g. e, ~· ; o , .....I f·;;;t e II· r7buth/ ~u,po-d7ta-j/ .. .. LiD l(o'L ~.C.Il!> Cf6olfml tf:~e.l ~ JOHN C. CALHOUN STATUE IN STATE HOUSE LOBBY S. C ST~TE PRP~RY BOARD Published by the S. C. State Library Prepared by Emily Bellinger Reynolds, Former State Librarian and Joan Reynolds Faunt, State Librarian 1966 After the surrender of Columbia on February 17, the city was almost totally destroyed by fire . Among SOUTH CAROLINA'S the buildings burned was the old State House. The quoin-stones and basement cornices at the STATE HOUSE southwestern comer of the new building crumbled South Carolina's handsome State House, constructed off three or four inches from the heat of the burning old building, according to Niernsee's report to the of native granite in Roman Corinthian style, ante­ legislature in 1865. The architect's plans, drawings, dates the Confederate War. The building was begun specifications, and all other records "were utterly in 1855 and the cornerstone laid June 9, 1856. swept away during that terrible night." The former State House was first occupied in De­ After the post-war reorganization of the state gov­ cember, 1789, when the capital was removed to ernment, the General Assembly, which had been Columbia from Charleston, the seat of provincial and meeting on the campus of the South Carolina College state government since 1670. Its architect was James (now the University of South Carolina), again turned Hoban, a young Irishman who later designed the its attention to completing the State House. Governor executive mansion in Washington. James Lawrence Orr was directed to advertise for Through the years, the State House suffered the estimates for roofing the building and fitting up rooms natural deterioration of any well-used frame building. for the use of the General Assembly and its officers. In 1849, Governor Whitemarsh Benjamin Seabrook Congressional Reconstruction, with military rule in recommended the construction of a fire-proof build­ 1867-1868 and governmental reorganization under the ing for housing public documents, to be a part of radicals in 1868, intervened and it was not until 1869 the new State House. The cornerstone was laid De­ that a roof was placed over the State House. The cember 15, 1851. In 1854, however, the Commission­ General Assembly met in the building for the first ers of the New State House discovered serious defects time on November 23, 1869. Here all succeeding in both brick and stone work and ordered construction meetings have been held. halted. Even as early as 1855 plans for the State House Governor John Laurence Manning recommended included central heating. There were, however, fire­ that the new edifice be located " ... at the intersection places, which were used in the committee rooms until of Senate and Richardson street with northern and recent years. Gas chandeliers provided light. Con­ southern exposures [so that] it can be seen without temporary descriptions of the Mackey-Wallace strug­ obstruction from the four points of the compass and gle in 1876 tell that the only illumination in the will present an appearance more dignified and im­ House chamber was from candles, for the Republicans posing." The old State House was rolled back to had failed to pay the gas bills. But the Democrats make room for the new. John R. Niemsee of Balti­ guaranteed payment and had the gas turned on again. more, a native of Vienna, Austria, was appointed The radicals, in power from 1868 to 1876, declared architect. that a part of the vast amounts of bonds issued was By the fall of 1860, it was reported that the walls to finance work on the State House. There was, should be finished and ready for roofing early the however, so much dishonesty in their transactions next year. With the onset of the Confederate War, that it is impossible to show how much was actually however, work came to a virtual standstill. Decision spent in making the building habitable. The records was made to continue the work of quarrying granite show great extravagance in furnishing the Senate and blocks, since otherwise the quarry machinery and rail­ House halls and other rooms, but much fundamental road built for hauling the blocks might deteriorate, construction remained unfinished. and to complete the marble work, under contract to The state's precarious economic condition prevented a private firm. the continuation of work on the State House for On February 16, 1865, General William T. Sher­ more than 20 years. In 1885, John R. Niernsee was man's army was encamped across the Congaree River, re-engaged as architect, but died on June 7 of that and his artillery played on Columbia all day. Six hits year. He was succeeded by his former assistant, were registered on the western and southern walls of J. Crawford Neilson of Baltimore, who was succeeded the new State House, and four shots struck the in­ on October 1, 1888, by Frank McHenry Niernsee, terior. Only one did much damage; it shattered the son of John R. Niemsee. molded window-sill and balusters of the second The last architect deviated from the plans of his window from the north side of the House of Repre­ father. The original design provided for a lofty and sentatives. (The outside scars were marked with bronze finely proportioned tower rising through the center stars in 1937.) of the building and supported on piers and arches 2 3 honoring James Hunt Taylor, Edward Shubrick, from the ground up, a "rectangular lantern" some­ George M. Cotchett, and Alfred Gaillard Pinckney. what pyramidal in outline, 30 feet square at the base "Girls of the Sixties," marble plaque with bronze and rising to 180 feet above the ground. An archi­ laurel wreath, each leaf bearing the name of a mem­ tect's rendering of the planned front view hangs in ber. the· State Library. War of 1812, marble plaque honoring South Caro­ In 1899, the north and south porticos and dome linians. were erected, and the copper roof put on in the 1880's South Carolina Congressional Medal of Honor was replaced by a gravel roof. Through the years winners: On naval duty (1905): Boilermaker Edward necessary repairs have been made to the State House. Floyd. At Vera Cruz (1914): Surgeon Middleton S. In the summer of 1960 the building was air-con­ Elliott. On naval duty (1918): Ensign Daniel A. J. ditioned and the heating system modernized. The Sullivan. In Korea: Pfc. Charles H. Barker, S/Sgt. rotunda entrances to the Senate and House lobbies Robert S. Kennemore, Pfc. Noah 0. Knight, and were replaced with majestic walnut doors in 1961. S/Sgt. Lewis G. Watkins. During the winter of 1962-1963, the main lobby Mary Amarintha Snowden (1819-1898), marble was redecorated, and the statue of John C. Calhoun memorial. removed from its wall niche and placed in the center of the rotunda. Features of the decor are real pal­ South Carolina Congressional Medal of Honor metto trees taken from Hunting Island and preserved. winners in World War I: First Lt. James C. Dozier, Artificial f~r~s are also used. The original molded Sgt. Gary Evans Foster, Sgt. Thomas Lee Hall, Sgt. plaster cornice and the inside of the dome have been Richmond H. Hilton, Cpl. James D. Heriot, and Cpl. touched with red, black and gold to contrast with the John Cantey Villepigue. white of the walls. Covering the original marble tile South Carolina Congressional Medal of Honor win­ floor is red wall-to-wall carpeting, with a gold Ameri­ ners: In World War II: Lt. Col. George L. Mabry, can eagle design, based on the eagle on the twenty­ Jr., Sgt. Robert A. Owens, Pfc. Thomas E. Atkins, five cent piece. Pfc. William A. McWhorter, and Pvt. Furman L. Modem yellow leather sofas, black chairs, and Smith. In the Nicaraguan Campaign (1932): Sgt. black end tables provide colorful and comfortable Donald L. Truesdell. seating arrangements. The wrought iron railing around South Carolina volunteers in yellow fever investi­ the stair-wells has also been redecorated, its design gations in Cuba in 1900-1901: T /Sgt. Levi E. Folk, gilded and the wooden rail refinished. Telephone Pvt. James L. Hanberry, and Pvt. Charles G. Sonn­ booths of walnut were built under the staircases tag. leading to the balcony which overlooks the lobby on Martin Witherspoon Gary (1831-1881), Confederate all four sides. brigadier general; bronze bas-relief. Second Lt. John T. Kennedy, winner of Congres­ MONUMENTS AND MARKERS IN THE sional Medal of Honor, Philippine Islands, 1909. MAIN LOBBY Ordinance of Secession, marble replica, with text In center: John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850), and names of all signers. life-size statue, his hand resting on book marked James Glen (1701-1777), Governor of South Caro­ "The Constitution of the United States." (The original lina, 1738-1755. plaster cast of the sculptor, Frederick W. Ruckstull, Robert Edward Lee (1807-1870), bronze bust un­ which was sent to Italy to be copied in marble, has veiled January 21, 1958. been bronzed. The marble statue is in National Statu­ On landing of west staircase: Declaration of Inde­ ary Hall, Washington, D. C.) pendence, bronze replica, with bas-reliefs of South On walls, beginning at right of front door: James Carolina signers: Edward Rutledge (1749-1800), Henry Hammond (1807-1864), Governor, 1842-1844; Thomas Heyward, Jr. (1746-1809), Arthur Middleton U. S. Senator, 1857-1860 (loan of his grandson, for­ (1742-1787) and Thomas Lynch, Jr. (1749-1779). mer State Senator James Henry Hammond of Colum­ South Carolina patriots in Revolutionary War, bia). bronze plaque.