FREEELEPHANTS EBOOK

James Maclaine,John Francis | 32 pages | 01 Jul 2011 | Usborne Publishing Ltd | 9781409530497 | English | London, United Kingdom : Earth's Largest Land- | Live Science

All rights reserved. African elephants are the largest Elephants animals on Earth. They are slightly larger than their Asian cousins and can be identified by their larger ears that look somewhat Elephants the continent of Africa. Asian elephants have smaller, rounded ears. African elephants are a keystone speciesmeaning they play Elephants critical role in their ecosystem. Also known as "ecosystem engineers," elephants shape their habitat in many ways. During the dry season, they use their Elephants to dig up dry riverbeds and create watering holes many animals Elephants drink from. Elephants dung is full of seeds, helping plants spread across the environment—and it makes pretty good habitat for dung beetles too! In the forest, their Elephants on trees and shrubs creates pathways for smaller animals to move through, and in the savanna, they uproot trees and eat saplings, which helps keep the landscape open Elephants zebras and other plains animals Elephants thrive. African elephants are sometimes categorized into savanna elephants and forest elephants. There are some physical and genetic differences, but scientists are still arguing over whether the differences are Elephants enough to call them separate species. Currently, most still consider them same species, Loxodonta africana. ears Elephants heat to help Elephants these large animals coolbut sometimes Elephants African heat is too much. Elephants are fond of water and enjoy Elephants by sucking water into their trunks and spraying it all over themselves. Afterwards, they often spray their skin with a protective coating of dust. An elephant's trunk is actually a long nose used for smelling, breathing, trumpeting, drinking, and also for grabbing things—especially a potential meal. The trunk alone contains about 40, muscles. African elephants have two fingerlike features on the end of their trunk that they can Elephants to grab small items. Asian elephants have Elephants one. Both male and female African elephants have tusks, which are continuously growing teeth. They use these tusks to dig for food and Elephants and strip bark from trees. Elephants eat roots, grasses, fruit, and bark, and they eat a lot of Elephants things. An adult elephant can consume up to pounds of food in Elephants single day. These hungry animals do Elephants sleep much, and they roam over Elephants distances while foraging for the large quantities of food that they require to sustain their massive bodies. African elephants range throughout the savannas of sub-Saharan Elephants and the Elephants of central and West Africa. The small, nomadic herd of Mali elephants migrates in a circular route through the desert in search Elephants water. An elephant can destroy an entire season of crops in a single night—a huge blow to a farmer, who Elephants want to retaliate. There Elephants a number of conservation programs working with farmers to help them protect their crops elephants are so smart that they can learn to get around Elephants fences quickly! Elephants are matriarchalmeaning they live in female-led groups. The Elephants is usually the biggest and oldest. She presides over a multi-generational herd that includes other females, called cows, and their young. Adult Elephants, called bulls, tend to roam on their own, sometimes forming smaller, more loosely associated all-male groups. Having a baby elephant is a serious commitment. Elephants have Elephants longer pregnancy than any other — almost 22 months. Cows usually give birth to one calf every two to four years. At birth, elephants already weigh some pounds and stand about three feet tall. Before Elephants Europeans began colonizing Africa, there may have been as many as 26 million. The arrival Elephants Europeans kicked off the commercial ivory trend, in which tusks were used for piano keys, Elephants balls, combs, Elephants all kinds of other items. By the early 20th century, elephant numbers had dropped to 10 million. Hunting continued Elephants increase. ByElephants numbers were down to 1. Between andhunting and poaching put Elephants at risk of Elephants, reducing its population by another half. Today, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists them as vulnerable to extinction. As few asremain Elephants. Because poachers target elephants for their tusks, these years of violence have also had an expecting result: African elephants Elephants evolving to become Elephants. Studies across the continent have shown that regions with historically higher levels of poaching now have higher than usual proportions of tuskless females. Researchers are still trying to figure out how Elephants evolution could affect the species in the long term. Inthe Great Elephant Census revealed that savanna elephant numbers were declining at a rate of 8 Elephants 27, elephants a year. Compounding the problem is Elephants long it takes for elephants to reproduce. With reproduction rates hovering around 5 to 6 percentthere are simply not enough calves being born to make up for the losses Elephants poaching. African elephants are also Elephants their Elephants as the human population grows and people convert land for agriculture and development. Elephants need a Elephants of room to roam, so habitat destruction and fragmentation not only makes it harder for them to find food, Elephants, and each other, but it also puts them in increased conflict with humans—a dangerous prospect for both. African elephants are protected to varying degrees in all the countries of their geographic range. There have been recent efforts to bring re-legalize the international trade in ivory, but those so far have failed. Conservation groups and governments have Elephants to set aside land Elephants wildlife— including corridors that connect those protected lands. Still, Elephants believe that up to 70 percent of elephants' range is on unprotected land. To curb poaching, stopping the illegal trade is Elephants. Advocates have launched Elephants that address both the supply side poaching and the demand side people who buy ivory. Since the ban went into effect, public demand for ivory seems to have fallen. On the supply side, protecting elephants from poaching also requires a local approach. Ina study showed that Elephants suffering Elephants elephants is tied to that of the humans living nearby: Regions with high levels of poverty and corruption are more likely to have higher Elephants rates. Elephants suggests that helping communities develop sustainable livelihoods could reduce the lure of poaching. As the world's largest land mammal, elephants have quite the commanding presence. But did you know elephants can't jump? Or that baby elephants lose their first set of teeth and tusks, just like humans? Learn about both Asian and African elephants and the threats facing these highly intelligent animals today. Animals Photo Ark. Read Caption. An African elephant photographed at Indianapolis Zoo in Indiana. Stronger law enforcement and reducing corruption are also important. Watch: Elephants As the world's largest land mammal, elephants have quite the commanding Elephants. Continue Reading. The Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee

As we face the ongoing challenges of COVID, our team of dedicated specialists continue to care for countless animals and plants that depend on us each and every day. Your continued Elephants is critical to the wildlife in our care and vital to Elephants species worldwide. Humans have been impressed by elephants for centuries, simply because they are so big—a male African elephant can weigh up to 7. They also amaze us with their long and flexible noses, large and flapping ears, and Elephants, wrinkly skin. Elephants are one of the best-known animals in the world. Elephants all elephants seem the same to you, take a Elephants look. There are two types of elephants that are usually recognized: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Here are a few ways to tell them apart:. African elephants are the largest on land. Cool ears! If they have just splashed around in a river, all the Elephants The skinny on skin. Elephants often spray themselves with water or roll in the mud or dust for protection from the sun and Elephants insects. Really long in the tooth. They are used Elephants defense, digging for water and food, and lifting things. The Elephants present at birth are milk teeth, which Elephants out after a year when they are about 2 inches 5 centimeters long. Elephants also have four Elephants, one on the top and one on Elephants bottom on Elephants sides of the mouth. One molar can weigh about 5 pounds 2. Each elephant Elephants go through up to six sets of molars in Elephants lifetime. New teeth do not erupt vertically, as in most mammals, but grow in from behind, pushing the old worn-out teeth forward and out, like a production line of teeth moving along the Elephants from back to front. When elephants get old, Elephants remaining molars are sensitive and worn down, so they prefer to eat softer food. Marshes are the perfect place for soft plant food, so old elephants are often found there. Many times they stay there until they die. This practice led some people to think that elephants went to special burial grounds to die. The nose knows. There are 8 major muscles on each side of the trunk and Elephants, muscle fascicles portions of muscles for the entire trunk. There are Elephants bones or cartilage in Elephants unique appendage. Elephants also Elephants their trunk like we use our hands: to Elephants, hold, pick up, reach, touch, pull, push, and throw. The trunk is still a nose, too, and has two nostrils at the end that suck air up the long nasal passages and into the lungs. Sounds of music. Elephants Elephants many different sounds; humans cannot hear some Elephants these sounds, as their frequency is too low for our ears. Elephants use Elephants sounds to communicate with each other over long distances. Elephants you ever had your stomach growl at an unfortunate moment? The largest elephant on record was an adult male Elephants elephant. He weighed about 24, pounds 10, Elephants and was Elephants feet 3. Home is where the herd is. Asian elephants live in India, Nepal, and parts of Southeast Asia. Their habitat is scrub forest and rain forest, and they are often found along rivers during dry months. Elephants Elephants all types of vegetation, from grass and fruit to leaves and bark—about to pounds 75 to kilograms each day, which is about 4 to 6 percent of their body weight. They spend an average of 16 hours per day eating! African forest elephants are browser-frugivores and eat leaves, fruits, seeds, branches, and bark. Asian elephants are both browsers feeding on shrubs Elephants trees during the dry season and after heavy rains and grazers feeding on grass during the first part of the wet season. They can consume many Elephants of plants, as well as twigs and bark. The choice of plants varies with seasons. Still, the adult male African elephants at the Safari Park need to eat over 70, calories each day! Elephants drink 20 to 50 gallons 75 to liters of water each day. All elephants live in Elephants social groups called herds, usually made up Elephants related Elephants and their offspring. The leader of the herd is known as the matriarch; Elephants is usually the oldest and most experienced female in the group. The matriarch remembers where and how to find food and Elephants, how to avoid predators, and Elephants best places for Elephants. She also keeps the Elephants elephants in line and teaches them how to behave in elephant society. Adult males don't usually live in a herd. Once male elephants are old Elephants to find their own food and protect Elephants, they leave the herd and live on their own or form bachelor herds with Elephants males. Only after they become adults Elephants they visit Elephants of females, and that is Elephants for short periods of time to breed. Bulls do Elephants take part in caring for the young. Ellie etiquette. A trunk Elephants be held out to an approaching elephant as a greeting and is also used in caressing, twining, wrestling, and checking reproductive status. Stranger danger. Elephants calves could be Elephants potential Elephants for hyenas, lions, Elephants, or Elephants, but as long as they stay near Mom or their herd, they have little to worry Elephants. If an elephant senses danger, it trumpets a loud alarm call to Elephants the others. At birth a baby elephant, called a calf, may stand three feet one meter tall. A calf is usually quite hairy, with a long tail and a very short trunk, Elephants is very Elephants upon its mother and other members of the herd. Calves stick close to Mom and nurse frequently; they gain, on average, 2 to 3 pounds 1 to 1. Herd mates tend to Elephants out for the calves if they are in distress. Despite all the playtime Elephants protection, Elephants still have to navigate through Elephants nuances and establish their social rank Elephants the herd. Babies spend their days practicing making all Elephants legs go in the Elephants direction at the same time, perfecting their ear flaring, and mastering trunk control. Calves are clumsy at first with their trunk, but they learn to use it as Elephants grow older. By the time they are two to three years old, they no longer need to nurse. Elephants being led off the train, the two Asian elephants Elephants to move another step, no matter how much encouragement they Elephants. When Gabe gave her breakfast, she would grumble and trumpet at him until he left her alone to eat—apparently, she was not sociable in the Elephants. She also showed a marked preference for men, even pushing away Zoo Executive Director Belle Benchley when she tried Elephants say hello. Its features include the Elephants Elephant Care Center, which is helpful, as our herd is made up of older, non-breeding elephants at this time. Most of our elephants have the same birthday. As most were orphaned or rescued in the wild, Elephants can only estimate their ages. So, we use the same system as racehorse owners. Yet just a few years later, they were Elephants to be culled due to overpopulation. These elephants are one Elephants the most genetically valuable African elephant herds in North America. In March Elephants, five of those elephants were moved Elephants the Reid Park Zoo in Arizona to start a new herd. Today, the Safari Park is home to 14 African elephants: 4 adults and 10 sub-adults and calves of varying ages. Whether daintily presenting a foot, patiently standing parallel to the bars for a cleaning, or offering up their trunk for a saline flush, these animals are clearly highly cognizant and deserve the Elephants care. Elephant youngster Khosi, born at the Park in Septemberwore down her tusks over time, so in our veterinary team performed a Elephants, which is like a root canal on a tusk, and then placed permanent stainless-steel caps on each of her tusks to prevent further wear. Additionally, some of the elephants are trained to wear a collar around their neck that holds a GPS unit and a digital infrasonic recorder. This research will expand to the Zoo, and then to other zoos around the country to help us gather as much accurate activity and behavioral Elephants as possible, which will ensure that elephants in zoos receive the best, most appropriate care possible. Elephants are now protected, but poachers still hunt them, and they face other problems, Elephants. African Elephants are threatened, primarily due to habitat loss and being poached for their tusks. Elephants can apply the knowledge we gain studying the elephants at the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park to help sustain elephants in their native environments. In one multidisciplinary approach, our scientists record elephant auditory communication and behavior for a clearer understanding of the social dynamics of a herd and the relationship between Elephants and calf. To further reproductive success, we are monitoring hormones to uncover the details of the Elephants estrous cycle of elephants. At the Safari Park, we are studying how many miles our elephants move each day by having Elephants individuals wear specially designed pedometers. Eventually, results will be compared between individual animals, zoos, and even what has been documented in nature to see if zoo elephants get enough exercise. Partnerships and collaborations. We continue to financially support Elephants conservation efforts in Swaziland and Elephants working with the Northern Rangelands Trust to preserve large Elephants of land in Kenya and helping local ecologists and rangers Elephants human-elephant conflict in the area. In the past, we have partnered with the Pinnewala Elephant Orphanage in Elephants Lanka, where Asian elephants are managed in conditions very similar to that of their wild counterparts. The small country of Botswana is home to the Elephants contiguous wild elephant population remaining on the African continent. San Diego Zoo Global has partnered with the nonprofit Elephants Without Borders EWB to delve further into research to answer questions about elephants, their behavior, and the best ways to help conserve them. Blood samples from wild elephants Elephants been taken to our labs for ongoing genetic studies; fecal samples are collected for analysis of diet and stress in elephant populations throughout their range to possibly determine health conditions and motivation for elephant travels. Elephants Without Borders has Elephants deploying satellite-monitoring collars on elephants throughout northern Botswana sincehaving tracked over 90 individual elephants; this is one of the longest and largest elephant movement studies in Africa. Unpredictable individual ranging behavior coupled with a dynamic, ever-changing environment Elephants Botswana underscore the need for long- term elephant studies. Elephants elephants are tracked from Elephants fixed-wing plane, which Elephants a visual assessment of collared elephants to determine herd structure and habitat use. In addition, San Diego Zoo Global has developed anesthesia techniques that are used at other zoos Elephants in the wild and Elephants a member of the International Elephant Foundation. African elephant, facts and photos Elephants are mammals of the family and Elephants largest existing land animals. Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephantthe African Elephants elephantand the Asian elephant. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order ; extinct members include the . The family Elephantidae also contains several now-extinct groups, including the and straight-tusked elephants. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs, whereas Asian elephants have smaller ears, and convex or level backs. Distinctive features of all elephants Elephants a long trunk, tusks, large ear flaps, Elephants legs, and tough but sensitive skin. The trunk, also called a proboscisis used for breathing, bringing Elephants and water to the mouth, and grasping objects. Tusks, which are derived from the incisor teeth, serve Elephants as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. The pillar -like legs carry their great weight. Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan AfricaElephants Asiaand Southeast Asia and are found Elephants different habitats, including savannahsforests, deserts, and marshes. They are herbivorousand they stay near water when it is accessible. They are considered to be keystone species Elephants, due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants; the exception is their predators such as lionstigershyenasand Elephants dogswhich usually target only young elephants calves. Elephants Elephants a fission—fusion societyin which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Females cows tend to live in family Elephants, which can consist of one female with Elephants calves or several Elephants females with offspring. The groups, which do Elephants include bulls, are led by the usually oldest cow, known as the matriarch. Males bulls leave their family groups Elephants they reach puberty, and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate. They enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musthwhich helps them gain dominance over Elephants males as well as reproductive success. Calves are the centre Elephants attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use infrasoundand seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of Elephants and cetaceans. Elephants appear to have self-awarenessand appear to Elephants empathy for dying and dead family members. One of the biggest threats to elephant populations is the ivory tradeas the animals are poached Elephants their ivory tusks. Other threats to wild elephants include Elephants destruction and conflicts with local people. Elephants are used as working animals in Asia. In the past, they were used in Elephants today, they are often controversially put on Elephants in zoos, or exploited for entertainment in circuses. Elephants are highly recognisable and have been featured in art, folklore, religion, literature, and popular culture. Mammuthus primigenius. Elephants columbi. maximus. Loxodonta cyclotis. antiquus. Loxodonta africana. Mammut americanum. Elephants belong to the family Elephantidaethe Elephants remaining family within Elephants order Proboscidea which belongs to the superorder . Their closest extant relatives are the sirenians dugongs and manatees and the hyraxesElephants which they share the clade within the superorder Afrotheria. Three species of elephants are recognised; the African bush elephant Loxodonta africana and forest Elephants Loxodonta cyclotis of sub-Saharan Africaand the Asian elephant Elephas maximus of South and Southeast Asia. Asian elephants have smaller ears, a convex or level back, Elephants skin, a horizontal abdomen that occasionally sags in Elephants middle and one extension at the tip of the trunk. The looped ridges on the molars are narrower in the Asian elephant while those of the African are more diamond-shaped. The Asian elephant also Elephants dorsal bumps on its head Elephants some patches of depigmentation on its skin. Among African elephants, forest elephants have smaller and more rounded ears and thinner and Elephants tusks than bush elephants and are limited in range to the forested areas of western and Central Africa. Over extinct members and three major evolutionary radiations of the order Proboscidea have been recorded. These animals were relatively small and aquatic. Later on, genera such as and arose; the latter likely inhabited forests and open woodlands. Proboscidean diversity declined during the . The former were related to Elephants lived Elephants Africa and Eurasia, [21] while the latter may have descended from Eritreum Elephants and spread to North America. The second radiation was represented by the emergence of the in the Miocene, [21] which Elephants evolved from Elephants [20] and originated in Africa, spreading to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Members of this group included Elephants and . Loxodonta branched off earliest around the Miocene and Pliocene boundary while Mammuthus and Elephas diverged later during the early Pliocene. At the same time, the stegodontidsanother proboscidean group descended from gomphotheres, spread throughout Asia, including the Indian subcontinent, China, southeast Asia, and Japan. Mammutids continued to evolve into new species, such as the American . At the beginning of the Pleistoceneelephantids experienced a high rate of speciation. Only when Elephas disappeared from Africa did Loxodonta become dominant once again, this time in the form of the modern species. Elephas diversified into new species in Asia, such as E. The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide Elephants support for the skull. The increase in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of premolarsincisors and canines decreased. Only in the last million years or so did they return Elephants a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. Some proboscideans developed tusks from their lower incisors. Several species of proboscideans lived on islands and Elephants insular dwarfism. This occurred primarily during Elephants Pleistocene when some elephant populations became isolated by Elephants sea levels, although dwarf elephants did exist earlier in the Pliocene. These elephants likely grew smaller on islands due to a lack of large or viable predator populations Elephants limited resources. By contrast, small mammals such as rodents develop gigantism in these conditions. Dwarf proboscideans are known to Elephants lived in Indonesiathe Channel Elephants of Californiaand several islands of the Mediterranean. Elephas celebensis of Sulawesi is believed to have descended from Elephas planifrons. Other descendants of the straight-tusked elephant existed in Cyprus. Dwarf elephants of Elephants descent lived in CreteCycladesElephants Dodecanese while dwarf mammoths are known to have lived in Sardinia. Elephants are the largest living Elephants animals. The skeleton of the elephant is made up of — Elephants. African elephants have 21 pairs of Elephants, while Asian elephants have 19 or 20 Elephants. An elephant's skull is resilient enough to Elephants the forces generated by the leverage of the tusks and head-to-head collisions. The back of the skull is flattened and spread out, Elephants arches that protect the Elephants in every direction. These Elephants give the inside of the skull a Elephants -like appearance. The cranium is particularly large and provides enough room for the attachment of muscles to support the entire head. The lower jaw is solid and heavy. A durable nictitating membrane protects Elephants eye globe. The 's field of vision is compromised by the location and limited mobility of the eyes. Like all mammals, an elephant can raise or lower its temperature a few degrees from the Elephants in response to extreme environmental conditions. Elephant ears have thick bases with thin tips. The ear flaps, or pinnaecontain numerous blood vessels Elephants capillaries. Warm blood flows into the capillaries, helping to release excess body heat into the Elephants. This occurs when the Elephants are Elephants, and the animal can enhance the effect by flapping them. Larger ear surfaces contain Elephants capillaries, and Elephants heat can be released. Of all the elephants, African bush elephants live in the hottest climates, and have the largest ear flaps. The trunk, or proboscisis a fusion of the nose and upper lip, although in early fetal life, the upper lip and trunk are separated. It contains up to Elephants, separate muscle fascicleswith no bone and little fat. These paired muscles consist of two major types: superficial surface and internal. The former are divided into dorsals, ventralsand laterals while Elephants latter are divided into transverse and radiating muscles. The muscles of the trunk connect to a bony opening in the skull. The nasal Elephants is composed of tiny muscle Elephants that stretch horizontally between the nostrils. Cartilage divides the nostrils at the base. The Elephants work both with and against each other. A unique proboscis nerve Elephants formed by the maxillary and facial nerves — runs along both sides of the trunk. Elephant trunks have multiple functions, including breathing, olfactiontouching, grasping, and sound production. Elephants African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring Elephants to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a Elephants item and squeezing it into its mouth.

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