Index

A erythromycin, 168, 171 Abdominal distension, 27 gastric emptying Abdominal pain, 28 coordinated aboral contraction, 163 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 269 gastric and intestinal contraction, 165 Acotiamide (Z–338), 269 gastrointestinal tract, 165 Albumin, 239 gut hormones, 166 American Neurogastroenterology and Motility ICC, 164 Society (ANMS), 89 pyloric sphincter pressure, 164 Amino acid assessment, 332 gastroparesis, pathophysiology, 166–167 Amitriptyline, 308, 319 indications, 169–170 Anorexia nervosa, 307 interpretation, 168–169 Antidepressants and neuroleptic drugs, low-dose tricyclic therapy, 172 284–285 motility tracing, 167 Antiemetic treatment octreotide, 171 antidepressants and neuroleptic drugs, partial bowel obstruction, 171 284–285 solid-state manometers, 167 benzodiazepine, 284–285 water-perfused catheters, 167 gastric emptying, 279 wireless motility capsule (SmartPill), 168 herbal remedy, 284–285 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 398 neurotransmitter control, nausea and vom- iting, 279–280 prokinetic agents, 286 B receptor antagonist Bariatric surgery, 196–197

cannabinoid CB1, 281, 283 Bethanechol, 268–269

dopamine D2, 281–282 Bicompartmental gastric emptying

histamine H1, 281 dyspeptic symptoms, 107

muscarinic M1, 281–282 fundal dysmotility, 104, 107

neurokinin NK1, 281, 283 intragastric distribution analysis, 106

serotonin 5-HT3, 281–282 primary antral dysmotility, 105, 107 tricyclic antidepressant agent, 283–284 Bloating, 27 Antireflux surgery, 195–196 Botulinum toxin injection, 232, 270–271 Antral contraction scintigraphy, 107 Bradygastria, 153, 157, 159, 160 Antroduodenal manometry Breath testing, 230 abnormal antroduodenal motility, 170 Bulimia nervosa, 307 colonic inertia, 172 Bupropion, 308

H.P. Parkman and R.W. McCallum (eds.), Gastroparesis: Pathophysiology, 413 Presentation and Treatment, Clinical Gastroenterology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-60761-552-1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 414 Index

C satiation, 27

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, 281, 283 CNS-derived neural stem cells (CNS-NSCs), Carbamazepine, 296 407–408 Cell transplantation Colonic transit time (CTT), 115 diabetic gastroparesis, pathogenesis, 405 Complementary and alternative medicine ESCs and iPS, 406 (CAM) gastric motor function requirements, 405 acupuncture, 329 ICC, 409 antiemetics, 336–337 NSCs motility, 337–338 CNS-NSCs, 407 amino acid assessment, 332 multipotent “adult” stem cell, 406 amino acid blends, 334 postnatal human gut mucosa, 408 Consortium of Academic Health Centers Cellular pathogenesis for Integrative Medicine, 330 cellular degeneration essential fatty acids, 332–333 enteric nervous system, 55 gastric emptying, 336 extrinsic nerves, 53–54 ginger, 336 interstitial cells of Cajal, 56 glycemic control, 334 smooth muscle, 55–56 integrative therapies, 336 cellular mechanisms macronutrient and micronutrient status, afferent neural signaling, 52–53 333 cell deficit, 57–59 macronutrient dietary evaluation, 330 cell loss, 57 microflora colonies, 331 dihydropyridine-insensitive Ca2+ cur- NCCAM, 330 rents, 51 smoothie recipe, 334, 335 electro mechanical coupling, 51 systemic dysfunction, 334 ENS, 52 University of Kansas Medical Center MLC18, 49 Program, 330 phasic contractions, 51 vitamin and mineral assessment, smooth muscle function, 52 331–332, 334 tissue integrity and function, 59 Connective tissue disorders, 217 gastric emptying, 48 Constipation-associated gastroparesis, 215 Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, 226 CVCs. See Central venous catheters (CVCs) Central venous catheters (CVCs), 368–369 Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 229 Chronic pancreatitis, 222 Chronic uremia, 250 Cisapride, 89 D Clarithromycin, 266 Desipramine, 294 Classification, gastroparesis, 213–214 Diabetes mellitus, 81–83, 249 Clinical presentation Diabetic gastroparesis, 15, 91–92 GCSI, 31 diabetes mellitus, 177 physician assessment, 32–33 dietary therapy, 186 predominant symptom presentation, 29–30 gastric electrical stimulation, 186 psychological issues, 28–29 gastric emptying QOL measurement, 31–32 blood glucose concentration, 178 symptoms cystic fibrosis, 178 abdominal distension, 27 gastrointestinal symptoms, 183 abdominal pain, 28 glycemic control, 183 bloating, 27 impaired nutrition, 184 early satiety, 27 postprandial hypotension, 184 emesis, 26 hypo/hyperglycemia, 184 heartburn and regurgitation, 28 low-dose tricyclic antidepressants, 185 nausea, 26 pathogenesis, 178–180 patterns, 30 postprandial blood glucose regulation postprandial fullness, 27 carbohydrate content, 180 Index 415

erythromycin, 183 Dysmotility and paraneoplastic syndrome, glycemic control, 180 218–219 incretin hormone GLP–1, 181 Dyspepsia, 170, 171 intraduodenal glucose infusion, 182 plasma insulin, 181 prokinetic therapy, 186 E table isotope breath test, 185 Early satiety, 27 Dietary treatment Eating disorders, 306–307 albumin, 239 Echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence, 139 anthropometric assessment, 240 Electrogastrography (EGG), 392 avoidable foods, 248 electrocontractile abnormality, 160 complementary treatment, 248–249 gastric dysrhythmias, 159 diabetes, 249 gastric electrical stimulation, 160 dietary information list, 250–251 gastric emptying, 158 diet suggestion gastric myoelectrical signal, 153 diabetic gastroparesis, 251–252 ICCs, 154 gastroparesis and renal failure, 251–253 obstructive gastroparesis, 158 gastric emptying, 247–248 pacemaker region, 154 malnourishment, 237 patient evaluation, 156–157 micronutrient deficiency recording analysis, 155–156 calcium/vitamin D, 242–243 recording procedure, 155 iron, 241–242 running spectral analysis, 158–159

vitamin B12, 243–244 slow waves, 154 nutrition assessment, 238 tachygastrias, 159 nutrition support Electronic radiotelemetry capsule, 113 dietary components of Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 406 food, 246–247 Emesis, 26 fat, 245–246 EMR. See Endoscopic mucosal resection fiber, 246 (EMR) hydration and electrolyte balance, 244 Endoscopic full thickness gastric biopsy liquids and solids, 245 biliary retrieval balloon, 386 meal size, 245 double-channel therapeutic endoscope, 386 nutritional counseling, 244 electrogastrogram, 381 parameters, 240 EMR, 382, 383 patient interview, 238–239 etiologies, 379 prealbumin, 239–240 gastric function, 379 renal failure, 250 gastric histopathology, 380 upper gastrointestinal dysfunction, 237 14-gauge biopsy needle, 387 weight assessment, 238 GES, 380 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic guide therapy, 387 acid (DTPA), 98 ICCs, 379, 380 Diffuse gut dismotility, 219–220 NOTES, 382 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP–4), 259 optimal deep gastric-muscle-wall biopsy Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy procedure, 382 (DPEJ), 346–347 polypoid lesion, 383

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, 281–282 preclinical porcine study, 382 Dopamine receptor antagonist sphincterotome, 386 domperidone (Motilium), 262–264 submucosal endoscopy, 386 itopride, 264 sutured closure and circumferential cutting metoclopramide (Reglan), 261–262 method, 383 motor activity, stomach, 260 T-tag tissue anchors, 383–385 DPEJ. See Direct percutaneous endoscopic Endoscopic mucosal resection jejunostomy (DPEJ) (EMR), 382, 383 Duloxetine, 295 Enteral nutrition (EN), 342 416 Index

Enteric glial cells, 84 Gastric electrical stimulation Enteric nervous system (ENS), 38, 52. See (GES), 200, 208, 233 also Gut brain ANS testing, 398 Enteric neural progenitors (ENPs). See Neural arrhythmias, 401 stem cells autonomic and enteric parameters, 398 Enterra™ gastric stimulator, 374 clinical application, 353–354 Enterra® therapy, 94 clinical dilemmas and outcomes, 401 cost reduction, 356 clinical investigation, 393–394 gastric dysrhythmia, 356 continuous stimulation, 394 mechanisms, 356–357 cutis, 396 nutritional status and quality of life, 355 cyclical stimulation, 394 stimulation parameters, 354–355 dual pulse GES, 360–361 Epidemiology EGG, 392, 398 causes, 13 electrodes, 396 definitions, gastroparesis, 11–13 enteric nervous system function, 400 diabetic prevalence, 15 Enterra® therapy, 392, 399 economic impact, 19 cost reduction, 356 ethnicity effects, 14 gastric dysrhythmia, 356 etiology, 14 mechanisms, 356–357 gastric emptying, 17 nutritional status and quality hospitalizations, 17–19 of life, 355 HRQOL, 19 stimulation parameters, 354–355 hyperglycemia, 17 full thickness gastric biopsy, 398 idiopathic gastroparesis, 15 gastric contractions, 358 incidence of, 16 gastric dysrhythmia normalization, 357 influence of gender, 17 gastric emptying, 358 mortality, 20–21 gastric motility, 353, 392 Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), 136 gastric pacing, 357–359 Erythromycin, 232 gastric tone and accommodation Essential fatty acids, 332–333 effects, 358 Exentilde, 259 gastrointestinal symptoms, 391 GEMS study, 393 GET, 398 F GI surgeon, 374–375 Fluoro-deoxy glucose positron emission GPCRC, 402 tomography, 356 high resolution mapping, 399 Fluoroscopic jejunal access, 348–349 IDE, 393 Functional dyspepsia (FD), 12, 206 intermittent stimulation, 394 intraluminal catheter, 353 intra-operative testing, 398–399 G low and high energy parameter, 396 Gabapentin, 295 Medtronic, 393 Gadolinium tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic miniature wireless GES devices, 400 acid (Gd-DOTA), 145 mucosa, 395 Gastric accommodation, 40–41 mucosal EGG, 398 Gastric dysmotility multi-channel GES, 359–360 antrum, 43 noninvasive autonomic nervous fundus, 42–43 system, 401 gastric electrical dysfunction, 44 ‘pacing,’ 392 gastric motor function (see Gastric motor percutaneous electrode system, 400 function) permanent GES electrodes, robotic place- pylorus, 43–44 ment, 400 small bowel dysmotility, 44 postoperative ileus, 391 Gastric electrical dysfunction, 44 preoperative characteristics, 401 Index 417

refractory nausea and vomiting, 400–401 Gastric motility, 192. See also Magnetic reso- serosa, 396 nance imaging short-pulse stimulation and trains, 354 electric slow waves, gut, 5–6 stimulation parameter prediction, 396–397 gastricemptying and intestinalmotility, 8 symptom related, 398 gastric sieving, 8 synchronized GES, 361–362 gastrointestinal contractions, 7 temporary GES electrodes, mucosal place- gastrointestinal tract ment, 400 flow measurement, 2–3 wireless EGG, 400 pressure measurement, 3–4 Gastric emptying, 17, 48. See also Bicompart- hunger contractions, 7 mental gastric emptying pacemaking system, 6–7 blood glucose concentration, 178 receptive relaxation, 8 breath tests reverse peristalsis, 8–9 nonradioactive isotope, 124 rhythmic contractions, gut, 7 octanoate, 125 wall movements, 4 performance characteristics, 126 Gastric motility breath test (GMBT), 125 pitfalls and common artifacts, 126–127 Gastric motor function spirulina, 125–126 ENS, 38 coordinated aboral contraction, 163 parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous cystic fibrosis, 178 systems., 38–39 gastric and intestinal contraction, 165 peristaltic reflex, 39 gastrointestinal symptoms, 183 physiology gastrointestinal tract, 165 antrum, 41 glycemic control, 183 fundic contraction, 40 gut hormones, 166 fundic relaxation, 40–41 ICCs, 164 gastric emptying, 41–42 impaired nutrition, 184 MMC cycle, 39 patient management, 127 pylorus, 41 postprandial hypotension, 184 stomach muscle, 39–40 pyloric sphincter pressure, 164 smooth muscle cells, 39 radiation exposure, 123 Gastric sieving, 8 scintigraphy, 123 Gastric strain rate imaging, 135–136 Gastric emptying scintigraphy Gastric wall, 73 antral contraction scintigraphy, 107 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), DTPA, 98 214–215 dual-head SPECT cameras, 98 gastric emptying scintigraphy, 102, 106 functional dyspepsia, 97 PSG, 191 fundal relaxation, 108 Gastrointestinal (GI) surgeon gastric retention, 102, 104, 105 characteristics, gastroparesis, 366 gastroesophageal reflux, 102, 106 clinical symptoms, 365 GES, 97 definitive therapy, 367 imaging protocol and image delayed gastric emptying, 365 analysis, 100, 101 feeding jejunostomy, 370–371 intragastric distribution analysis, 106 gastrointestinal motility disorder, 366 lag phase, 104 gastrostomy, 369–370 patient preparation, 98–99 GES, 374–375 pediatric gastric emptying, 108–109 PICC lines, CVC, Hickman catheters and pressure gradient, 102, 103 infusaports, 368–369 radioisotope, 98 pyloromyotomy, pyloroplasty and gastroje- radiolabeled solids, 102 junostomy, 372 solid segregation, 101, 102 resectional therapy, 372–373 test meal, 99–100 supportive therapy, 367 whole gut transit, 102 surgical treatment, 366 Gastric emptying time (GET), 115 treatment principles, 366 418 Index

Gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (GCSI), endoscopic full thickness gastric biopsy, 31, 88, 290 379–381 Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium gastric emptying, 164 (GPCRC), 402 pathology, 77 Generalized auto-calibrating partially parallel Intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection, 208 acquisitions (GRAPPA), 142 Intravenous phenotolamine, 298 GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease Investigational Device Exemption (GERD) (IDE), 393 GES. See Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) iPS cells. See Induced-pluripotent Ghrelin receptor agonists, 271–272 stem (iPS) cells GI surgeon. See Gastrointestinal (GI) surgeon Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 319 Glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP–1), 179 Gradient recall echo (GRE) sequence, 140 GSK962040 receptor agonist, 266 J Gut brain, 38 Jejunostomy tube feedings, 200 dietary effect, 341 EN, 342 H gastric emptying scan, 349 Half Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin major and minor complications, 350 echo (HASTE) sequence, 142–144 nasoenteric tube access Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), 19 bedside and endoscopic nasoenteric Heartburn, 28 tube passage techniques, 343 Heme-oxygenase–1, 179 drag and pull method, 343 Herbal remedies, 284–285 early complications, 342, 343

Histamine H1 receptor antagonists, 281 gastric feedings, 342 Histamine-secreting enterochromaffin-like intravenous promotility agents, 343 cells, 74 over-the-guidewire-technique, 343–344 5-HT receptor binding, 318 pharmacologic agents, 343 Humanitarian use device (HUD), 374 self-propelled NJ tube, 342 Hunger contractions, 7 stylet-filled tube and corkscrew Hyperglycemia, 17 motion, 342 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 215 ultrathin endoscope, 344 PEG/J balloon internal bolster, 344 I DPEJ, 346–347 Iberogast (STW 5), 270 fluoroscopic jejunal access, 348–349 ICC. See Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) intemittent gastric decompression, 345 Idiopathic gastroparesis (IGP), 15, 81, 92–93 management, 345 functional dyspepsia, 206 over-the-guidewire method, 344 gastric electrical stimulation, 208 retrograde migration/luminal dysfunc- impact, 208–209 tion, 345 intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection, 208 small bowel position, 344, 345 pathophysiology, 207 surgical jejunal access, 347–348 patient evaluation, 206 ultrathin endoscope, 344 postinfectious gastroparesis, 205 refractory diabetic gastroparesis, 349 psychological dysfunction, 206 refractory patients, 341 symptoms, 207 retrospective anlaysis, 350 Incretin hormone GLP–1, 181 small bowel access, 342 Induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, 406 weight loss, 341 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 228 Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), 178, 219 K cell transplantation, 409 Kappa opioid agonist and asimadoline, 297 EGG, 154 Ketamine, 299 Index 419

L Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs), Levetiracetam, 321 308–309 Liver acquisition with volume acceleration Motilin receptor agonists (motilides) (LAVA) sequence, 142–144 azithromycin, 266 Longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus erythromycin, 264–266 (LM-MP), 407 mitemcinal (GM–611), 266 Long pulse gastric electrical stimulation, Muscarinic receptor agonists, 268–269, 357–358 281–282 Myoelectrical activity, 153

M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) N 2D MR sequences, 141, 146 Naltrexone, 307 2D oblique coronal plane, time sequence, National Center for Complementary 146, 147 and Alternative Medicine EPI sequence, 139 (NCCAM), 330 fiber-optic recording system, 149 Natural history, patients Fourier coefficient, 146 clinical course, 88–89 gastric contractions analysis, 146, 148 clinical prevalence, 87 gastric emptying assessment, 145–146 delayed gastric emptying, 87 gastric motor functions diabetic gastroparesis, 91–92 gastric motility, evaluation, 140, 141 gastric motility disorder, 88 GRAPPA, 142 hospitalizations, 89–90 GRE, 140 idiopathic gastroparesis, 92–93 HASTE, 140, 142 mortality, 90–91 LAVA sequence, 142 post surgical gastroparesis, 93–94 SENSE technique, 142 symptoms, gastroparesis, 87 SSFP, 140 Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic gastric volumes assessment Surgery (NOTES), 382 functional dyspepsia, 142 Nausea, 26 gastric secretion and Needle catheter jejunostomy emptying, 144 (NCJ), 348, 371 HASTE, 143 Neural crest (NC), 406 intragastric fluid and air, 142 Neural stem cells (NSCs) postprandial change, 144 CNS-NSCs, 407 three-dimensional LAVA multipotent adult stem cell, 406 sequence, 143 postnatal human gut mucosa, 408

intraluminal manometry, 146 Neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist, pharmacological modulation and disease, 281, 283 141, 146 Neurologic disorders, 220–221 phase shift plots, phase vs. location, 146 Neuropathic pseudoobstruction, 169 pylorus, 149 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 79, 179 Major depressive disorder (MDD), 308–309 Nonadrenergicnoncholinergic Malignant gastroparesis, 217–218 nerves (NANC), 5 MAOs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Nonradioactive isotope breath (MAOs) tests, 124 Medication-induced gastroparesis, 215–217 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Methylnaltrexone, 297 (NSAIDs), 293–294 Metoclopramide, 306, 321 Micronutrient deficiency calcium/vitamin D, 242–243 O iron, 241–242 Octanoate breath test, 125

vitamin B12, 243–244 Octreotide, 269–270 Migrating motor complex, 166–167, 192 Opioid bowel dysfunction, 297 420 Index

P Patient assessment of GI symptoms Pacemaking system, 6–7 (PAGI-SYM), 290 Pain management Pediatric gastric emptying, 108–109 abdominal pain Pediatric gastroparesis characteristics, 291 diagnosis, 229–231 differential diagnosis, 290 etiology GCSI and PAGI-SYM, 290 CNS disorders, 226 NIH Gastroparesis Consortium, 291 dietary protein allergy, 226 PAGI-QOL, 291 environmental and nociceptive factor, pathogenesis, 292 225 acupuncture and biofeedback, 299 gastrointestinal tract immaturity, 225 celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, 298 postinfectious gastroparesis, 226–229 clonidine, 297 gastric electrical stimulation, 233 functional dyspepsia, 289–290 5-HT3 receptor antagonist agent, 232 gastric electric stimulation, 298 treatment, 231–241 intravenous phenotolamine, 298 Percutaneous endoscopic gastro/jejunostomy ketamine, 299 (PEG/J) neurolytic celiac plexus blocks, 298 balloon internal bolster, 344 NSAIDs, 293–294 DPEJ, 346–347 opiate analgesics, 296–297 fluoroscopic jejunal access, 348–349 pharmacotherapy, 293 intermittent gastric decompression, 345 prokinetic agents, 293 management, 345 psychotropic agents over-the-guidewire method, 344 antiepileptic agents, 295–296 retrograde migration/luminal chronic abdominal pain dysfunction, 345 reduction, 294 small bowel position, 344, 345 SSRIs, SNRIs and SSNRIs, 295 surgical jejunal access, 347–348 TCAs, 294–295 ultrathin endoscope, 344 visceral pain, 293 Peripherally inserted central Pathology catheters (PICC), 368 autoimmune, 82–84 Positioning and orientation measurement diabetes mellitus, 81–83 (POM) transmitter, 132 duodenum, 73 Postinfectious gastroparesis, 205 enteric glial cells, 84 CVS, 229 etiology, 80 electrogastrographic study, 228 gastric emptying patterns and scintigraphy, eosinophilic gastroenteropathy, 227–228 73 etiology, 227 gastric wall, 73 functional dyspepsia, 228 hematoxylin and eosin stain, 74–75 gastric electromechanical abnormality, 229 ICCs, 77 IDDM, 228 idiopathic gastroparesis, 81 postviral gastroparesis, 227 immunohistochemical stain viruses, 226–227 c-kit, 77–78 Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), 136 GFAP, 74, 76 Postprandial fullness, 27 NSE, 74–75 Postprandial hypotension, 184 S100, 74, 76 Postsurgical gastroparesis (PSG) immunomodulators, 77 abdominal and thoracic surgery, 195 infectious causes, 83–84 antireflux surgery, 195–196 muscularis propria, 74 bariatric surgery, 196–197 nonobese diabetic mice, 80 evaluation, 197–198 pathophysiology, 79 gastric motility and vagal function, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, 79, 80 192–193 Patient assessment of GI quality of life GERD, 191 (PAGI-QOL), 291 heart/lung transplantation, 196 Index 421

incidence, etiology, and mechanism, MDD, 308–309 193–194 opioid dependence, 311 management opioid withdrawal, 309–310 dietary, 198 panic attacks, 309, 310 GES, 200 personality changes, 311 medical therapy, 199 phobia to eat, 310 postoperative complications, 200 psychiatric comorbidities, 306 symptomatic, 198 psychological dysfunction, 310 tube gastrostomy, 199 schizophrenia, 309 postvagotomy, 194–195 somatization disorders, 308 vagal nerve injury, 201 symptoms, diagnosis Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 307 and treatment, 306 Prealbumin, 239–240 metoclopramide, 303 Probiotics, 270 Psychiatric disease, 221 Prokinetic agents Psychological dysfunction, 206 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 269 Pylorospasm, 199 antiemetic treatment, 286 botulinum toxin injection, 270–271 cisapride (Propulsid), 267 Q delayed gastric emptying, 257 Quality-of-life (QOL), 31–32 dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (Motilium), 262–264 itopride, 264 R metoclopramide (Reglan), 261–262 Radiolabeled solid and liquid meal, 98 motor activity, stomach, 260 Regurgitation, 28 ghrelin receptor agonists, 271–272 Renal failure, 222, 250 GI tract contractility, 258 Retching, 26 mosapride, 268 Reverse peristalsis, 8–9 motilin receptor agonists (motilides) Roux-en-Y anastomosis, 195 azithromycin, 266 erythromycin, 264–266 mitemcinal (GM–611), 266 S muscarinic receptor agonists, 268–269 Satiation, 27 octreotide, 269–270 Schizophrenia, 309 pathophysiology, 272 Scintigraphy, 123, 230 probiotics, 270 Scleroderma, 217 renzapride and prucalapride, 268 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors sympathetic agents, 270 (SNRIs), 295 symptomatic gastroparesis, 257 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors tegaserod, 267–268 (SSRIs), 295, 308–310, 318 treatment, 258–260 Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) Prokinetics, 231 technique, 142 PSG. See Postsurgical gastroparesis (PSG) Sensory dysfunction Psychiatric aspects delayed gastric emptying, 65–66 gastroparesis therapeutic implications, 69 adjustment disorders, 311 visceral hypersensitivity antiemetics, 312 dyspeptic symptoms, 67, 68 benzodiazepine dependence, 311 functional dyspepsia, 68 chronic upper gastrointestinal physical/sexual abuse, 69 symptoms, 303 prevalence of, 67 clinical evaluation, 304–305, 312 Sensory neuromodulators definition and causes, 305 action mechanism, 318–319 eating disorders, 306–307 antiepileptic agents, 323 epidemiology, USA, 305 antisomatization effect, 317 422 Index

Sensory neuromodulators (cont.) clinical evidence, sensory clinical evidence neuromodulators, 320 foregut functional disorder, 319, 320 psychotropic agents, 294–295 IBS, 319 metoclopramide, 321 mirtazapine, 320 U tachyphylaxis, 321 Ultrasonography TCAs, 320 antral area, 133 zonisamide and levetiracetam, 321 antropyloroduodenal motility, 135 clinical symptomatology, 317 gastric emptying, 132–133 comorbid affective mood gastrointestinal motor function, 131 disorders, 321 gold standard, 131 delayed gastric emptying, 323–325 proximal stomach, 134–135 functional dyspepsia, 316 SRI, 135–136 functional gastrointestinal transabdominal ultrasonography, 136 disease, 322 transpyloric flow, 135 imipramine and doxepin, 323 two dimensional ultrasonography, 131 motor dysfunction, 316 nortriptyline, 323 nuclear medicine gastric emptying, 316 V perceptive foregut symptoms, 326 Vagotomy, 192–193 pharmacotherapies, 317 Viral infections, 220 psychiatric comorbidity, 322 Visceral hypersensitivity side effects, 323 dyspeptic symptoms, 67, 68 upper gut symptoms, 316, 321 functional dyspepsia, 68

Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonists, 267–268 physical/sexual abuse, 69

Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor prevalence of, 67 antagonist, 281–282 Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 318 W Single photon emission computed tomography Whole gut transit time (WGTT), 115 (SPECT), 230 Wireless motility capsule (WMC) Small bowel dysmotility, 44 capsule technology, 113 Small bowel transit time (SBTT), 115 clinical use and implication, 120 Somatostatin, 269 CTT and WGTT, 115 Spirulina gastric emptying breath test, 125–126 gastrointestinal tract, 113 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake gastrointestinal transit, 113 inhibitors (SSRIs) gastroparesis diagnosis, 116–117 Steady state free precession (SSFP) GET definition, 115–116 sequence, 140 physiologic parameters Stem cell factor (SCF), 409 contractile activity, 117 Strain rate imaging (SRI), 135–136 contractions patterns and intraluminal STW–5 (Iberogast), 248 pressure, 118 pH profile, 119 regional GI tract transit time, 118–119 T SBTT, 115 Tachygastrias, 153, 157, 159, 160 SmartPill, 114, 168 Tachyphylaxis, 321 test, 114 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 222, 370 Tramadol, 296 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 308, 318 Z antiemetic treatment, 283–284 Zonisamide, 321