The Age of Imperialism, The Age of Imperialism, 1850–1914 1850–1914 Western countries colonize large areas of Africa and Asia, leading to political and cultural changes. SECTION 1 The Scramble for Africa

SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Imperialism

SECTION 3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

SECTION 4 British Imperialism in India

SECTION 5 Imperialism in Southeast Asia

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SECTION 1 The Scramble for Africa

Africa Before European Domination

Problems Discourage Exploration Section 1 • Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration The Scramble for Africa Nations Compete for Overseas Empires • Imperialism—seizure of a country or territory by a Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, stronger country and city-states, Europeans establish colonies. • Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa The Congo Sparks Interest • Henry Stanley helps King Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo • Leopold brutally exploits Africans; millions die • Belgian government takes colony away from Leopold • Much of Europe begins to claim parts of Africa

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Forces Driving Imperialism The Division of Africa

Belief in European Superiority The Lure of Wealth • Race for colonies grows out of national pride • Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest • Racism—belief that one race is better than others in colonization • Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest applied to Berlin Conference Divides Africa human society • Berlin Conference—14 nations agree on rules for Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa division (1884–85): • Technological inventions like steam engine, Maxim - countries must claim land and prove ability to gun help conquest control it • Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from • By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of malaria European control • Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies culture • Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa • Businesses develop cash-crop plantations

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SECTION 1

Three Groups Clash over South Africa

Zulus Fight the British • Shaka—Zulu chief—creates centralized state around Section 2 1816 • British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in Imperialism 1887 CASE STUDY: Nigeria Boers and British Settle in the Cape • Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land, Europeans embark on a new phase of empire establish large farms building that affects both Africa and the rest of • Boers clash with British over land, slaves - move north to escape British the world. The Boer War • Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899 • British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

NEXT NEXT SECTION SECTION 2 Imperialism 2 CASE STUDY: Nigeria continued A New Period of Imperialism A New Period of Imperialism Forms of Control Extending Influence • Europeans develop four forms of control of • Europeans want to control all aspects of their territory: colonies: - colony—governed by a foreign power - influence political, social lives of people - protectorate—governs itself, but under outside - shape economies to benefit Europe control - want people to adopt European customs - sphere of influence—outside power controls investment, trading - economic imperialism—private business interests assert control

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continued A New Period of Imperialism A British Colony

Methods of Management Gaining Control • Europeans use two methods to manage colonies: • Britain conquers southern Nigeria using both - direct control diplomacy and force - indirect control • Conquest of northern Nigeria through Royal Niger Indirect Control Company • Limited self-rule for local governments • In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria as a colony • Legislative body includes colonial, local officials Managing the Colony Direct Control • Nigeria is culturally diverse area, with about 250 • Paternalism—Europeans provide for local people, ethnic groups but grant no rights • British use indirect rule successfully with Hausa- • Assimilation—adaptation of local people to ruling Fulani culture • Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power

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African Resistance The Legacy of Colonial Rule

Africans Confront Imperialism Negative Effects • Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have • Africans lose land and independence, many lose superior weapons lives • Traditional cultures break down Unsuccessful Movements • Algeria actively resists French for almost 50 years • Division of Africa creates problems that continue today • Samori Touré fights French in West Africa for 16 years • In German East Africa, people put faith in spiritual Positive Effects defense • Colonialism reduces local fighting • Results in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many • Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created • Technology brings economic growth Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance • Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, resists Europeans - plays Europeans against each other - stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons

- defeats Italy, remains independent NEXT NEXT

SECTION 3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

Ottoman Empire Loses Power

Reforms Fail Section 3 • After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline Europeans Claim • Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology • Selim III attempts to modernize army and is Muslim Lands overthrown European nations expand their empires by seizing • Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence territories from Muslim states. • European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands

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Europeans Grab Territory Egypt Initiates Reforms

Geopolitics Military and Economic Reforms • Geopolitics—taking land for its strategic location • Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman or products control and rules Egypt • Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on • Begins series of reforms in military and economy Ottoman lands • Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to Russia and the Crimean War cash crops • Crimean War—Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to The Suez Canal gain warm-water port • Egypt builds Suez Canal—human-made waterway • Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; connects Red Sea to Mediterranean still lose land • Modernization efforts create huge debt The Great Game • British oversee financial control of canal, occupy • Great Game—war waged between Russia and Egypt in 1882 Britain over India • Battles fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881 NEXT NEXT

SECTION 3

Persia Pressured to Change

The Exploitation of Persia • Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Section 4 Ocean • Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan • Persia concedes to Western businesses British Imperialism Battle over Tobacco in India • Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to export tobacco As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain • Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots seizes Indian territory and soon it controls • In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and divide Persia between them almost the whole subcontinent.

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continued British Expand Control over India British Expand Control over India British Transport Trade Goods East India Company Dominates • Railroads move cash crops and goods faster • British East India Company rules India until 1850s • Trade in specific crops is tied to international • Company has its own army led by British officers events • Army is staffed by sepoys—Indian soldiers Impact of Colonialism Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” • British hold much of political and economic power • India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in • Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine the crown” • Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist • Forced to produce raw materials for British attitudes manufacturing • British modernize India’s economy, improve public • Also forced to buy British goods health

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The Sepoy Mutiny Nationalism Surfaces in India

Indians Rebel Call for Reforms • Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for • In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization religious reasons movement • Many Sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy • Many Indians adopt western ways and call for Mutiny against British social reforms • Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal to • Indians resent being second-class citizens in own British country Turning Point Nationalist Groups Form • British put down rebellion, take direct command of • Indian National Congress and Muslim League form India • Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal • Raj—term for British rule over India, lasts from 1757 - pressure forces Britain to divide it differently to 1947 • Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians

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