Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation How AI Changes the Way Disinformation Is Produced, Disseminated, and Can Be Countered
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Shaping News -- 1 --Media Power
Shaping News – 1 Theories of Media Power and Environment Course Description: The focus in these six lectures is on how some facts are selected, shaped, and by whom, for daily internet, television, and print media global, national, regional, and local dissemination to world audiences. Agenda-setting, priming, framing, propaganda and persuasion are major tools to supplement basic news factors in various media environments. Course Goals and Student Learning Objectives: The overall goal is to increase student awareness that media filter reality rather than reflect it, and those selected bits of reality are shaped to be understood. Student learning objectives are: 1. Demonstrate how media environments and media structures determine what information is selected for dissemination; 2. Demonstrate how and why different media disseminate different information on the same situation or event; 3. Demonstrate how information is framed, and by whom, to access the media agenda. Required Texts/Readings: Read random essays and research online that focus on media news factors, agenda-setting and framing Assignments and Grading Policy: Two quizzes on course content plus a 20-page paper on a related, student- selected and faculty-approved research paper. Shaping News – 1 Media Environments and Media Power This is the first of six lectures on the shaping on news. It will focus on the theories of media environments based on the assumption that media are chameleon and reflect the governmental/societal system in which they exist. The remaining five lectures are on: (2) elements of news; (3) agenda-setting and framing; (4) propaganda; (5) attitude formation; and (6) cognitive dissonance. Two philosophical assumptions underlying the scholarly examination of mass media are that (1) the media are chameleons, reflecting their environment, and (2) their power is filtered and uneven. -
The Velocity of Censorship
The Velocity of Censorship: High-Fidelity Detection of Microblog Post Deletions Tao Zhu, Independent Researcher; David Phipps, Bowdoin College; Adam Pridgen, Rice University; Jedidiah R. Crandall, University of New Mexico; Dan S. Wallach, Rice University This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium. August 14–16, 2013 • Washington, D.C., USA ISBN 978-1-931971-03-4 Open access to the Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX The Velocity of Censorship: High-Fidelity Detection of Microblog Post Deletions Tao Zhu David Phipps Adam Pridgen [email protected] Computer Science Computer Science Independent Researcher Bowdoin College Rice University Jedidiah R. Crandall Dan S. Wallach Computer Science Computer Science University of New Mexico Rice University Abstract terconnected through their social graph and tend to post about sensitive topics. This biases us towards the content Weibo and other popular Chinese microblogging sites are posted by these particular users, but enables us to mea- well known for exercising internal censorship, to comply sure with high fidelity the speed of the censorship and with Chinese government requirements. This research discern interesting patterns in censor behaviors. seeks to quantify the mechanisms of this censorship: Sina Weibo (weibo.com, referred to in this paper sim- how fast and how comprehensively posts are deleted. ply as “Weibo”) has the most active user community of Our analysis considered 2.38 million posts gathered over any microblog site in China [39]. Weibo provides ser- roughly two months in 2012, with our attention focused vices which are similar to Twitter, with @usernames, on repeatedly visiting “sensitive” users. -
Automated Tackling of Disinformation
Automated tackling of disinformation STUDY Panel for the Future of Science and Technology European Science-Media Hub EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 624.278 – March 2019 EN Automated tackling of disinformation Major challenges ahead This study maps and analyses current and future threats from online misinformation, alongside currently adopted socio-technical and legal approaches. The challenges of evaluating their effectiveness and practical adoption are also discussed. Drawing on and complementing existing literature, the study summarises and analyses the findings of relevant journalistic and scientific studies and policy reports in relation to detecting, containing and countering online disinformation and propaganda campaigns. It traces recent developments and trends and identifies significant new or emerging challenges. It also addresses potential policy implications for the EU of current socio-technical solutions. ESMH | European Science-Media Hub AUTHORS This study was written by Alexandre Alaphilippe, Alexis Gizikis and Clara Hanot of EU DisinfoLab, and Kalina Bontcheva of The University of Sheffield, at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA). It has been financed under the European Science and Media Hub budget and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank all respondents to the online survey, as well as first draft, WeVerify, InVID, PHEME, REVEAL, and all other initiatives that contributed materials to the study. ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE Mihalis Kritikos, Scientific Foresight Unit To contact the publisher, please e-mail [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN Manuscript completed in March 2019. -
Teacher's Guide
Teacher’s Guide Propaganda: What’s the Message? Time Needed: One to two class periods Learning Objectives. Students will be able to: Materials Needed: Differentiate between forms of persuasive media. Student worksheets, Gallery Walk copies Identify bias, propaganda, and symbolism in media. Copy Instructions: Identify forms of propaganda in use. Student packet (Six pages double-sided; class set) Gallery Walk (One copy for the room) STEP BY STEP TEACHER PREP Place each page of the Gallery Walk around the classroom and divide the class into seven groups prior to teaching this lesson. (The groups will be rotating through these during class.) ANTICIPATE by asking students how they might try to convince someone to do something. (Examples: parents to extend curfew, teacher to postpone a due date, choice of movie with friends, etc.) Ask students if there are any common techniques. DISTRIBUTE one student packet to each student. READ through the packet with the class, answering questions or clarifying terms along the way if needed. DIVIDE students into up to seven small groups to rotate through the Gallery Walk pages. INSTRUCT students to spend 3-5 minutes at each station and complete the Gallery Walk pages in their student packet. (Tip: use an egg timer to keep track of the pace) If you have time for an 8th station, you can ask the students to stop at the challenge page as well. REVIEW the answers to the stations. ASSIGN students to complete the two Activity pages in their packet as review. CLOSE by asking students to think of all the places these propaganda techniques can be found. -
Market Analysis and Marketing Plan for the Business Plan: Tips and Discussion
Market Analysis and Marketing Plan for the Business Plan: Tips and Discussion Library Research Page: http://libguides.ucmercedlibrary.info/wri30_haner_davidson The Market Analysis Section The Market Analysis section answers a few big questions that your audience of potential investors needs to know: who is your customer, how large is the market potential, what would they be willing to spend on your product, and why would they buy it? Some of these questions may overlap with other sections, but the idea is that the foundation for these answers is the market analysis. Make sure there is consistency with the rest of the plan. Find charts and graphs (cited properly), or make charts and graphs to represent your market. A narrative customer profile of your target customer or customers could be incorporated into the Market Analysis, or a Marketing section, for a full business plan, but these sections are sometimes combined. Make sure to answer the major questions: Who is Your Customer? This should offer a breakdown of the demographics and psychographics of your target population, it's size, ages, sex, income, ethnicity, and whatever else that you find out about your customer base. This could also describe spending patterns and time use. Again, whatever you can find you use. The Library Research Page has numerous resources for demographics, economic and population statistics. You have links to Census data, time-use data, spending patterns, purchasing power, and etc. Search Lexus Nexus for news articles about your industry and customers. Also, search Google. Search your competitors' websites for anything about their customers. Look for Trade Journals on Business Source Complete. -
Con-Scripting the Masses: False Documents and Historical Revisionism in the Americas
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 2-2011 Con-Scripting the Masses: False Documents and Historical Revisionism in the Americas Frans Weiser University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Weiser, Frans, "Con-Scripting the Masses: False Documents and Historical Revisionism in the Americas" (2011). Open Access Dissertations. 347. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/347 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CON-SCRIPTING THE MASSES: FALSE DOCUMENTS AND HISTORICAL REVISIONISM IN THE AMERICAS A Dissertation Presented by FRANS-STEPHEN WEISER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2011 Program of Comparative Literature © Copyright 2011 by Frans-Stephen Weiser All Rights Reserved CON-SCRIPTING THE MASSES: FALSE DOCUMENTS AND HISTORICAL REVISIONISM IN THE AMERICAS A Dissertation Presented by FRANS-STEPHEN WEISER Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________________ David Lenson, Chair _______________________________________________ -
Psychographic Questionnaires: a Comparative Review of Scales and Structures
PSYCHOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRES: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF SCALES AND STRUCTURES by KELLY FUHR B.S., UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS, 2010 A REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Food Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2015 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Delores Chambers Abstract Psychographic Questionnaires: A Comparative Review of Structures and Scales In recent years there has been a growing trend toward integrating psychographic profiles into sensory studies with the aim of more holistically explaining consumer segmentation and preferences. With this shift in approach have come questions on the nature of psychographic scales and the theoretical implications of their structure. Given the plethora of existing psychographic scales in common practice, the purpose of this review is to give a concise overview in the breadth of structures, with the aim of helping sensory researchers identify the most appropriate scale for their needs. The review begins with a critical comparison of the three most common scale classes: Likert, Semantic Differential, and Behavioral Frequency, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Following that, a review of psychographic questionnaire design highlights differences from sensory practices, drawing attention to sources of response bias in specific design typologies which may reduce data quality in a product design. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... -
Running Head: FAKE NEWS AS a THREAT to the DEMOCRATIC MEDIA ENVIRONMENT
Running head: FAKE NEWS AS A THREAT TO THE DEMOCRATIC MEDIA ENVIRONMENT Fake News as a Threat to the Democratic Media Environment: Past Conditions of Media Regulation and Their Contemporary Applicability to New Media in the United States of America and South Korea Jae Hyun Park Duke University FAKE NEWS AS A THREAT TO THE DEMOCRATIC MEDIA ENVIRONMENT 1 Abstract This study uses a comparative case study policy analysis to evaluate whether the media regulation standards that the governments of the United States of America and South Korea used in the past apply to fake news on social media and the Internet today. We first identify the shared conditions based on which the two governments intervened in the free press. Then, we examine media regulation laws regarding these conditions and review court cases in which they were utilized. In each section, we draw similarities and differences between the two governments’ courses of action. The comparative analysis will serve useful in the conclusion, where we assess the applicability of those conditions to fake news on new media platforms in each country and deliberate policy recommendations as well as policy flow between the two countries. Keywords: censorship, defamation, democracy, falsity, fairness, freedom of speech, intention, journalistic truth, news manipulation, objectivity FAKE NEWS AS A THREAT TO THE DEMOCRATIC MEDIA ENVIRONMENT 2 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 -
Society Persuasion In
PERSUASION IN SOCIETY HERBERT W. SIMONS with JOANNE MORREALE and BRUCE GRONBECK Table of Contents List of Artwork in Persuasion in Society xiv About the Author xvii Acknowledgments xix Preface xx Part 1: Understanding Persuasion 1. The Study of Persuasion 3 Defining Persuasion 5 Why Is Persuasion Important? 10 Studying Persuasion 14 The Behavioral Approach: Social-Scientific Research on the Communication-Persuasion Matrix 15 The Critical Studies Approach: Case Studies and “Genre-alizations” 17 Summary 20 Questions and Projects for Further Study 21 2. The Psychology of Persuasion: Basic Principles 25 Beliefs and Values as Building Blocks of Attitudes 27 Persuasion by Degrees: Adapting to Different Audiences 29 Schemas: Attitudes as Knowledge Structures 32 From Attitudes to Actions: The Role of Subjective Norms 34 Elaboration Likelihood Model: Two Routes to Persuasion 34 Persuasion as a Learning Process 36 Persuasion as Information Processing 37 Persuasion and Incentives 38 Persuasion by Association 39 Persuasion as Psychological Unbalancing and Rebalancing 40 Summary 41 Questions and Projects for Further Study 42 3. Persuasion Broadly Considered 47 Two Levels of Communication: Content and Relational 49 Impression Management 51 Deception About Persuasive Intent 51 Deceptive Deception 52 Expression Games 54 Persuasion in the Guise of Objectivity 55 Accounting Statements and Cost-Benefit Analyses 55 News Reporting 56 Scientific Reporting 57 History Textbooks 58 Reported Discoveries of Social Problems 59 How Multiple Messages Shape Ideologies 59 The Making of McWorld 63 Summary 66 Questions and Projects for Further Study 68 Part 2: The Coactive Approach 4. Coactive Persuasion 73 Using Receiver-Oriented Approaches 74 Being Situation Sensitive 76 Combining Similarity and Credibility 79 Building on Acceptable Premises 82 Appearing Reasonable and Providing Psychological Income 85 Using Communication Resources 86 Summary 88 Questions and Projects for Further Study 89 5. -
Personality Or Value: a Comparative Study of Psychographic Segmentation Based on an Online Review Enhanced Recommender System
applied sciences Article Personality or Value: A Comparative Study of Psychographic Segmentation Based on an Online Review Enhanced Recommender System 1, 1,2, 3 1 1,4 1, Hui Liu y, Yinghui Huang y, Zichao Wang , Kai Liu , Xiangen Hu and Weijun Wang * 1 Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (X.H.) 2 School of Information Management, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-153-0715-0076 Hui Liu and Yinghui Huang are co-first authors. y Received: 1 March 2019; Accepted: 8 May 2019; Published: 15 May 2019 Abstract: Big consumer data promises to be a game changer in applied and empirical marketing research. However, investigations of how big data helps inform consumers’ psychological aspects have, thus far, only received scant attention. Psychographics has been shown to be a valuable market segmentation path in understanding consumer preferences. Although in the context of e-commerce, as a component of psychographic segmentation, personality has been proven to be effective for prediction of e-commerce user preferences, it still remains unclear whether psychographic segmentation is practically influential in understanding user preferences across different product categories. To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first quantitative demonstration of the promising effect and relative importance of psychographic segmentation in predicting users’ online purchasing preferences across different product categories in e-commerce by using a data-driven approach. -
Teaching About Propaganda
R. Hobbs & S. McGee, Journal of Media Literacy Education 6(2), 56 - 67 Available online at www.jmle.org The National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Journal of Media Literacy Education 6(2), 56 - 67 Teaching about Propaganda: An Examination of the Historical Roots of Media Literacy Renee Hobbs and Sandra McGee Harrington School of Communication and Media, University of Rhode Island Abstract Contemporary propaganda is ubiquitous in our culture today as public relations and marketing efforts have become core dimensions of the contemporary communication system, affecting all forms of personal, social and public expression. To examine the origins of teaching and learning about propaganda, we examine some instructional materials produced in the 1930s by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA), which popularized an early form of media literacy that promoted critical analysis in responding to propaganda in mass communication, including in radio, film and newspapers. They developed study guides and distributed them widely, popularizing concepts from classical rhetoric and expressing them in an easy-to-remember way. In this paper, we compare the popular list of seven propaganda techniques (with terms like “glittering generalities” and “bandwagon”) to a less well-known list, the ABC’s of Propaganda Analysis. While the seven propaganda techniques, rooted in ancient rhetoric, have endured as the dominant approach to explore persuasion and propaganda in secondary English education, the ABC’s of Propaganda Analysis, with its focus on the practice of personal reflection and life history analysis, anticipates some of the core concepts and instructional practices of media literacy in the 21st century. Following from this insight, we see evidence of the value of social reflection practices for exploring propaganda in the context of formal and informal learning. -
Defence Handbook for Journalists and Bloggers 1
DEFENCE HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISTS AND BLOGGERS 1 DEFENCE HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISTS AND BLOGGERS On freedom of expression and freedom of information principles in international law IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 2 DEFENCE HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISTS AND BLOGGERS Front cover image: REUTERS: Stephane Mahe DEFENCE HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISTS AND BLOGGERS 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Handbook was conceived by Prisca Orsonneau, coordinator of the Legal Committee of Reporters Without Borders, Advocate and member of the Paris Bar. The project was managed by Prisca, and by Paul Coppin, Head of the Legal Desk of Reporters Without Borders. The Thomson Reuters Foundation and Reporters Without Borders are grateful to the international law firm, Paul Hastings LLP and the 70 lawyers from its various offices who researched and drafted this Handbook on a pro bono basis. Pierre Kirch, a litigation partner in the Paris and Brussels offices, headed the Paul Hastings team. Pierre benefited from advice and assistance - as the project began and then developed over a fifteen-month period - from the firm’s Global Pro Bono management team in Los Angeles: Jamie Broder and Tollie Besson (Partners) and Bronwen Young. Paul Hastings lawyers contributed more than 2,500 pro bono hours to the project. These contributors are acknowledged below and at the end of the Handbook. Amongst them, several assumed special roles as chief researchers/drafters of the five sections – involving many, many hours of work on researching and drafting by each of them individually. They deserve to be acknowledged