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Response of Migratory Sculpin Populations to Barrier Removal in Four Small Lowland Urban Streams in the Lake Washington Basin

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Response of Migratory Sculpin Populations to Barrier Removal in Four Small Lowland Urban Streams in the Lake Washington Basin NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST 101:111–124 AUTUMN 2020 RESPONSE OF MIGRATORY SCULPIN POPULATIONS TO BARRIER REMOVAL IN FOUR SMALL LOWLAND URBAN STREAMS IN THE LAKE WASHINGTON BASIN ROGER ATABOR,FRITHIOF TWATERSTRAT US Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503 USA; [email protected] JULIAN DOLDEN School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 USA ABSTRACT—We examined changes in density, distribution, and size of migratory sculpins (Coastrange Sculpin [Cottus aleuticus] and Prickly Sculpin [C. asper]) in 4 small lowland urban tributaries following the removal of instream barriers. In 3 of the streams, a complete or partial barrier to upstream movements of migratory sculpins was removed. In the 4th stream where sculpin were not known to be present, the lower reach was daylighted (stream channel was reconfigured from an underground culvert to a more natural stream channel at the surface). In Lyon Creek, where a partial barrier was removed, sculpin densities upstream of the barrier site increased only slightly. Poor habitat conditions in this stream section may have limited recovery. In Taylor and Zackuse Creeks, where barriers were also removed, Coastrange Sculpin quickly colonized the stream section upstream of the barrier site and densities became similar to or higher than downstream study sections. In the daylighted Mapes Creek, both sculpin species were common throughout the new channel shortly after the project was completed. In both Lyon and Taylor creeks, body size of migratory sculpin in the upstream section decreased dramatically following barrier improvement. Prior to barrier removal, only a few large sculpin migrated upstream; whereas, after barrier removal sculpin of all sizes were able to move upstream except young-of-the-year. Our results indicate that migratory sculpin have the ability to recolonize new habitats shortly after connectivity is restored, but habitat quality may limit sculpin use of newly accessible areas. Key words: barriers, Coastrange Sculpin, Cottus aleuticus, Cottus asper, Prickly Sculpin, restoration, Washington Widespread barrier construction and the loss limited movements and may only move a few of free-flowing rivers across the world have meters over a month or more (Petty and Gross- severe consequences for migratory fishes by man 2004; Breen and others 2009; Hudy and imposing upstream limits to movement (McIn- Shiflet 2009). For example, Smith (1982) reported tyre and others 2016; Grill and others 2019). In that it took Riffle Sculpin (Cottus gulosus)18mo recent years, management efforts have focused to recolonize a nearby stream section that had on removing barriers to facilitate physical previously dried up. European Bullhead (Cottus recovery and promote the restoration of fish gobio) colonized upstream reaches in 2 to 3 y populations (Bellmore and others 2017, 2019). after barrier removal (Tummers and others Colonization is typically rapid for mobile fishes 2016). Coastrange Sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) took (Burroughs and others 2010), such as anadro- over 2 decades to colonize a coastal stream in mous salmonids (Catalano and others 2007; Pess Alaska from a source population separated by a and others 2014), whereas it can be much slower marine coastal environment (Milner and others for small benthic fish such as freshwater sculpin 2008). (Cottus spp.) by virtue of their weaker swim- Freshwater sculpin have diverse life histories ming ability (Comte and Olden 2018). Many that include fluvial (live in restricted lotic freshwater sculpin species appear to have environments for their entire lives), lacustrine, 111 112 NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST 101(2) potamodromous, catadromous, and amphidro- streams, but effectiveness monitoring including mous strategies (Goto and others 2015), and thus assessment of fish passage is often lacking (Roni their ability to colonize new habitats will vary and others 2008). Even in small streams, barrier widely. Species that have a migratory phase removal projects can be expensive and effective- should be able to colonize new habitats much ness monitoring, which typically requires mul- faster than nonmigratory species. Coastrange tiple years of surveys, may not be feasible (Roni Sculpin and Prickly Sculpin (Cottus asper) occur and others 2003). in coastal streams and rivers of the Pacific The primary objective of this study was to Northwest and are considered migratory sculpin enhance our understanding of how barrier because of their catadromous, amphidromous, removal benefits small-bodied fishes in urban- and potamodromous strategies (McDowall 1988; ized environments. Of particular interest is how Lucas and Baras 2001; Goto and others 2015). long it will take for migratory sculpin to Both species have planktonic larvae that are recolonize a restored stream section, and wheth- generally displaced downstream to a nursery er these small-bodied fish might be a useful habitat (estuary, lake, or slow-moving rivers; sentinel to evaluate the success of barrier Mason and Machidori 1976). After a short removals if the objective is to allow passage of planktonic larval stage, they settle to the all fish species. Accordingly, we monitored substrate and begin a benthic existence. Over migratory sculpin populations following habitat time, young-of-the-year, subadult, and adult improvement projects in 4 streams. In 2 of the sculpin move upstream to inhabit accessible streams, we compared existing sculpin data on riverine habitats. Upstream migration distances body size and density in a stream with a known of Prickly Sculpin have been reported to be up to barrier (Tabor and others 2017) to data collected 16 km (Lucas and Baras 2001). Smith (1982) in the same stream after the barrier was no found Prickly Sculpin had the ability to move longer present. In the 2 other streams, we upstream as far as 6 km and recolonize sites that assessed whether migratory sculpin were able had previously dried up, whereas Coastrange to quickly colonize a newly accessible stream Sculpin moved upstream as much as 0.7 km over channel. Secondarily, we compared species a 2-wk period (McLarney 1967). However, our composition, habitat use patterns, and response understanding of the overall migration patterns of these sculpin remains limited. Because of their to habitat modification between the 2 migratory migratory behavior, dams and even relatively sculpin species (Coastrange Sculpin and Prickly small barriers can have a large effect on sculpin Sculpin). distribution (LeMoine and Bodensteiner 2014; Tabor and others 2017), but migratory behavior METHODS also should provide a mechanism for sculpin to Study Sites recolonize upstream reaches when barriers are removed. The 4 study streams (Lyon, Mapes, Taylor, and In urban environments, numerous types of Zackuse Creeks) are in the lower Lake Wash- stream barriers have been constructed that ington watershed, located in the central-east part facilitate infrastructure such as roads and hous- of the Puget Sound ecoregion (Fig. 1). The study ing. In small urban streams, these barriers can streams are small independent tributaries to have a variety of impacts (Walsh and others either Lake Washington or Lake Sammamish, 2005), including limiting the presence and and predominantly drain moderate to heavily movement of small-bodied fishes such as sculpin urbanized watersheds. Summer base-discharge 3 À1 (Favaro and others 2014; Tabor and others 2017). levels typically are ,0.005 m s for Mapes 3 À1 Research on the response of fish populations to Creek, the smallest stream, and 0.028 m s for barrier removal has focused largely on large and Lyon Creek, the largest stream. Stream temper- mid-sized dams typically in rural areas (Bell- atures typically range from 3 to 108C in winter to more and others 2017, 2019). Information, 14 to 208C in summer. Investigations focused on however, is also needed on the potential either the lowest stream section at the stream recovery of fish populations in small urban mouth (Mapes, Taylor, and Zackuse Creeks) or a streams. There have been many attempts to short distance upstream of the stream mouth improve habitat conditions in these small (Lyon Creek) (Table 1). AUTUMN 2020 TABOR AND OTHERS:SCULPIN RESPONSE TO BARRIER REMOVAL 113 FIGURE 1. Map of the lower Lake Washington basin in western Washington State, displaying the 4 study streams used to assess changes in migratory sculpin (Coastrange Sculpin and Prickly Sculpin) populations following small barrier removal. Solid dots represent the sample sites, including the barrier location. We sampled immediately downstream and any instream restoration work. Post-project upstream of a small barrier (0.38 m, vertical sampling of Lyon Creek occurred in 2016 drop) in Lyon Creek as part of an assessment of through 2019. sculpin barriers conducted in 2013 (Tabor and The lowest 135-m of Mapes Creek was day- others 2017). Surveys revealed that only a few lighted (reconfigured from an underground larger sculpin (.75 mm total length [TL]) were culvert to a more natural stream channel at the present upstream of the barrier, whereas much surface) in 2014. Originally, this stream section higher densities were present downstream of the was located 2.5 m underground in a culvert. barrier. This barrier was removed in the summer Upstream of this is another approximately 750- of 2015 as part of a restoration project to improve m culvert section. Because of poor habitat salmon passage and help reduce the impacts
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