Potentials and Water accumulation economy of Kosova

Faton KAQKINI 1, BEng Valmira SEJDIU 1, Ing. i Dipl. Florin HOXHA 2, Prof. Dr. Kadri Berisha 1 University of Prishtina - Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy Mitrovicë, Kosova

Abstract: In this work are presented the water potentials and assumptions of Kosova such rivers, lakes, the use and economical profits of Kosova, such as: • Flow of White Drini river ,with 60m³/s flow, • Flow of Ibri river, 33m³/s flow, • Flow of Morava Binçës River, 7m³/s flow • Flow of Lepenci River, 8m³/s flow.

Above rivers known as rivers with the highest potential and importance for producing the electricity. Also Kosova poses six (6) other accumulated artificial lakes: Ujmani, Radoniqi, Batllava, Badovci, Përlepnica and Livoç, that are used for drinking water reserve for cities of Kosova, for agriculture issues in Kosova valley and Dukagjin valley.

Keywords: Hydro Potential, Water Economy, Rivers, Artificial Lakes, Watering.

Introduction Water reserves in Kosova are very limited that in the future will be a key issue for economical and social development. It has been very difficult to maintain the water reserve lakes and also was not even an issue discussed for expanding its capacities. Existing Infrastructure is in a very bad shape, and the accumulating resources have been putted in danger from ecological contamination. Wasting of reserves is evident as consequence of anthropogenic reaction. Long term development in water reserve sector alludes to advanced care of the water resources in three operational fields: protection from negative effects for the waters, Planned and organized use of these reserves and care/protection of the quality of the water. Integrated administration of these waters affect also the importance for longer term use in the level of river pond and in saving the natural essentials of the water, at the same time respecting the general interests and multi-complex goals and intentions.

Water potentials of Kosova Hydrographs are important element of nature. With water natural resources (underground and surface) explain the complexity of geological structure (layers water holders and water flows), relief form, climate complex (temperature, rainfalls, winds), vegetative coverings and effect of human in river flows-beds and use of water for general purposes. Central Position of in Balkans, sea level (aprox. 811 meters), and the presence of high mountains and forests especially in periphery parts of Kosova, affected in forming the so called hydrographic nodal (joint) in Kosova. In Nerodima mountain in a place called ( Suka e Dermanit ), all waters of Kosova are divided in three ponds and flowing in three different directions: Adriatic, Aegean and Black Sea . Surface of water topographic reserves is 11.645 km2, 6.8% is higher than political-administrative, and that shows that most of the waters are created inside of its territory. The majority parts of

1 University of Prishtina – Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy 2 Ministry of Energy and Mining

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Kosova territory belongs to Black sea water accumulation (50.7%), (43.5%) belongs to and 5.8% Aegean Sea. In Accumulation of Black Sea are the Kosova Rivers: , Ibri, , Llapi, Morava e Binqes and Krivareka. In Accumulation of Adriatic Sea are the Kosova Rivers: Drini i Bardhë with its branches River of Istog, , i Deçan, , River, Toplluha, Mirusha, and river of Plavë, Restelica in Opojë and Gorë valley. In Accumulation of Aegean Sea are the Kosova Rivers: Lepenci and Nerodima.

Even if the surface of Water accumulation is mainly to Black sea, the Kosova rivers accumulated in Adriatic sea have more quantity of water since the geographical position of these rivers are in an are were have more rainfalls Drini Bardhe pond ex., than because of presence of high mountains especially during the non vegetative period (snow presence that in spring time is melted) Surface of water topographic reserves is 11.645 km 2, 6.8% is higher than political-administrative, and that shows that most of the waters are created inside of its territory. The majority parts of Kosova territory belongs to Black sea water accumulation (50.7%), (43.5%) belongs to Adriatic Sea and 5.8% Aegean Sea. In Accumulation of Black Sea are the Kosova Rivers: Sitnica, Ibri, Drenica, Llapi, Morava e Binqes and Krivareka. In Accumulation of Adriatic Sea are the Kosova Rivers: Drini I Bardhë with its branches River of Istog, Peja, i Deçan, Erenik, Prizren River, Toplluha, Mirusha, Klina and river of Plavë, Restelica in Opojë and Gorë valley. In Accumulation of Aegean Sea are the Kosova Rivers: Lepenci and Nerodima. Even if the surface of Water accumulation is mainly to Black sea, the Kosova rivers accumulated in Adriatic sea have more quantity of water since the geographical position of these rivers are in an are were have more rainfalls Bardhe pond ex., than because of presence of high mountains especially during the non vegetative period (snow presence that in spring time is melted) The total amount of rain falls and water precipitation, in Dukagjin is around 800mm in 1m2, while in Kosova valley is around 600mm, where in rivers flow 40% of these precipitations, evaporates around 60% of the total rain falls and precipitations.

Fig. Map of River Draws in Kosova

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In accumulation of the Sea the better are so called alp types of the rivers, where their flow is mainly in the mountains, with a lot of rain and snow. On the other side the left side rivers of Drini (except river of Prizren) and the rivers of Kosova valley and in Anamorava, where 50-70% less rain falls are and water accumulation Density of River net (distance of river lines per surface) its very much dependent with the river draw size, the relief, amount of the rain falls and a geological structure. Better density with the rivers we have in parts of mountain (dissertated relief), with a lot more rain falls and precipitation and high coefficient of flow. Table 1: Fundamentals Characteristic of Kosova Rivers according to Dam Quantity of Length in Water flow rainfall in River Name km Basin surface (Q) m 3/sek basin D. i Bardhë River in Burim 0 23,1 5,05 957 mm River in Istog 14 434,2 4,7 838 River in Peja 56 500,3 8,20 955 River in Deçan 52 266,6 5,65 940 Ereniku River 51 516,5 11,0 990 River in Prizren 31 279,1 6,90 890 Toplluha River 15,5 503 4,05 734 River in Mirusha 29 335,7 2,10 695 River in Klina 60 425,2 2,33 697 River D. i Bardhë në Vërmicë 104 4360 59,5 840 Ibri River in Leposaviq 131,8 4701 34,6 706 Water Flow of Sitnica River 90 2861 15,0 665 Llapi River 79,4 947 5,4 ------Drenica River 50,5 447 ------Morava e Binqës River 110 1558,6 6,7 604 Lepenci River 50 607 8,0 893 Nerodima River 41,3 228,7 2,1 ------

Disparity of water quantities between the two main parts of Kosova is also shown by the average water flow in the west and east, which is 2 to 1 (59,7 m3/sec to 29,5 m3/sec), thus presenting the lack of water in the Kosova’s east region. In order to secure drinking, industrial and irrigating water (in the region of Kosova), there have been built three dams and artificial lakes: the lake of Badovc at Graqanka river, the lake of Batllava at Batllava river, river branch, the lake of Ujman at Ibër river, as well as the Radoniqi lake near and of Perlepnica near Gjilan. The biggest one is the Ujman Lake with 390 million m 3 water pint, followed by the Radoniqi Lake with 113 million m 3 water, the Badovc Lake with 31 million m 3, the Batllava Lake with 30 million m 3, and Prelepnica with 4.2 million m 3 of water, etc.

Table: Artificial lakes in Kosovo

River name Artificial lake denomination Water volume in m 3 Ibër Ujmani 390.000.000 Ibër Pridvoricë 490.000 Batllavë Batllava 30.000.000 Graqankë Badovc 31.000.000 Livoq Livoq 1.000.000 Prrue Radoniq 113.000.000 Përlepnicë Përlepnicë 4.200.000

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Pictures taken from Dike and Ujman Lake (Ex Gazivoda)

Annual rainfall average in Kosovo territory is from 658 mm (Sitnica river basin) to 1515 mm (Ereniku river basin), whereas flow coefficient is 42.46 l/sec/km 2 Lumbardhi river basin. From Kosovo territory during humid year flow about 3.8 x 109 or 121.2 m 3 /sec. As you can see from table below, water is not uniformly shared out, so the water deficit for agriculture destination must be covered with water income out of vegetation season or other reserves.

Actual condition of water infrastructure Development of hydro sector in Kosovo start in the end of years 60, but intensively after 1974, when the Kosovo get the chance by him self to program his development and to start a building hydro infrastructure as a reason to be protected by negative effect of hydro potential. According to studies of hydro (1981) is calculated that Kosovo has potential for watering about 200.000 ha, whereas needs for drainage are 80.000 – 100.000 ha. According to data today from watering companies in Kosovo after the rehabilitation of fully watering system can be watered 66.060 ha. Until 1990 there was build over 150 km dike, tens kilometers of parallel walls in city areas, there was regulated many streams and there was drains from highly water, more than 10.000 ha land. Also there are build three reservoirs with capacity 570x 10 6 m 3, many water mains (water- supplies) in urban places and rural places. Canalization network was only in center parts of big cities. Only 31% of population is linked to the canalization network. Canalization network in some places is divided and in some places is mixed (waste water and white water (water from rainfall). There are not any plants for waste water treatment. Waste water in Kosovo preliminarily is not treated, but all of waste water from second linked pipes flows into the center pipe and all of waste water flow into the river. So, ejection (outpouring) waste water non preliminary treated in water collector it represent permanently danger for flora and fauna and pollute water. From companies which administration these water’s doing not come (proceed) bacteriological and chemical- physical analyzes in order to know their pollution. During 2007 in Llausha village – Skenderaj municipality was constructed a new plant for waste water treatment with extension possibilities depend on population growth. After 1999, Industrial waste water’s in Kosovo evidently was diminished because of Industry prorogues some of Industries stop at 1990 and some 1997(industrial factory) from which are discharged toxically waste water as like water with phenol’s which polluted from chemical pollutions, water that was used for cooling and organic (Polluted water). Underground water reserves in Kosovo are very small and they are present on West part of Kosovo, where the surface reserves are also more than other parts of Kosovo, whereas in the East and East south part where the requirement for watering water are huge, the reserves are very small.

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Topographic condition for making of artificial reservoirs for water accumulation and its consumption into period when river has paucity is very limited and for that should erect high hydromechanics operation and after it is possible accumulation of paucity water with high cost. Replenishment of demands for drinking, industrials and agricultural water at the near future could be realized only with erecting of those operation in determined profiles with Long-Term Plan for water administration (Basis of water economy). This location should be reserved for these destinations and should be protected from other destinations (roads, residence, etc). Erosion and coulee in Kosovo represents very important phenomenon with high scale of dangerousness human environment. With processes of categories I, II and III (greatly erosion) are involved about 75% of Kosovo’s area. From all alluviums from erosion process around 5x10 6m3 arrives at rivers.

Problems After detailed study of water quantity in disposition according to basin and needs, the worse situation is on the river Sitnica dam, Klina, K. Rekë and Morava e Binçës where are the most suitable loam for watering and agriculture productions. As a result of apartheid (1990 – 1998) and armed conflict (1998 – 1999) whole the water object and furnishing equipment has little or big fail, whether as ensue of bed regularly or intensive keeping, or non professional operation from violently administration (installed 9 after dispense of professional workers). After 1999 start the revitalization of some parts of system (as canals, pomp stations, and watering system). According to available data in water supply system are linked 52% of urban populations, whereas the rural zones inclusion before the war was less. After 1999 some donators contribute and help to build new water supply in 150 villages. For as much as that the most of water supply system was build many year before and the building material now is not allowable because of cancerous characteristic (asbestos, cement) most of the water supply system are unusable neither of quantity neither of quality specially during dryness period . Technical and commercial losses are very big, whereas measures for decrease missing.

Reserves of Hydro energetic Potential The Hydro energetic potential in Kosovo is very low and there utilization until now is very modest, 48 MGW. Kosovo has rivers and small rivers (nullah) to be utilized for energy generation. In the west part of Kosovo is the river that covers half of the all hydro potential in Kosovo called Drini i Bardhë is the largest river in Kosova. Hydro energetic utilization potential in Kosovo is about 0.7 TWh/year. The most important hydro power plant which can be built in Kosovo trough the Drini I Bardhë River is the Zhuri hydro power plant with energy potential 0.377 TW/year. The flow of Drini i Bardhë river, Ibri, Morava, Llapi, is characterized with very important potential for energy generation.

Table: Hydro energetic potential evaluated from different publications

Hydro-technical potential, Hydro-technical potential, River technically workable economically workable

Nr GWh/year GWh/year 1 River Lumi i bardhë 554.00 554.00 2 River Ibri 103.27 102.17 3 River Morava e Binçës 8.75 8.75 4 River Lepenci 23.80 16.53 Total 689.64 681.27

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Fig. 5. Pikat egzistuese te hidrocentraleve dhe pikat e parapara p ër ndertimin e tyre

During the prefeasibility study are identified 18 small hydro power plants. 1. Installed power 63.70 MW 2. Annual production 294 GW 3. Total investment 72.830 million €

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Tabela 4. New land mark and existing hydro power plants. Cost for each new hydro power, and cost for those that have to be rehabilitee. Energy Full Investment Name Power in [kW] [Million kWh] [Milion EURO] New Hydro Power plant to be build 1. HEC-i Kuqishtë 3900 17 3.623 2. HEC-i Drelaj 6200 27 5.279 3. HEC-i Shtupeq 7600 35 6.521 4. HEC-i Belle 5200 25 4.968 5. HEC-i Deqan 8300 39 6.314 6. HEC-i Lloqan 3100 14 3.209 7. HEC-i Mal 4000 18 4.14 8. HEC-i Erenik 2000 9 2.321 9. HEC-i Jasiq 1900 9.7 1.952 10. HEC-i Dragash 2200 10 2.351 11. HEC-i Orqush 5600 25.6 4.347 12. HEC-i Reqan 1500 6.7 1.864 13. HEC-i Brezovicë 2100 10 2.722 14. HEC-i Lepenc 3500 16 3.933 15. HEC-i Bajskë 300 1.4 1.15 16. HEC-i Batare 1100 5.8 2.299 17. HEC-i Majanc 600 2.9 1.183 18. HEC-i Mirusha 4600 22 14.658 Total new Hydro Power plants 63700 294.1 72.83 Existing HEC which will be rehabilitated

19. HEC-i Dikancit 1900 10 0.8588 20. HEC-i Radavcit 350 1.8 0.2649 21. HEC-i Burimit (Istogut) 800 4.6 0.5107 22. HEC-i Prizrenit 330 1.4 0.2977 23. HEC-i Shtimes 140 0.6 0.1948 24. HEC-i Ujmanit(Gazivodes) Total Existing Hydro Power plants 3380 17.8 21,270 TOTAL whole Hydro Power Plants 67080 311.9 749570

Literature:

1. Hydro Economic Fundaments (Bazat e Ekonomisë Ujore) (1983) 2. Kosova Water Law (Ligji për Ujërat e Kosovës) (2004) 3. Water Sector Report – MESP (Raporti i Sektorit të Ujërave-MMPH) (2004) 4. Hydro Potential assessment for small Hydro Power Plants in Kosovo (Vlerësimi I Potencialeve të Hidrocentraleve të vogla ne Kosovë Studim nga DANIDA) 5. Kosova Urban Waste Water and they treatment (Ujërat e zeza urbane dhe trajtimi i tyre në Kosovë 2006)

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