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MARKETING AT THE CROSSROADS: ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN A PERIODIC MARKET IN THE HIGHLAND PHILIPPINES Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Ruppert, David Edward Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 22:01:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290481 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Uni International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7912541 RUPPERT, DAVID EDWARD MARKETING AT THE CROSSROADS: ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN A PERIODIC MARKET IN THE HIGHLAND PHILIPPINES. THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA. PH.D., 1979 University Microfilms International 300n z^eb hoau. ann ahboh, mi 48iog MARKETING AT THE CROSSROADS: ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN A PERIODIC MARKET IN THE HIGHLAND PHILIPPINES by David Edward Ruppert A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 9 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by David Edward Ruppert entitled MARKETING AT THE CROSSROADS: ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN A PERIODIC MARKET IN THE HIGHLAND PHILIPPINES be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ^ "7-^s —, / t? Dissertation Director7 Date1 As members of the Final Examination Committee, we cerMfy that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. L // /V cP i ( ft /ftp ((y <•! 7 r Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manoscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: f..1 For the Philippine Minorities iii PREFACE Many people have been very generous in providing needed advice and guidance throughout the duration of this study. For their continuing support, advice, and criticism, I am especially indebted to the members of my dissertation committee at The University of Arizona. These committee members included Professors Richard A. Thompson, Constance Cronin, Edward H. Spicer, and William Longacre. In Manila, Dr. Jesus Peralta, Curator of the Philippine National Museum, and his staff, especially Ms. Emilia Rogel, provided the necessary logistical support for much of the fieldwork involved in this research. Dr. William Henry Scott, Professor of History at the University of the Philippines, was a constant source of inspiration throughout the fieldwork period. I want to thank him especially for making available his personal collection of published and unpublished works on the Cordillera Central region. A number of researchers at the Philippine Center for Advanced Studies such as Drs. F. L. Jocano and Prospero Covar, provided useful guidance and support. In the research area of northern Benguet Province in the mountains of Luzon I am especially indebted to Mayor A. Santos and Vice-Mayor Francisco Tomayo of Mankayan Municipality. During my frequent stays in Mankayan these iv V gentlemen provided a variety of services which facilitated the research process considerably. In Barrio Abatan in Buguias Municipality I am most grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Gavino Bayan who graciously provided my living accommoda­ tions throughout my stay in Abatan. Dra. Adelaide Morrero and her staff at the Rural Health Office of Abatan con­ tributed their own census materials of the municipality. For their help I am very thankful. I am especially grateful to my field assistant, Ms. Thelma Bestre, who tirelessly aided in the transcription of taped interviews and in the administration of questionnaires. Of course, my greatest feelings of indebtedness are to the many people living in the Abatan and Mankayan area. I would like to especially thank the many market vendors and customers with whom I had the most frequent contact. Their patience and understanding in the face of numerous interviews and lengthy questionnairSs transformed what is usually referred to as "work" into pure enjoyment. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Vfenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research in New York. The Foundation provided a grant-in- aid which made the research work possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 The Research Problem 5 The Ethnic Group: A Problem in Definition 13 Ethnic vs. Cultural Groups 19 Ethnic Boundaries and Regional Systems 25 Culture and Regional Economy 27 Regional Interethnic Relationships . 29 Interethnic Organization: The Role of the Individual 33 Research Techniques 36 II. REGIONAL SETTING 42 Highlands vs. Lowlands 42 Highland Regional Environment 45 Lowland Regional Environment 49 Regional Ethnic Diversity 51 Highlanders: The "Igorot" 52 Additional Highland Ethnic Groups . 61 Lowlanders: The Traveling Vendors . 65 Regional Interethnic Relations 69 Distinct Ethnic Group Territories . 70 Summary 80 III. EARLY INTERETHNIC TRADE 82 Early Chinese Contacts 83 Additional Contacts 87 Spain and Highland-Lowland Trade in Northern Luzon 89 Early Go?d Trade 93 vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Early Highland-Lowland Trade 95 Lowland Traveling Market Vendors ..... 102 Highland Barterers Ill Summary 114 IV. THE PERIODIC MARKET OF ABATAN 118 Abatan: The Market Town 118 Ethnic Structure of Abatan Population . 123 The Regional Marketing Network 126 Cash Cropping Network 127 Commercial Agents 131 Highland Market Vendors 133 Lowland Market Vendors 133 Provincial Range of the Market Network . 134 Local Range of the Market Network .... 138 The Regional Market Schedule 139 Commodity and Ethnic Structure of the Abatan Market 142 Vendor Type 143 Ethnicity and Vending Locations ..... 151 Vendor Status System 158 Type of Goods Sold 159 Length of Market Career 160 Sex 161 Age 161 Ethnic Group 162 Summary 163 V. ETHNIC BOUNDARIES AND MARKET ORGANIZATION . 165 Ethnic Boundaries: Restriction on Interethnic Behavior 167 Language 168 Vending Areas 171 Vending Behavior . 171 Competition 173 Dress 178 Buyer-Seller Interaction: Suki 179 Suki Defined 180 Suki and Utang na Loob 185 Avoidance of Utang na Loob 189 Earlier Interpretations of Suki 193 Suki Partnership in Abatan: Highlanders and Lowlanders 197 Suki as Interethnic Boundary and Bridge . 202 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Suki as Rules for Ethnic Group Interaction 205 Summary 208 VI. CONCLUSION 209 Philippine Ethnic Diversity: A Regional Perspective 210 Ethnic vs. Regional Identity 212 Interethnic Relations 215 Interethnic Regional Systems 219 APPENDIX A. VEGETABLES SOLD IN THE ABATAN MARKET . 223 LIST OF REFERENCES 225 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Ethnic group population by province 71 2. Interethnic marriages in Barrio Abatan .... 79 3. Buguias barrios and sitios with population . 120 4. Population of Barrio Abatan 124 5. Weekly schedule of the Abatan market system . 141 6. Commodity distribution in four markets in the Abatan periodic market system 150 7. Ethnic group participation in four markets of the Abatan periodic market 15 8 8. Calculation of chi square for regional groups by participation in suki partnerships 199 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Northwestern Luzon 6 2. Northwest Coast of Luzon 92 3.

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