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Abbreviations xxxi Abbreviations AASM: American Academy of Sleep Medicine DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental ACC: anterior cingulate cortex Disorders, 4th Edition Ach: acetylcholine DSPS: delayed sleep phase syndrome ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone DSPT: delayed sleep phase type AD-ACL: Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List DTs: delirium tremens ADHD: attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder DU: duodenal ulcer AHI: apnea-hypopnea index ECG: electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic AIM: ancestry informative marker EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness AMPA: α-amino-3hydroxy-5-methylisozazole-4- EEG: electroencephalogram, electroencephalographic propionic acid EMG: electromyogram AMPK: adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein ENS: enteric nervous system kinase EOG: electrooculogram AMS: acute mountain sickness EPS: extrapyramidal side effects (s) ANS: autonomic nervous system EPSP: excitatory postsynaptic potential ASPS: advanced sleep phase syndrome ERP: event-related potential ASPT: advanced sleep phase type ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale AW: active wakefulness FAID: Fatigue Audit InterDyne BA: Brodman area 18FDG: 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose BAC: blood alcohol content F-DOPA: 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopa BCOPS: Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic occupational Police FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second Stress FIRST: Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test BF: basal forebrain fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging BMAL1: brain and muscle ARNT-like FOQA: flight operations quality assurance BMI: body mass index FOSQ: Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire BNST: bed nucleus of the stria terminalis FRA: Federal Railroad Administration BPD: biliopancreatic diversion FRC: functional residual capacity BPDDS: Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch FSIVGTT: frequently sampled intravenous glucose BzRA: benzodiazepine receptor agonist tolerance test CAD: coronary artery disease GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid CAPS: cyclic alternating pattern sequence(s) GAD: generalized anxiety disorder CBT: cognitive behavior therapy GAHMS: genioglossus advancement, hyoid myotomy, CHF: congestive heart failure and suspension CI: confidence interval GCD: global cessation of dreaming CPS/HHPRI: Calgary Police Service Health and Human GER: gastroesophageal reflux Performance Research Initiative GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyrate COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease GWA: genome wide association CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid CRP: C-reactive protein 5-HT: hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) CRY: cryptochrome HAPE: high-altitude pulmonary edema CSN: cold-sensitive neuron Hcrt: hypocretin CYP: cytochrome P-450 HDI: hypnotic-dependent insomnia DA: dopamine HDL: high density lipoprotein DAT: dopamine transporter HIF: hypoxia inducible factor DBP: D-element binding protein HIV: human immunodeficiency virus DD: constant dark HLA: human leukocyte antigen DIM: digital integration mode HOMA: homeostasis model assessment DLMO: dim-light melatonin onset HPA: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex HRV: heart rate variability DMD: Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy HVA: homovanillic acid DSISD: Duke Structured Interview for Sleep HWHSGPS: Harvard Work Hours and Safety Group Disorders Police Study L xxxi xxxii Abbreviations ICD: International Classification of Diseases NREM: non–rapid eye movement, non-REM ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder revision, Clinical Modification OFC: orbitofrontal cortex ICS-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine revision OHS: obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ICSD-2: International Classification of Sleep Disorders, OR: odds ratio Revised OSA: obstructive sleep apnea ICV: intracerebroventricular OSAHS: obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome IEG: immediate early gene OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome IGL: intergeniculate leaflet PACU: postanesthesia care unit IL: interleukin PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome ILD: interstitial lung disease PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure IPSP: inhibitory postsynaptic potential PER: period ISI: Insomnia Severity Index PET: positron emission tomography kd: kilodalton PGO: ponto-geniculo-occipital [spike] KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale PIA: pontine inhibitory area LAUP: laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty PLMS: periodic limb movements during sleep (or PLM) LD: light-dark PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder LDL: low density lipoprotein PNI: people not having insomnia l-dopa: l-dihydroxyphenylalanine, levodopa POA: preoptic area LG: lateral geniculate POMS: Profile of Mood States LL: constant light POSSR: Patrol Officers Shift Schedule Review LOC: left outer canthus PR: prevalence ratio LPA (or LPOA): lateral preoptic area PRC: phase–response curve LSAT: lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation PSG: polysomnography, polysomnographic LTIH: long-term intermittent hypoxia PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index MAO: monoamine oxidase PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder MAOI: monamine oxidase inhibitor PVN: paraventricular nucleus MDA: methylenedioxyamphetamine PVT: psychomotor vigilance test MDD: major depressive disorder PWI: people with insomnia MDMA: methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”) PWOP: people who did not report having the medical MDP-LD: muramyl dipeptide problem N-actyl-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine PWP: people who reported have the medical problem MEG: magnetoencephalography QTL: quantitative trait loci (or locus) MI: myocardial infarction QW: quiet wakefulness MMC: migrating motor complex RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder MMO: maxillary and mandibular osteotomy RDC: research diagnostic criteria MnPN: median preoptic nucleus RDI: respiratory disturbance index MNSA: muscle nerve sympathetic vasomotor activity REM: rapid eye movement MPA or (MPOA): medial preoptic area RERA: respiratory effort related arousal MPA: medroxyprogesterone acetate RFA: radiofrequency ablation MRA: mandibular repositioning appliance RHT: retinohypothalamic tract MSLT: Multiple Sleep Latency Test RI: recombinant inbred MWT: Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Rin: membrane input resistance NAD: nicotinamide adenine nucleotide RIP: respiratory inductive plethysmography NAMPT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase RLS: restless legs syndrome NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis RMMA: rhythmic masticatory motor activity NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program ROC: right outer canthus NCSDR: National Center on Sleep Disorders Research ROS: reactive oxygen species (sing. and pl.) NE: norepinephrine RR: risk ratio NET: norepinephrine transporter RT: reaction time NFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B SAFTE: Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness NHANES: national Health and Nutrition Examination (model) Survey SCD: stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase NIH: National Institutes of Health SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis NIPPV: nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus NK: natural killer [cell] SCT: sleep compression therapy NMDA: N-methyl-d-aspartate SDB: sleep-disordered breathing NO: nitric oxide SE%: sleep efficiency percentage NPPV: noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation SEMs: small eye movements L NPT: nocturnal penile tumescence SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome Abbreviations xxxiii SIT: suggested immobilization test TAT: time above threshold SND: synucleinopathic disorders TCA: tricyclic antidepressant SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism THH: terrifying hypnagogic hallucination SOL: sleep-onset latency TLR: Toll-like receptor SOREM: sleep-onset REM TMJ: temporomandibular joint SOREMP: sleep-onset REM period TNF: tumor necrosis factor SP: sleep paralysis TRD: tongue-retaining device SPM: statistical parametric mapping UARS: upper airway resistance syndrome SRE: sleep-related erection UNS: Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale SREBP: sterol regulatory element binding proteinSRED: UPF: uvulopalatal flap sleep-related eating disorder UPPP: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty SRT: sleep restriction therapy VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide SSEP: somatosensory evoked potential VLDL: very low density lipoprotein SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale VLPO: ventrolateral POA (preoptic area) SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor VMAT2: vascular monoamine transporter-2 SWA: slow wave activity VTA: ventral tegmental area SWD: shift work disorder/shift work sleep disorder WASO: wake after sleep onset SWS: slow wave sleep WSN: warm-sensitive neuron Ta: ambient temperature ZCM: zero crossing mode L Acknowledgments This is now about the 25th year since the editors started We would also like to thank the staff at Elsevier who to work on the first edition of the Principles and Practice have been so supportive of sleep medicine. Dolores Meloni of Sleep Medicine. Twenty-five years is a generation and has been fabulous and supportive of the book. Angela during that time it is safe to say that thousands of profes- Norton and Anne Snyder shepherded the production of sionals and editorial staff have worked on this book, and it content for the book and Bob Browne has quietly and is impossible to thank each and every one, as much as we efficiently managed the web content. We especially wish would love to. to thank Sarah Wunderly who took over production of the We would like to thank the current and previous section book at the home stretch and calmly, expertly, and patiently editors. They are
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