. Elliott West Dr Patrick Williams Committee Member Committee Member ABSTRACT The need to manage the rivers of Arkansas has been a driving force in developments that have resulted in dramatic changes to the geographical “face” of Arkansas over the last 200 years. These changes are the creation of man-made lakes throughout the state, where before, there had been none. The many lakes that dot the Ozarks and the Ouachitas were created by dams. There are 1,251 dams over 25 feet in height, or that impound more that 50 acre-feet of water, in Arkansas, and uncounted smaller dams. No matter their size, dams were constructed to manage the rivers and streams of the state for flood control, power development, navigation, municipal water supply, recreation, irrigation, and for other uses. Between 1836, when Arkansas became a state, to 1945, there were 112 dams constructed in the state. This study examines the historical context of dams that were built before 1945, when the construction of dams was more local, less politicized, and less complicated. It examines the purposes for which dams were constructed, who built them, and why. It is based on the National Inventory of Dams database, which records all dams in the United States and territories that are over 25 feet in height, or that impound more than 50-acre-feet of water. While the NID is not an exhaustive list of all the dams in Arkansas, it is an invaluable tool for identifying dams by year completed, primary purpose, owner type and owner name, all of which are an entry point for discussing the history of dams in Arkansas. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would especially like to thank Dr. Jeannie Whayne for her patience with me, her guidance and suggestions, her patience, her encouragement and support, and her patience. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Elliott West and Dr. Patrick Williams, for their valuable comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank all the fine folks who let me quiz them about dams they have known: Bobby Pharr, Jonathon and Troy at Russellville, Ken Sullivan, Charles Booth, Donnie Kilgore, Pat Mullen, and Jim Johnson. You were all immensely helpful. On a personal level, I owe a big ‘thank you’ to Marie Imus for timely assistance, valuable suggestions, and for letting me bounce thoughts and questions off her. I would like to thank Dr. Katie Cleek for her material assistance, support, and encouragement, and Dr. Nancy McCartney for her support and encouragement. I would like to thank my Mom, my sisters, especially Martha and Suzanne, my brothers, and all my friends, especially Marie, Rimke Haringsma and Diann Berger, and the late Dr. Williard Gatewood, for believing in me – that I could and would eventually complete this study. Thanks also go to the staff of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, especially Lela Donat, for their assistance, support, and encouragement. And I can’t forget the very helpful staff in the Interlibrary Loan Department of Mullins Library. Some days, I think they went above and beyond to honor my requests. Also at Mullins, a big thank you to Geoff and everyone in Special Collections, who were truly helpful. But mostly, this is for my Dad, who taught me to appreciate dams. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER 2: FLOOD CONTROL DAMS ……………………………………………. 21 CHAPTER 3: POWER DAMS ………………………………………………………… 67 CHAPTER 4: NAVIGATION DAMS …………………………………………………. 96 CHAPTER 5: MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY DAMS ………………………………. 108 CHAPTER 6: RECREATION DAMS …………………………………………………. 140 CHAPTER 7: IRRIGATION DAMS ………………………………………………….. 162 CHAPTER 8: CONSEQUENCES ……………………………………………………… 170 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………… 184 A NOTE ON METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 186 A NOTE ON THE NATIONAL INVENTORY OF DAMS DATABASE…………….. 190 TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………… 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………… 202 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Managing the rivers of Arkansas was a driving force in developments that have resulted in dramatic changes to the geographical “face” of Arkansas over the last 200 years. These changes should be obvious every time the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism runs a “Things to Do in Arkansas” advertisement featuring jet skiers and fishermen on beautiful, scenic lakes. Recreation is just one of the many uses of lakes in Arkansas. Arkansas lakes also provide water for cities, for irrigation of farm land, and for navigation pools to facilitate the movement of ships and barges through locks on the rivers. But there is irony in featuring Arkansas lakes in ads touting “The Natural State.” Because there is nothing “natural” about those lakes. Most of the lakes in Arkansas, particularly the scenic lakes in the Ozarks and Ouachitas, are man-made. The lakes are really reservoirs, waters impounded by dams. Dams and their impounded reservoirs are usually discussed in relation to their purpose. Those purposes include flood control, the generation of electricity, navigation, municiple water supply, recreation, and irrigation. Many dams are multiple-purpose dams, built for a primary purpose such as flood control, but with secondary purposes such as for hydropower, water supply, and recreation. Most of the large reservoirs that have changed the landscape of Arkansas were built after World War II. They are the large, multiple-purpose dams built by the federal government, recreation and fish and wildlife ponds built for the state, and municiple water supply dams built by local governments, and irrigation dams built by private individuals. But before the post-war dams were built, the pattern of damming the rivers and streams of the state was set in the 19th and early 20th century. This study is an investigation of the patterns that developed in the construction of dams in Arkansas in those early years, from statehood to World War II. It is not so much concerned with 1 the types of dams that were constructed, be they earth, rock-fill, masonry, or concrete, nor in how small or large they are, as it is in why they were built and who built them. It starts by placing the construction of dams in a national and historical context, which is especially important in relation to flood control, hydroelectric, and navigation dams. Then it steps back in time to examine how Native Arkansans dealt with some of the problems that dams were later designed to remedy. It then looks at local and regional developments and problems with water that set Arkansans on a course that led to the construction of dams to solve those problems. In the process, it surveys the major purposes for which dams were built, and discusses the consequences to the state of those dams. It is not comprehensive. It is intended to show the patterns of dam building that had emerged by 1945, because after World War II the federal government became a major, and in some cases dominant, participant in funding and constructing dams. At that point, the story becomes less local, less personal, and much more complicated. I therefore present the years 1836-1945 as a period in which dams were built for a specific local purpose through the efforts of local people, but which set the precedent for dams that are being constructed to this day. There is no definitive count of the number of dams in Arkansas. There are three sources where a figure for the number of dams can be found: The National Inventory of Dams (NID), the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS); and the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission (ANRC) database. The NID is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It tracks dams that equal or exceed 25 feet in height and exceed 15 acre-feet in storage, and dams that equal or exceed 50 acre-feet storage and exceed 6 feet in height.1 The GNIS is maintained by the United States Geological Survey and it tracks dams as features on U.S. Geological Survey 1 National Inventory of Dams (www.geo.usace.army.mil/) 2 topographic maps.2 Since 1957, Arkansas has tracked dams that are over 25 feet high and impound 50 acre-feet or more of water.3 There are numerous small dams that are not recorded on any of these databases. In Washington County alone some examples are the mill dam at War Eagle, the city lake dam in Elm Springs, and the old water supply dam in downtown West Fork. For convenience if not accuracy, dams not in the NID database will be referred to as “small dams.” Because the NID database tracks by far the greatest number of dams in Arkansas, in this survey statistics relating to number, owner, and purpose of dams will be from the NID database, unless otherwise noted.
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