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“Salt Reduction in Dry Fermented Sausages: Effects On BIBIANA ALVES DOS SANTOS “SALT REDUCTION IN DRY FERMENTED SAUSAGES: EFFECTS ON BIOCHEMICAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES” “REDUÇÃO DE SÓDIO EM SALAMES: EFEITO SOBRE AS PROPRIEDADES BIOQUÍMICAS, QUÍMICAS, FÍSICAS E SENSORIAIS” Campinas 2015 i ii vi ABSTRACT The recommendations of the World Health Organization for reducing sodium intake, which has been positively correlated with hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, have led to the need to reduce salt content, the main source of sodium in the processed products. In fermented meat products such as dry fermented sausages characterized by the high NaCl content, this reduction is a major technological challenge due to its functions including the reduction of water activity, solubilization of myofibrillar proteins, controlling of microbiological growth and sensory properties. Although the use of salt substitutes, such as KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 is presented as a strategy for reducing sodium levels, few studies have focused on the biochemical reactions occurring during the process of fermentation, maturation, and shelf life of dry fermented sausages. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological, biochemical, and sensory stability of dry fermented sausages with reduced NaCl (50%), or NaCl replaced by KCl, CaCl2, and a blend of KCl and CaCl2 during the manufacturing process and throughout 90 days of storage. Overall, the results indicate that the reduction of 50% NaCl and 50% substitution of NaCI by KCI 50% did not change the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics during processing. An increase in proteolysis was observed in the samples with 50% NaCl reduction, with a decrease in hardness and firmness during processing and storage. Volatile compounds from lipid oxidation were generated in smaller amounts in this treatment. For the dry fermented sausages produced with 50% NaCl and 50% KCl, both proteolysis and rheological properties were not changed. Volatile compounds from carbohydrates fermentation and amino acid degradation increased during storage. The greatest changes were observed in the formulations containing 50% CaCl2 and blend of 25% KCl and 25% CaCl2. vii High water activity, low pH, and a decrease in micrococcaceae counts. During processing and storage, a greater number of volatile compounds from lipid oxidation and low oxidative stability were observed. Furthermore, changes were observed in the electrophoretic profile of sarcoplasmic proteins from the dry fermented sausages containing CaCl2, which also presented an increase in hardness during storage. The sensory quality was adversely affected, once the dry fermented sausages containing CaCl2 were characterized by the attributes rancid aroma and rancid flavor by the descriptive analysis panel. Similar behavior was also obtained by the CATA and Free Listing tests. Thus, it can be concluded that KCl is the most suitable salt to replace NaCl in the formulations, once it did not affect the chemical, microbiological, biochemical, and sensory quality of the fermented meat products. Keywords: Dry fermented sausage, Sodium chloride reduction, Potassium Chloride, Calcium chloride. viii RESUMO GERAL As recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde para redução do consumo de sódio, o qual tem sido positivamente correlacionado com aumento de risco de hipertensão arterial e doenças cardiovasculares, resultam na necessidade de redução do teor de NaCl, principal fonte de sódio nos produtos finais. Produtos cárneos fermentados, como salames, são caracterizados por elevados teores de NaCl, e portanto, tal redução é um grande desafio tecnológico em função de suas funções que incluem redução da atividade de água, solubilização das proteínas miofibrilares, controle do crescimento microbiológico e propriedades sensoriais. O uso de sais substitutos ao NaCl tais como, KCl, CaCl2 e MgCl2 apresenta-se como estratégia para reduzir teores de sódio, no entanto, poucos estudos abordam profundamente as reações bioquímicas ocorridas ao longo do processo de fermentação, maturação e vida útil de salames. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a estabilidade físico-química, microbiológica, bioquímica e sensorial de salames com redução de NaCl (50%) ou substituídos por KCl, CaCl2 e blend de KCl e CaCl2 durante o processamento e vida de prateleira de 90 dias. Os resultados indicaram que a redução de 50% de NaCl e a substituição de 50% de NaCl por 50% de KCl não alteraram as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais durante o processamento dos salames. Foi observado um aumento da proteólise nos salames com 50% de redução de NaCl e uma diminuição da dureza e firmeza dos salames durante o processamento e armazenamento. Os compostos voláteis provenientes da oxidação lipídica foram gerados em menor quantidade neste tratamento. Para os salames produzidos com 50% de NaCl e 50% de KCl, o desenvolvimento da proteólise e as propriedades reológicas não foram alterados. Os compostos voláteis da fermentação de carboidratos e degradação ix de aminoácidos aumentaram durante o armazenamento dos salames. A adição de 50% de CaCl2, bem como do blend de 25% de KCl e 25% de CaCl2 resultaram em valores mais altos de atividade de água, baixos valores de pH e uma diminuição na contagem de micrococaceas. Durante o processamento e armazenamento dos salames, foi observado um maior número de compostos voláteis provenientes da oxidação lipídica e baixa estabilidade oxidativa. Além disso, os salames adicionados de CaCl2 tiveram o perfil de eletroforese das proteínas sarcoplasmáticas alterado e apresentaram um aumento da dureza durante o armazenamento. A qualidade sensorial foi afetada negativamente e o painel treinado da Análise Descritiva Quantitativa caracterizou os salames adicionados de CaCl2 pelos atributos de aroma e sabor de ranço. De modo semelhante, os testes CATA e Free Listing reportaram este mesmo comportamento por parte dos consumidores. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o KCl é o sal mais indicado para que a substituição de NaCl não resulte em prejuízos à qualidade físico química, microbiológica, bioquímica e sensorial dos produtos cárneos fermentados. Palavras-chave: Salame, Redução de Cloreto de Sódio, Cloreto de Potássio e Cloreto de Cálcio. x ÍNDICE ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vii RESUMO GERAL .............................................................................................. ix Introdução Geral ............................................................................................... 1 Referências Bibliográficas .................................................................................. 5 CAPÍTULO 1 - Revisão Bibliográfica - Importância e desafios da redução de NaCl no processamento e qualidade de produtos cárneos fermentados ........... 9 1 Cenário atual do consumo de NaCl no mundo .............................................. 11 2 Funções do cloreto de sódio e processamento de produtos cárneos fermentados ..................................................................................................... 14 3 Efeitos do NaCl sobre a proteólise ................................................................ 19 4 Efeitos do NaCl sobre as reações lipolíticas ................................................. 23 5 Efeito do NaCl sobre a geração de compostos voláteis ................................ 28 6 Estratégias para reduzir o teor de NaCl em produtos cárneos fermentados . 30 6.1 Substituição parcial de NaCl por cloreto de potássio ......................... 31 6.2 Substituição Parcial de NaCl por sais divalentes ............................... 35 7 Considerações Finais .................................................................................... 38 8 Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................. 38 CAPÍTULO 2 - Impact of sodium chloride replacement by salt substitutes on the proteolysis and rheological properties of dry fermented sausages ................... 51 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 53 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 54 2 Materials and methods .................................................................................. 56 2.1 Dry fermented sausage processing ................................................... 56 2.2 Proteolysis analysis ........................................................................... 57 xi 2.3 Determination of free amino acids ..................................................... 58 2.4 Texture measurements ...................................................................... 59 2.5 Rheological measurements ................................................................ 59 2.5.1 Uniaxial compression test ........................................................... 60 2.5.2 Creep compliance test ................................................................ 61 2.6 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................. 62 3 Results and discussion .................................................................................. 63 3.1 Effect of reduction or replacement of NaCl on proteolysis reactions .. 63 3.2 Effect of reduction/replacement of NaCl on rheological properties .... 70 3.2.1 Texture profile ............................................................................
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