Luscinia -- (Linnaeus, 1758) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- PASSERIFORMES -- MUSCICAPIDAE Common names: Nightingale; Rossignol progné; Thrush-Nightingale European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

At both European and EU27 scales this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations).

For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both and the EU27. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: ; Azerbaijan; Belarus; ; Cyprus; ; ; Estonia; ; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; ; Poland; ; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; ; Turkey; Vagrant: Belgium; France; Ireland, Rep. of; Malta; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom Population The European population is estimated at 3,780,000-6,360,000 pairs, which equates to 7,550,000-12,700,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 681,000-1,150,000 pairs, which equates to 1,360,000-2,310,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend In Europe and the EU27 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Habitats and Ecology This species occupies lowland river valleys with deciduous and mixed woodland bordering waterbodies, beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus) forest, small woodlots of young deciduous trees, dense thickets in forest edges, regenerating forest on clear-cut land, wet willow (Salix) thickets, (Alnus) carrs, lowland orchards, river gorges, urban scrub, parks and cemeteries. It requires deep soft humus with some leaf litter, tall, dense, patchy herbage, and thickets of brambles, bushes, shrubs and low trees typically along riverbanks, near standing water or in damp depressions. Breeding occurs from mid-May to early July. The nest is a loose bulky cup of leaves and grass, lined with fine stems and hair, placed on ground in sheltered position among dead branches, roots or thick leaf litter. Clutches are four or five eggs. The diet is mainly invertebrates with some fruit. The species is migratory, wintering in Africa (Collar 2005). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas suitable breeding Forest - Temperate major breeding Shrubland - Temperate suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) major breeding Altitude max. 1500 m Occasional altitudinal limits Threats Fluctuations within populations of the species’s appear to correlate with changes in habitat composition and climate amelioration. During the 1900s, numbers fell with the decline of slash-and-burn cultivation which produced its preferred young deciduous woodlands (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Agriculture & Small-holder Timing Scope Severity Impact aquaculture plantations Past, Unlikely to Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Past Impact Return Declines Stresses Ecosystem conversion; Ecosystem degradation Conservation Conservation Actions Underway Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.

Conservation Actions Proposed No conservation measures are currently needed for this species. Bibliography Collar, N. 2005. (Luscinia luscinia). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/58454 on 29 March 2015). Hagemeijer, W.J.M. and Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T & A D Poyser, London. Map (see overleaf)