Philadelphia's Musical Legacy
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5 Philadelphia’s Musical Legacy Marjorie Hassen ennsylvania’s Quaker settlers had little interest in music; it P was, rather, William Penn’s hospitality to other religious groups that ensured the establishment of a musical life in the colony. From its earliest days, Philadelphia sheltered a thriving community of immigrant musicians, and over the course of the eighteenth century, as musical performance extended from the church to the concert hall, the city became one of the principal centers of music in the New World. Public subscription concerts were presented in Philadelphia as early as 1757, organized chiefly through the efforts of a native son, Francis Hopkinson. Hopkinson was a member of the first gradua- tion class of what was then the College of Philadelphia—later the University of Pennsylvania. A lawyer by profession and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, he was also an accomplished amateur harpsichordist, organist, and composer. His Seven songs for the harpsichord or forte piano, published in Philadelphia in 1788, includes a dedication to George Washington, in which the composer asserts, “I cannot, I believe, be refused the credit of being the first native of the United States who has produced a musical composition.” The Library’s copy of this publication 1 A fourth manuscript volume was Hopkinson’s own—a gift of the patriot’s direct descendent, (dated 1759) that contains several Edward Hopkinson Jr.—and is part of a sixteen-volume collec- of Hopkinson’s songs is held by the Library of Congress. For tion presented to the University between 1948 and 1950. a complete index of all four The Hopkinson Collection, as it has come to be known, in- volumes see Caroline Richards, cludes printed and manuscript music amassed primarily by Francis “An Eighteenth Century Music Collection” (master’s thesis, (1737-1791), but also by his grandson Oliver (1812-1905). At University of Pennsylvania, 1968). the heart of the collection are three volumes of holograph music 1 manuscripts, copied by Francis Hopkinson for his own library : a songbook fragment containing sixteen works primarily for voice Opposite page: George Frideric and keyboard (dated 1755 in Hopkinson’s hand); forty-six works Handel. Messiah, contra-tenor part. [ca. 1770]. From a set for keyboard (copied ca. 1763); and a volume of 115 Lessons for of parts belonging originally to keyboard (copied ca. 1764). It is unknown whether Hopkinson Benjamin Carr. Musical Fund himself was responsible for the many arrangements that are present Society of Philadelphia Collection in these volumes, but it is clear, given the breadth of the collection, of Music, Rare Book and that he was familiar with the forms and styles of European vocal Manuscript Library. and instrumental music of his day. 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Fe! r 1;, r ritr:r Fri t' r tr1 Fr r r1; [-,p C c1ccao-,s:au+1 - fv a\i helh,11 pu •• rify the fon --- s of L evi fhall pu rify. _____ _ _ - •••• -· -1g1p prrcrrc:vv,c P ,rcn;errr1rfrrrcrrr 1rr11rr 1rr1:rr i_; · _ . _ ln•ll purify_. ____ • __ • _ fhall purify____ ____ ___ • __ __ _ the fons of L evi that th.-Y'l'lay ~1, r-v 1 , rJ cr· c ,, ct cr· .o 1 ~ r r*r I A- 1~ II· offer 11nto the Lord an offering in rlghteoufnefs'lr u, righteoufnefs , 104 THE PENN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS AT 250 Francis Hopkinson. Engraving by Johnson, Fry & co. 1862, after a painting by Alonzo Chappel (1820-1885), from the portrait by Robert Edge Pine (1730-1788). Rare Book and Manuscript Library. lar dance and march tunes as well as works by the leading English and Continental composers of the eighteenth century, among them Karl Friedrich Abel, Thomas Arne, Arcangelo Corelli, Francesco Geminiani, George Frideric Handel, Johan Adolf Hasse, Domenico Scarlatti, John Stanley, and Johann Stamitz. These manuscript volumes are supplemented by thirteen volumes of printed music that preserve an extraordinary compilation of con- temporaneous American and European editions. Here too, nearly all the important composers of the eighteenth century are represented. Among the works that date from the elder Hopkinson’s time are several Handel oratorios, arranged for voice, harpsichord and violin 2 Otto E. Albrecht, “Francis (London, 1784), and the solo string parts of some fifty concerti Hopkinson: Musician, Poet, and grossi of Domenico Alberti, Corelli, Geminiani, and Antonio Vivaldi Patriot, 1737-1937,” The University of Pennsylvania Library Chronicle 6 (London, ca. 1730), which were performed by Hopkinson and his (March 1938): p. 7. friends at concerts in Penn’s College Hall during his student years.2 PHILADELPHIA ’ S MUSICAL LEGACY 105 A “gentleman amateur” of high social standing, Hopkinson Arcangelo Corelli, Gigga. Copied by Francis Hopkinson, ca. 1760. frequently joined with immigrant European professionals in both Hopkinson Collection of Music, private and public music performances, a circumstance illustra- Rare Book and Manuscript Library. tive, in Richard Crawford’s words, of “the participatory at- 3 mosphere of music-making in colonial Philadelphia.” This 3 atmosphere continued into the early years of the nineteenth See Richard Crawford’s article on Francis Hopkinson in The New century and was the impetus behind the establishment, in 1820, Grove Dictionary of American Music, of the Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia by a group of ed. H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stan- professional and amateur musicians—today, the oldest American ley Sadie (London: Macmillan, music benevolent society in continuous existence. 1986), vol. 2, p. 421. The musical climate in Philadelphia at the time of the Soci- ety’s founding was engagingly described by the organization’s first Secretary, the attorney and amateur musician, John K. Kane. Looking back from the midpoint of the century, he remembered: 106 THE PENN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS AT 250 The state of music in those days, and musical taste! - Hupfeldt used to give his “Annual Concert,” the crack musical phenomenon of the year, at which he annually played his Concerto by Kreutzer, while the ladies chatted and laughed in ancient tea-party fashion, and gentlemen stood upon the benches with their hats on, or walked round the room to exchange compliments and retail the last joke. Yet we had our Quartette party, - three violins, all profes- sional except Dr. La Roche, - a tenor or two, - and a couple of basses; . and we used to meet round at each others’ houses of a Saturday night, fifteen or eighteen of us, to hear Haydn, Mozart, Boccherini, sometimes to boggle over Beethoven, and then to eat crackers and cheese, and drink porter or homoeopathic doses of sloppy hot punch. We were a delightful little club, the elite of the time, and the veritable germ of the Musical Fund.4 4 From The Autobiography of the Honorable John K. Kane, 1795-1858 The Society developed out of these “quartette parties,” adopt- (Philadelphia: Privately printed, 1949), entry for 20 January 1849. ing as its objectives “the relief of decayed musicians and their families, and the cultivation of skill and diffusion of taste in music.” And while its formal documents indicate that benevolent work was foremost in the minds of the Society’s founders, the level of musical activity within the organization throughout the first half of the nineteenth century suggests that its focus was in large measure the promotion of concerts. The significant role played by the Musical Fund Society in the growth of musical performance in Philadelphia, particularly over the course of the nineteenth century, is documented in its ar- chives. Donated to the Library in 1991, this material offers unique insight into Philadelphia’s cultural milieu and includes minute books, engagement books, concert programs, and papers from the Society’s 1820 founding through the present. Also preserved is an extensive collection of manuscript and published music, dating primarily from the late eighteenth century to the late nineteenth, much of it used for performance in Society concerts.