View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@USM DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN FLAT AREA USING GROUNDWATER RECHARGE WELL IN SOLVING FLOODING PROBLEM by SABARIAH MUSA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah S.W.T., the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful The writing of this thesis has been one of the toughest challenges I have to face throughout my academic career. I would particularly like to thank to supervisor, Prof. Dr. Nor Azazi Zakaria and co-supervisor, Dr. Lau Tze Liang for their guidance. I also would like to express special regards and to acknowledge the financial support from Universiti Sains Malaysia as a research university for continuous support. Special thanks to Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for giving me the opportunity to set up my model and for providing me with the facilities. I would like to thank those who assisted me in the preparation of this work including my family, for their tremendous efforts in supporting me. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for their tremendous support and cooperation throughout my study. My special thanks also go to my beloved husband and daughters who are always being there during this invaluable journey to success. Sabariah Musa 2015 ii TABLE OF CONTENT Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………… ii TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………………… iii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….. ix LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………… xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………….…… xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS …………………………...……………………………….. xviii ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………. xxi ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………... xxiii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Flooding Area 5 1.3 Problem Statement 6 1.4 Objectives 8 1.5 Scope of Study 9 1.6 Significance of Study 11 1.7 Outline of the Thesis 12 iii CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Local Conditions 14 2.3 Retention Basin 16 2.4 Soil Type 17 2.5 Resistivity Exploration 19 2.5.1 Soil Resistance at the Real Site 21 2.6 Groundwater Recharge 23 2.7 Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction 28 2.8 Groundwater Quality 30 2.9 Clay Minerals 33 2.10 Theory of Related Recharge 36 2.10.1 Recharge Intersection 37 2.10.2 Infiltration Rectangular Trench 40 2.11 Groundwater Recharge Well 42 2.12 AQTESOLV Model Application 46 2.13 Neuman’s Method Application 49 2.14 Unconfined Aquifer Analysis 51 2.14.1 Grain Size Distribution 52 2.14.2 Permeability 53 2.14.3 Consolidation 54 2.15 Profile Assumption 54 2.16 Summary 56 iv CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Methodology Justification 58 3.2.1 Step 1: Investigation of Existing Well Mechanism 60 3.2.1.1 Borelog Record 61 3.2.1.2 Pumping and Recovery Tests 61 3.2.1.3 Pumping and Recharge Tests 62 3.2.1.4 Review of Well Mechanism 64 3.2.1.5 Evaluation of Aquifer Type 66 3.2.2 Step 2: Surface Tests 67 3.2.2.1 Infiltration Tests 68 3.2.2.2 Classification Soil Tests 69 3.2.2.3 Evaluation of Soil Type 71 3.2.2.4 Survey Work 72 3.2.3 Step 3: Subsurface Study 73 3.2.3.1 Resistivity Survey 73 3.2.3.2 Evaluation of Subsurface Layer 75 3.2.3.3 Interpretation Data 76 3.2.4 Step 4: REWES Model 77 3.2.4.1 Technique Identification: Vertical Flow Concept 80 3.2.4.2 Site Identification for Model 83 3.2.4.3 Replication (Construction) 85 3.2.4.4 Drilling Works and Sampling 86 3.2.4.5 PVC Installation and Washing 87 v 3.2.4.6 Structure of Infiltration Basin 91 3.2.4.7 Infiltration Basin Construction 93 3.2.4.8 Pump Installation 98 3.3 Recharge or Discharge Well System (REWES) 100 3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity Identification 100 3.4.1 Correlation Methods 102 3.4.1.1 Grain Size Distribution 102 3.4.1.2 Consolidation Response 103 3.4.2 Hydraulic Methods 103 3.4.2.1 Estimation for Permeability 103 3.4.2.2 Estimation for Infiltration Methods 104 3.5 Water Quantity Analysis 104 3.5.1 Pumping-Recovery 104 3.5.2 Pumping-Recharge 107 3.6 Water Quality Analysis 108 3.6.1 Geo-chemical Analysis 108 3.6.1.1 X-Ray Fluorescence 109 3.6.1.2 X- Ray Diffraction 110 3.7 Summary 111 CHAPTER 4 - WELL TESTS AND AQUIFER IDENTIFICATION 4.1 Analysis on REWES Test 112 4.1.1 AQTESOLV Output Data Test 115 4.1.2 Estimation Aquifer Properties 115 vi 4.1.3 Forward Solution 118 4.3 Potential and Perspective Aquifer Responses 122 4.4 Characteristics of Wells 127 4.5 Profile of Wells Drawdown 131 4.6 Summary 136 CHAPTER 5 - HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OR PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION 5.1 Surface Conditions 137 5.1.1 Moisture Content 137 5.1.2 Well Tests and Its Evaluations 138 5.1.3 Sieve Analysis Distribution 140 5.2 Permeability Effect 145 5.2.1 Estimation of Permeability from Falling Head Tests 146 5.3 Consolidation Response 148 5.4 Infiltration Record 149 5.5 Summary 152 CHAPTER 6 – FUNCTIONS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND WATER DEMAND 6.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments of Groundwater 154 6.1.1 Rainfall Fluctuation 154 6.2 Discharge Record 157 6.2.1 Recharge and Injection Analysis 159 6.2.2 Recharge Interactions on RW 163 vii 6.3 Water Quality Analysis 167 6.3.1 Hydro-chemical Characterization 167 6.3.2 REWES Evaluations 169 6.4 Geo-chemical Analysis 171 6.4.1 XRF for Geo-chemical Characterization 171 6.4.2 XRD for Mineralogical Characterization 173 6.5 Summary 175 CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 7.1 Conclusion 176 7.2 Recommendation 178 REFFERENCES APPENDICES viii LIST OF TABLES No. of Table Title Page Table 2.1 Types of soil for boreholes around study area 16 Table 2.2 Values of vertical electrical sounding method for groundwater exploration 21 Table 2.3 Definition of the scale terminology used 44 Table 3.1 Detailed record for sampling and soil types at study area 62 Table 3.2 Infiltration topsoil test using tension infiltrometer at study area 68 Table 3.3 Details of rechareg well profile based on drilling record and its analysis 72 Table 4.1 Data set values for wells tests 114 Table 4.2 Preliminary outputs for simulation analysis 117 Table 4.3 Outputs for recharge well analysis 118 Table 4.4 (a) Pumped recharge well for forecast evaluation 121 Table 4.4 (b) Analysis of two monitoring wells for old well 121 Table 5.1 Sampling for water contents of four wells 139 Table 5.2 Summary records of the aquifer tests 139 Table 5.3(a) Tabulated dry sieve for monitoring well 1 140 Table 5.3(b) Tabulated wet sieve for monitoring well 2 141 Table 5.3(c) Tabulated sieve analysis for recharge well 142 Table 5.3(d) Tabulated sieve analysis for extra well 143 Table 5.4 Summary of permeability outputs for recharge well 145 Table 5.5 Permeability outputs for all wells 145 Table 5.6 Consolidation tests for monitoring well 1 149 ix Table 5.7 Surface hydraulic conductivity and its infiltration rate at Sri Gading area 152 Table 6.1 Recharge range in clay aquifer 162 Table 6.2 Discharge and recharge analyses for clay aquifer 162 Table 6.3 Pumping and recharge rates for recharge well 163 Table 6.4 Summary of dilution in recharge using rainwater method 168 Table 6.5 Groundwater quality evaluations for two pumped well at both conditions 170 Table 6.6 Present water quality in recharge well 173 x LIST OF FIGURES No. of Figure Title Page Figure 1.1 Study areas at Sri Gading, Johor 2 Figure 1.2 Map and contour lines of study area in Research Centre of Soft Soil Malaysia (RECESS) 3 Figure 1.3 Flood and inundation in the area of Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia and its surrounding area of Sri Gading 4 Figure 1.4 Flooding in Sri Gading area 5 Figure 1.5 Present study area condition during wet season 6 Figure 1.6 Algae problem since 2010 at Sembrong Dam 7 Figure 1.7 Rainwater harvesting for non-potable usage 8 Figure 2.1 Infiltration rate of top layer of soil distribution at the study area 18 Figure 2.2 Aquifer parameters related to the condition of well systems during dry season 46 Figure 3.1 Research design flow chart 59 Figure 3.2 Old well profile for first drilling at study location 60 Figure 3.3 Existing well and rain gauge were located in study area 63 Figure 3.4 Parts of measurement of recharge from the roof to the well 63 Figure 3.5 Test well operation diagram 64 Figure 3.6 Basic concepts of the single-well test for well test 67 Figure 3.7 Study locations on the infiltration tests in the Sri Gading area 69 Figure 3.8 Tension infiltrometer apparatus used for infiltration tests 69 Figure 3.9 Samples at different layer for samples under well construction 71 Figure 3.10 Abem terrameter apparatus for resistivity test 75 xi Figure 3.11 Line survey through the existing wells at study area 75 Figure 3.12 Detailed plan and section view of model sturcture well 78 Figure 3.13 Stages of study works in this phase 80 Figure 3.14 Recharge concept was applied to onsite model 82 Figure 3.15 Plan of study area and layout of model 84 Figure 3.16 Point for pilot plan at the real site before construction 85 Figure 3.17 Washing well work at first drilled well 86 Figure 3.18 Same drilling method for the next well and sampling for undisturbed soil 87 Figure 3.19 Disturbed and undisturbed samples with broken sample at 28.5m deep 87 Figure 3.20 Drilling and washing techniques before piping installation 87 Figure 3.21 Manually screening pipes 88 Figure 3.22 Wrapping with geotextile medium for fully screening pipes 88 Figure 3.23 Pipe installations and rivet joint method 89 Figure 3.24 Rivet joining every pipe installation 89 Figure 3.25 Flushing for shallow well and washing with high compression for deeper well 89 Figure 3.26 Completion of monitoring wells 90 Figure 3.27 Profile structures of the wells