From galaxies to asteroids: Citizen science as an efficient tool to explore science archives
Sandor Kruk, 28th October 2019 ESA Research Fellow, ESTEC
ESAC Science Seminar
@kruksandor zooniverse.org 1. Galaxy Zoo 2. Zooniverse 3. Human and machine intelligence 4. Citizen science with ESA data SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Credit: Michael Blanton
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Crowdsourcing as a research method
• Assigning research tasks to members of the public
• Tasks can be data collection, classification, evaluation, analysis
• Process large datasets
• Often called crowdsourcing, citizen science
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Galaxy Zoo where it all began… Lintott et al. (2009)
Galaxy Zoo 1, 2007 SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Galaxy Zoo 1, Classification Rate SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Galaxy Zoo 1, Classification Rate SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.galaxyzoo.org SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.galaxyzoo.org SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Willett et al. (2013)
Galaxy Zoo – Classification Tree
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Build large samples of galaxies SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.visualize.galaxyzoo.org Probabilistic galaxy morphologies
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.visualize.galaxyzoo.org Probabilistic galaxy morphologies
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE User weighting
Measuring “skill”
Beck et al. (2018)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Science with Galaxy Zoo Colour and Morphology • >60 papers in 12 years
• >1000 papers using Galaxy Zoo data
• Statistical properties of the morphologies of galaxies
Bamford et al. (2009), Skibba et al. (2009), Masters et al. (2010), Schawinski et al. (2010)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Science with Galaxy Zoo Properties of barred galaxies • >60 papers in 12 years
• >1000 papers using Galaxy Zoo data
• Statistical properties of the morphologies of galaxies
• Properties of galaxies with a certain morphology
Masters et al. (2011, 2012), Melvin et al. (2014), Simmons et al. (2014), Kruk et al. (2018)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Science with Galaxy Zoo Galaxies with off-centre discs and bars
• >60 papers in 12 years
• >1000 papers using Galaxy Zoo data
• Statistical properties of the morphologies of galaxies
• Properties of galaxies with a certain morphology
• Peculiar objects
Kruk et al. (2017)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Science with Galaxy Zoo Galaxies with offset discs and bars
• >60 papers in 12 years
• >1000 papers using Galaxy Zoo data
• Statistical properties of the morphologies of galaxies
• Properties of galaxies with a certain morphology
• Peculiar objects
Kruk et al. (2017)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Enable discoveries Hanny van Arkel Hanny’s Voorwerp (SDSS) Quasar ionization echo (HST) Lintott et al. (2009), Keel et al. (2019)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Zooniverse where it got better… SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.zooniverse.org SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE https://www.zooniverse.org/lab SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Gravity Spy Supernova Hunters PELIcams The Plastic Tide Astronomy Astronomy Ecology Ecology
150+ projects 445,000,000+ classifications 1.9 million registered users 150+ research publications
Bash the Bug Backyard Worlds: Etch a Cell Shakespeare's World Biomedical Planet 9 Biomedical Humanities Astronomy
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE 21 astronomy projects: Galaxies Gravitational lenses Exoplanets Brown Dwarfs Variable stars Gravitational waves Solar storms Mars terrains
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE www.planethunters.org SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE First transiting circumbinary Where is the Flux? exoplanet in quadruple star system
Artist impression
Planet Hunters 1b (Kepler 64b), Schwamb et al. (2013) Tabby’s star (KIC 8462852), Boyanjan et al. (2015)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Human and machine intelligence Big Data in astronomy
Euclid Mission (ESA) Credit: J. Brinchmann
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Big Data in astronomy
Galaxies
GZ1: SDSS DR7
GZ2: SDSS DR8
GZ3: Hubble
GZ4: CANDELS
GZ5: Illustris
GZ6: DeCALS
GZ7: Euclid?
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08
Euclid Mission (ESA)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Machine Intelligence
Cat Dog
Deep Learning SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Machine Intelligence
Spiral Elliptical
Deep Learning SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Future of galaxy morphology 1 Model 30 Models
• Many images are ambiguous • Model uncertainty in the ML classifier • Active Learning
psmooth psmooth
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Walmsley et al. (2019) Future of galaxy morphology
Top uncertain Top confident
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Citizen Science Projects with ESA data Planetary Response network
Lead: Brooke Simmons (Lancaster) SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Disaster Relief. Identify regions affected by hurricanes
Partners: Rescue Global, Oxford Machine Learning Group Supported by Lancaster Univ., Univ. of Oxford, STFC, ESA. SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Disaster Relief. Identify regions affected by hurricanes
Partners: Rescue Global, Oxford Machine Learning Group Supported by Lancaster Univ., Univ. of Oxford, STFC, ESA. SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Citizen Science and ESA science archives M. Kosiba, M. Lieu, B. Altieri, S. Kendrew, I. Valtchanov SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Hubble Asteroid Hunter
S. Kruk, M. Mahlke, B. Merín, E. Racero, F. Giordano, D. Baines, G. de Marchi, B. Lopez SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Abell 370 (NASA/ESA HST)
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE ESASky Solar System Objects Search Service (E. Racero, F. Giordano) SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Hubble Asteroid Hunter
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Hubble Asteroid Hunter
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Asteroid trails
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Asteroid trails in HST raw frames
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Satellite trails
~20% of HST images contaminated by satellites SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Satellite trails
Possibly future HST observations with Starlink constellation. Credit: Fabian Neyer SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Foreground asteroid passing the Crab nebula
Main-belt asteroid 2001 SE101
Found and colour image composition by citizen scientist Melina Thévenot
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Foreground asteroid passing the Crab nebula
Main-belt asteroid 2001 SE101
Found and colour image composition by citizen scientist Melina Thévenot
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Foreground asteroid passing the Crab nebula
Main-belt asteroid 2001 SE101
Found and colour image composition by citizen scientist Melina Thévenot
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Engage your community. Talk platform
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Talk platform
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Benefits of citizen science projects Effective data labelling
• Provide tools for data labelling
• Machines still needs large training sets of visual labels
• Humans better at anomaly detection
Marking spiral arms, Galaxy Zoo: 3D
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Increase visibility of archives
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Public engagement and education
• People contribute to science
• Encourages informal education
Credit: C. Arviset, ESAC Open Day SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE Do you have ideas for citizen science projects?
For a successful citizen science project:
• Keep it simple
• Don’t waste volunteers’ time
• Engage with the volunteers
SANDOR KRUK | CITIZEN SCIENCE