Alice Guy: Omaggio a Una Pioniera Del Cinema

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Alice Guy: Omaggio a Una Pioniera Del Cinema ALICE GUY: OMAGGIO A UNA PIONIERA DEL CINEMA Alice Guy Tribute to a Movie Pioneer 56 © Collection Musée Gaumont Sezione, programmi e note a cura di / Section, programmes and notes curated by Kim Tomadjoglou Figura autenticamente transnazionale, la pioniera Alice Guy fu A truly transnational figure, pioneer Alice Guy was at the forefront all’avanguardia nei cambiamenti tecnologici, industriali e culturali of international, technological, industrial, and cultural changes che nel XX secolo definirono il cinema come una nuova forma di in- that defined the cinema as a new popular form of mass-media trattenimento di massa. La sua lunga e straordinaria carriera va dal entertainment in the twentieth-century. Her long impressive ca- cinema delle attrazioni, dei film da un rullo, dei nickelodeon ai lun- reer comprises the novelty period through to the single-reel film gometraggi e allo sviluppo del cinema narrativo nella seconda metà and the nickelodeon era – to the multi-reel feature and photoplay degli anni Dieci. Alice Guy non fu solo la prima donna regista ma si of the mid to late teens. Not only was Guy the first woman to di- occupò anche della scrittura, della produzione, della supervisione e rect films, she also wrote, produced, supervised, and distributed della distribuzione. A oggi è l’unica donna ad aver fondato e gestito films. To this day, she is the only woman to have owned and oper- una casa di produzione cinematografica, la Solax, con sede prima ated her own studio plant, Solax, first located in Flushing, N.Y., a Flushing, N.Y., e poi a Fort Lee, New Jersey (dal 1910 al 1914). and then in Fort Lee, New Jersey (1910 to 1914). Nel 1894, quando Léon Gaumont assunse la giovane Alice Guy In 1894 when Leon Gaumont hired a young Alice Guy to work come sua segretaria in una ditta di apparecchi fotografici, probabil- as his secretary at a still-photography company, he likely never mente nessuno dei due avrebbe mai immaginato che Alice sarebbe imagined (nor she) that Guy would be at his side when he decided stata al suo fianco quando Léon decise di acquistare quella società to purchase that business and establish a firm of his own. Guy e di fondare una propria attività. Alice Guy fu indispensabile al suc- was indispensable to the success of Gaumont, fulfilling a variety cesso della Gaumont, dove non si limitò a lavorare come segretaria of roles from personal secretary, to managing the business, to personale di Léon ma si occupò della gestione amministrativa, di directing and writing scenarios, to overseeing and directing per- scrivere le sceneggiature, supervisionare e dirigere gli attori nelle formers for Gaumont’s chronophone synchronized sound system prime prove di scene parlate con il chronophone, un dispositivo (1902-1906). For eleven years, as head of production she helped di sincronizzazione che permetteva di collegare una macchina da create a Gaumont “house style” by training a number of her male presa a un fonografo (1902-1906). colleagues, including the renowned director, Louis Feuillade. A Per undici anni contribuì come direttrice di produzione a creare uno remarkable achievement for a woman of her time! Perhaps Guy’s “stile” Gaumont istruendo vari colleghi maschi, tra i quali il cele- crowning French glory was having directed the biblical passion bre regista Louis Feuillade. Un’impresa straordinaria per una donna play, La Vie du Christ (Gaumont, 1906), one of the earliest films della sua epoca! Forse il coronamento dell’attività francese di Alice of increased length and high production values that harnessed a Guy fu dirigere una rappresentazione della Passione di Cristo, La new direction in the industry in which cinema found its vocation Vie du Christ (Gaumont, 1906), film di precoce lunghezza e di co- as an art form of serious commercial value, marketability, and spicuo investimento che sfruttò una nuova direzione dell’industria didacticism. nella quale il cinema finì per trovare la propria vocazione di forma If Guy’s life was not already exciting enough, then leaving France d’arte caratterizzata da un concreto valore di mercato, con poten- in 1907 to immigrate to the United States was simply the next zialità commerciali e didattiche. chapter of her already adventurous story. From 1910 to 1914, A rendere ancor più emozionante la vita di Alice Guy contribuì, the newly married Alice Guy Blaché managed her own production nel 1907, il suo trasferimento negli Stati Uniti, nuovo capitolo di company Solax, in which she was part-owner with her new hus- una storia già avventurosa. Dal 1910 al 1914 la giovane sposa band Herbert. Building on her professional experience in France, gestì la società di produzione Solax, della quale era comproprietaria Guy managed the Solax studio during the cinema’s international insieme al marito Herbert Blaché. Formatasi professionalmente in period of transition which saw cinematic attractions, exhibition- Francia, Alice Guy si trovò a gestire la Solax durante il periodo di ism and performance acts of the European café-chantant, Ameri- transizione del cinema che vide le attrazioni, le esibizioni e gli spet- can dime theaters, nickelodeons, and vaudeville stage being tacoli del café-chantant europeo, dei nickelodeon americani e dei gradually integrated with narrative modes of storytelling, as the varietà integrarsi progressivamente con modalità narrative, mentre cinema drew on a range of intermedial nineteenth-century artistic il cinema attingeva a varie forme artistiche dell’Ottocento come forms, among them literary novels, theatrical plays, painting, and 57 Alice Guy mentre gira una fonoscena © Collection Musée Gaumont i romanzi, le opere teatrali, la pittura e la pantomima. Seguendo pantomime. Following the French model, Guy employed a steady il modello francese, Alice Guy impiegò una compagnia stabile di cast of players, artisans and technicians and trained a diversified attori, artigiani e tecnici e insegnò a una squadra diversificata di team of metteur-en-scene to direct a wide range of genres, from metteurs en scène a dirigere film di vario genere, spaziando dal westerns to comedy, from drama to melodrama – to mystery and western alla commedia, dal dramma al melodramma, fino ai gialli e detective stories. Guy’s special touch of course, was her unique ai polizieschi. Il particolarissimo tocco di Alice Guy era la sua sin- ability to combine comedic situations and to present often con- golare abilità nel combinare le situazioni comiche e nel presentare troversial and conservative points of view regarding traditional punti di vista spesso controversi e conservatori sulla sessualità e i gender roles and sexuality as expressed in the form of character ruoli di genere ma esprimendoli per mezzo del travestimento e del cross-dressing and role reversal. rovesciamento dei ruoli. In August of 1913, with the establishment of Blaché Features, Nell’agosto del 1913, con la fondazione della Blaché Features, una a new company formed by Herbert Blaché with Alice Guy Blaché società formata da Herbert Blaché e Alice Guy Blaché nel ruolo di listed as “vice president,” Solax was gradually absorbed into the “vice presidente”, la Solax fu gradualmente assorbita dalla nuova new company and ceased production one year later. While Solax’s ditta e un anno dopo cessò la produzione. Se la liquidazione della demise was likely due to ongoing distribution problem resulting Solax fu probabilmente dovuta a problemi di distribuzione derivanti from the Motion Picture Patent Company Trust and its domi- dal trust della Motion Picture Patent Company che monopolizzava nance over the U.S. market through vertical and horizontal inte- il mercato statunitense attraverso l’integrazione verticale e orizzon- gration, distribution problems continued to plague the Blaché’s tale, simili difficoltà continuarono ad affliggere i Blaché malgrado despite Herbert’s effort to form his own distribution branch. The il tentativo di Herbert di fondare una propria casa di distribuzione. increased cost and investment required of feature filmmaking L’aumento dei costi e degli investimenti imposto dai lungometraggi had significantly shifted the terms of international film produc- aveva cambiato significativamente le regole della produzione cine- tion. Faced with the economic reality of survival, both Blaché’s matografica internazionale. Per assicurarsi la sopravvivenza econo- found themselves becoming independent directors. From 1914 mica, i Blaché si ritrovarono costretti a lavorare sotto contratto. Dal to 1919, Guy directed a number of features for other companies, 1914 al 1919 Alice Guy diresse diversi film per altre compagnie, most notably, The Lure (1914), a lost film based on the theatri- 58 tra i quali si segnala in particolare The Lure (1914), un film perduto cal play of the same name and dealing with the controversial but basato sull’omonima opera teatrale e incentrato sulla tematica con- then-intriguing topic of white slavery. While the move to inde- troversa e intrigante della tratta delle bianche. Il passaggio alla re- pendent direction offered Guy an opportunity to remain attached gia sotto contratto offrì ad Alice Guy la possibilità di rimanere legata to the film industry she helped to create, it also denied her the all’industria cinematografica che aveva contribuito a creare, ma la freedom of expression and control she once reveled in as a studio privò della libertà d’espressione e del controllo di cui aveva goduto head. Finally, the end of her marriage to Herbert and the disso- dirigendo uno studio. La fine del matrimonio con Herbert e della lution of their long-term partnership seemed to further seal the loro lunga collaborazione professionale parve sancire ulteriormente fate of Guy’s unfortunate departure from the cinema. Tarnished il fatale distacco di Alice Guy dal cinema. Tarnished Reputations Reputations of a Soul Adrift (Perret Pictures, 1920), written by of a Soul Adrift (Perret Pictures, 1920), scritto dal connazionale fellow French national Leonce Perret was her last film.
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