December 1. 196.9 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36277 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS HUBERT F. LEE, EDITOR OF DIXIE advertising supplement writing, then went DRAJ'T REFORM BUSINESS MAGAZINE, WAS ONCE with United Press for a couple of years, and BLACKSBURG.-Draft reforms urged by Pres IN ARMY BALLOON CORPS then to LaGrange for the LaGrange ident Nixon won endorsement from Senator Reporter.'' Byrd in a speech before the Chamber of With a capital investment of $15, Mr. Lee Commerce here. HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE started Dixie Business magazine which he Byrd pointed out he had suggested to edits and publishes out of his Covington Road OF GEORGIA former President Johnson changes in the home and offices. Dixie Business is best known draft siinilar to those now advocated by IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES for its annual Man of the South award, which Nixon. Monday, December 1, 1969 has gone to proininent southerners since The reforms included calling 19-year-olds 1946, and for its Hall of Fame for Living, first, virtually eliininating their chance of Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, an comprised of distinguished living Americans. later callup except in time of war, temporary article entitled "Hubert F. Lee, Reparter, Mrs. Lee assists her husband with the educational defennents and a lottery system Editor of Dixie Business Was Once In managing and edi·ting of Dixie Business, and for choosing among those eligible. with keeping track of the voluminous stores Army Balloon Corps," written by Fran of books, magazines and clippings that over TWO VICTORIES Fossett, and published in the Decatur flow every corner of the house. The Lees RICHMOND.-The American Revolution and DeKalb News, states that Mr. Lee may have two sons and a daughter who live in the exploration of the moon have something have been the only man in history to California, New York and Texas, but come in common. Senator Byrd said at a Knights serve accidentally in the Army Balloon visiting whenever they can with the four of Columbus banquet here. Corps. grandchildren. "The one was a victory of the spirit, the I ask unanimous consent that this in Asked which branch of service he would other a victory of technology," he said. "But teresting account be printed in the Ex choose if he were entering today, Mr. Lee said both show the force behind our total com tensions of Remarks. "the Air Force," without a moment's hesita mitment to a goal." tion. Even if they don't always assign every PROPER PROTEST There being no objection, the article one as planned, . Mr. Lee believes the air was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Ininded people offer the best chance for PETERSBURG.-Anti-war demonstrators as follows: adventure. should protest Hanoi's treatment of U.S. prisoners, Senator Byrd said here at an HUBERT F. LEE-REPORTER, EDITOR OF DIXIE American Legion Veterans Day observance. BUSINESS WAS ONCE IN ARMY BALLOON "In time of war," he said, "we must pre CORPS RESPONSIBLE VIEWS sent a united front." (By Fran Fossett) Byrd pointed out that North Vietnam bars DeKalb's Hubert F. Lee may be the only Red Cross visits to prisoners, will not perinit man in history to have served accidentally HON. W. C. (DAN) DANIEL letters to be written home or received and in the Army Balloon Corps. Not too many refuses to release the names of captives. men in history, as well as can be determined, OF VIRGINIA "I cannot imagine anything more cruel served in the Balloon Corps even on purpose. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and inhumane,'' he said. "Back in July, 1919," Mr. Lee tells us, "I HOME RULE FOR SCHOOLS enlisted in the Army in Cleveland, Ohio, to Monday, December 1, 1969 go to Russia and fight the Bolsheviks. They Mr. DANIEL of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, HAMPTON.-"All of us should work together said they needed some troops for Russian the distinguished senior Senator from to get Washington's finger out of the local service. Well, instead they sent us to balloon Virginia, HARRY F. BYRD, JR., has ex school board's pie," Senator Byrd told a meet school, first at Camp Knox, Kentucky and ing of the Virginia School Boards Associa then the one next to Camp Eustis, Virginia." pressed sound views on many timely sub tion here. Mr. Lee never got to Russia, and everybody jects throughout the State of Virginia "Those who serve on our school boards have knows how the Bolsheviks made out. in the last 2 months. a heavy responsibility. I admire you, but I "Balloons were used for observation pur These are responsible views on topics do not envy you,'' Byrd said. poses," Mr. Lee says, "much as helicopters that are important to every American "I know that you spend weeks and months are used now, except of course the balloons citizen and deserve wide distribution. putting together programs you consider bene couldn't do all the other things that heli I submit for inclusion the following ex ficial," he said, "only to get the last-Ininute copters can. I suppose the helicopter dealt word that your scheme doesn't jibe with the the last blow to the use of balloons in the cerpts in the RECORD: policy of the month at the Department of services." VIEWS-IN BRIEF Health, Education, and Welfare." Mr. Lee's main function was being, in his LEXINGTON.-Senator Byrd called for a "Under the present system, school districts words, a human sandbag. "The balloons were "balanced view" of the American military es often find dollars available for frills while inflated with hydrogen gas from cylinders," tablishment in a speech here at the dedica basic needs go unmet for lack of funds,'' the he explains, "and it was quite a job getting tion of a new alumni hall at Virginia Mi11tary Senator said. "!(hem. launched right. While the balloon was Institute. AID AND TAXES still in its hangar, we would hook it up to a The notion that the nation's defense is WEST PoINT.-Eliininating or substantially four-wheel-drive truck with a huge winch. run by '.'bloodthirsty generals" backed by reducing foreign economic aid would remove "Then we'd have men all the way around an insidious mi11tary-industrial complex is the need for the income tax surcharge be the balloon holding onto ropes (these men refuted by the careers of men like Dwight D. yond 1969, Senator Byrd said here at a meet were the sandbags) and once it was out of Eisenhower and VMI's George C. Marshall, ing of the King William Forestry Club. the hangar we'd ease it off hand over hand." Byrd said. Byrd pointed out that the foreign econoinic Mr. Lee's balloons were the sort that re Byrd cautioned against flying to an op aid budget of $2.2 bin.I.on is almost double mained attached to a base point on the posite extreme and assuming that the mili last year's. "I do not believe the American ground; as far as he recalls none ever broke tary is above criticism. "Responsible criti people should be called upon to pay a surtax loose and floated off into the ever after. cism of the military is both healthy and to finance this kind of increase," he said. This was just as well, since there were a democratic," he said. A total of about $5.2 billion in foreign couple of men who would have floated off "What is needed," he declared, "is a bal economic aid money has been carried over also. anced view-skepticism without host1Uty, from previous years and could take care of "Ordinarily," says Mr. Lee, "the balloons loyalty without blindness." contingencies, the Senator said. would carry two men in the basket, to take Later in the Senate, Byrd introduced pictures or send back ill!:formation. I had an MARINE SCIENCE amendments to halt the surtax ait the end electrical engineering course at the Virginia GLOUCESTER POINT.-While probing outer of 1969. school, and helped install radios in the bal space, the United States should devote more CONSUMER BILL loons as part of my duties." resources and energies to exploring the seas ARLINGTON.-The best consumer legislation Having survived the hazards of peacetime which cover 80 per cent of the earth's sur is that which fights inflation, Senator Byrd ballooning, Mr. Lee left the Army in the sum face. told the Arlington Business and Professional mer of 1921, in favor of the more down-to That was Senator Byrd's message at the Women's Club. "Inflation is eating heavily earth job of news reporting. "I'd been writing dedication of a marine science building here. into the housewife's dollar,'' he said. for the Columbus, Georgia paper, and my boss The builddng named for the Sena.tor's uncle, there wrote the Atlanta Constitution and the late Admiral Richard E. Byrd, is part of AFTER THE FLOOD told them I had a 'nose for news.' the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. LovINGSTON .-Sena,tor Byrd saluted the "So I went to work as a cub reporter for "America cannot much longer afford to "courage and generosity" of citizens who the Constitution. After a while at that I did mark time in oceanography," Byrd warned. came to the aid of their neig1hhors in the CXV--2285-Part 27 36278 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 section of Virginia stricken by severe floods Where were YOU at the fall of Corregidor, Will you be there in your cap and gown? on Augusit 19. and at the liberation of the Philip Where will YOU be when YOUR country He spoke at the annual dinner of the pines? · calls YOU to fight for her honor, for Chamber of Commel'ce of Nelson County, YOU were not there. her "rights," her liberty, and her free the hardest hit subdivision in the state. Where were YOU when brave Americans dom? The "strong spirit" of the flood victims is stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima and Will YOU proudly volunteer YOUR services? proof that the devastated areas will be re Normandy and Utah on D-Day? IF YOU are NOT ready and willing to be built, the Senator said. YOU were not there. there and do YOUR pal"t when YOU FOREIGN POLICY Where were YOU at the time of the Johns are needed, don't tell me about YOUR town Flood, at the Chicago fire, at the "rights". STAUNTON.-The Senate must re-assert its San Francisco earthquake, and Texas What about the "rdghts" of those who died constitutional role in foreign policy, Sen City? to make us free? ator Byrd said here at the 46th annual ban YOU were not there. I was with Washington at Valley Forge. I quet of Shenamdoa.h Valley, Inc. Where were YOU when YOU were needed for was proud to die for the country that He presented the Shenandoah Bowl for the Korean conflict, in Vietnam, and gave me life, freedom, and wealth. service to the valley to E. Lewi·s Knowles, on Hamburger Hill? I will always be ready and willing to die for retired managing edi'tor of the Staunton YOU were not there. my countrymen, ·and for their freedom Leader and former m ayor of Staunton. I never saw YOU at any of the battles, nor as well as for my own. I have been in any other place where brave and all of the battles of this Republic, I valiant men fought and died. And I have been every place, every time I cannot be wrong because there were was needed and where I was needed, many millions of faithful Americans and I have been at every important SPEAKING OUT with me, and they never saw YOU event that has taken place in Ameri either. can history. I will always be there Where were YOU when this country needed waiiting for her call to do my part HON. PAUL J. FANNIN strong arms, clear minds, and valiant for her sacred honor. OF ARIZONA spirits and proud defenders of her YOU or no one else have any "rights" until IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES principles and honor? YOU have made some effort to secure YOU were not there. and obtain them for others as well as Monday, December 1, 1969 Where were YOU during the time of peace? for yourself. I know where YOU were. YOU were demon WHO am I? I am only one of over two hun Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, last week strating. YOU were mak.ing trouble dred million of Americans who enjoy I received from the Reverend James F. and destroying our beautiful cities. the "rights" we live by and for every Hughes a reprint of a Memorial Day ad YOU were wrecking our colleges and day. dress delivered by the Reverend John J. universities. YOU were burning your I don't believe that my service which I have Atwell, an Episcopalian clergyman at draft cards, and defaming the Flag of given for my country has been in v·ain. Apache Junction, Ariz. His address was these Uni.ted States of America. Neither do I believe that my fellowmen who For three long, difficult centuries YOU have have made the supreme sacrifice have reprinted in the Phillips County News in had thousands of opportunities to wasted their precious lives, because we Malta, Mont. serve, to defend, and to honor this Americans are still free. The Reverend Mr. Hughes is himself a country. former combat infantryman who fought BUT YOU were NEVER there when and in Italy in World War II with Gen. Mark where YOU were needed. Clark. YOU know very well WHO has been the THE PRICE OF FUN Mr. President, I ask unanimous con custodiian of the peace, the security, sent that the address be printed in the the honor, the liberty, the freedom, and the wealth YOU have enjoyed. HON. E. Y. BERRY RECORD. He's the Armed Forces of the United There being no objection, the address States of America and over two hun OF SOUTH DAKOTA was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, dred millions of faithful and patriotic IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as follows: Americans who have fought, died, and Monday, December 1, 1969 A TRIBUTE TO THE DISSIDENTS labored long, tedious hours to be free people. Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, one of the (By John J. Atwell, May, 1969) And YOU were not there. very interesting columns which appeared Where were YOU when Washington fought And YOU have the gall to say "I have this past week was printed in the De in the rain, snow, and ice at Valley rights"? It Forge? May I ask YOU "What rights do YOU have cember 1 issue oJ Newsweek. is the col YOU were not there. that you really deserve?" umn of Stewart Alsop, a well-known Where were YOU when the shot which was When YOU have done absolutely nothing to writer which is most appropriate to be heard around the world was shot at deserve them? inserted in the RECORD today as the Concord Bridge? YOU were not with Washington at Valley House considers the Vietnam resolution. YOU were not there. Forge, nor at any of the baittles, nor The column is as follows: Where were YOU when brave men fought, at any other place which I have named, THE PRICE OF FUN bled, and died at Bunker H111, and when YOU were needed, and where at Bull Run? YOU were needed. And YOU still in (By Stewart Alsop) YOU were not there. sist "I have rights". WASHINGTON.-Wandering about this city, Where were YOU when Washington needed YOU have neither fought, nor died for the during the weekend of the "peace march," I strong men to cross the icy Delaware? rights you speak of, nor have YOU made a profound politico-sociological ob YOU were not there. even tried to live for those rights, nor servation. "The kids" were having a lot of Where were YOU when YOU were needed at have you honored the principles of fun. Yorktown, and at the Alamo? this great republic. The political implications of this startling YOU were not there. I merely call YOU friend, because I cannot discovery are clear. The kids will want to Where were YOU at the signing of the Dec consider YOU to be an American, be have a lot of fun again. Even if Mr. Nixon laration of Independence, at the writ cause an American is always there orders all U.S. troops home from Vietnam ing of the Constitution of these United when HE is needed. tomorrow, and asks for the nationalization States, at the writing of the Bill of YOU have "rights" but only those that are of all defense industries the day after, the Rights, at the composing of the Star delegated and given to YOU by those kids will have their fun. This conclusion was Spangled Banner, and the sewing of who bave deserved them, who have confirmed by The Washington Post's Nicholas the American flag? died, and live for them. von Hoffman, this city's chief kidologist. YOU were not there. Rights, liberty and freedom belong only to "These enormous scenes of communion those who are ready and willing to die, Where were YOU during the Battle of New and contact will continue," he wrote. "They and moreover to live for their beloved love the coming together, the touching and Orleans, and San Juan Hill? country, for her honor and for her sharing of food and bodies; they love the im YOU were not there. principles and ideals. provising of crash pads . . . they love get Where were YOU at the battles of the Philip YOU are living by the blood of honorable, ting high on each other and they dig the pines, and in the Argonne Forest? faithful, and true Americans. And not feeling th;;t they are part of something very YOU were not there. until YOU are ready and willing to large ... Where were YOU when the United States follow their fine examples have YOU The touching and sharing process was armed forces marched under the Arch any "rights" of which YOU speak. . widely visible during the speechmaking on of Victory in France? Where will YOU be when the diplomas are Saturday afternoon. The slopes below the YOU were not there. handed out this year? Washington Monument were dotted with un- December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36279 dulating caterpillar tents made of blankets, This emotion may not have wholly po1iti ing in the Republic of Vietnam to look back into or out of which boys or girls would pop cal origins either. "Your generation is just upon. from time to time. It was clear that there mad at us because we get away with so much The "Green Mountain Mountain Movers" was a good deal of touching and sharing stuff you never got away with," one kid (who of the 131st were mobilized Sit their home going on, and it was also clear that the happens to be a blood relation) sagely re station in Burlington, Vt., on May 13, 1968. motivations which brought the kids to the marked. Making the non-kids mad is part While located in Dar Lac Province, the Ver blankets were not wholly political. It certain of the fun. mont Engineers were a long way from Ver ly looked like great fun. The kids do not stop with long hair and mont's cool, green mountaJns, sugar rn.aples, EXCITING GAME peculiar costumes in their efforts to make the and famous Morgan horses. Still, there was non-kids mad. For example, when the Viet There is another kind of fun which these always a .touch of Vermont present at "Camp Cong flag was raised in front of the Justice Swampy" where the 131st made Us home. "scenes of communion and contact" provide. Department, before an audience of around This is the game of Cops and Kids, which is It was the "V" sign, standing not only for 10,000 kids, there were a lot of cheers and victory but for Vermont. It could be seen a lineal descendant of the childhood game no boos at all. When the American flag was of Cops and Robbers. It is much more excit anywhere the Engineers were working . . raised in its place by the cops, there were a The 131st was responsible for surfacing ing and hardly any more dangerous. lot of boos and no cheers at all. One player of the game, supported by a son_ie 50 miles of National Highway 21, of pretty girl with blond hair, was walking RIGHT-WING REACTION V.:-h1ch 20 miles required upgrading. This long slowly, with tragic gait, across Dupont Circle At the main show, around the Washington ribbon of the highway is the only route the late Friday night. The boy had a handker Monument, there were at least ten Viet Cong villagers can use to get their goods to the chief across his mouth, and his eyes were flags to every American flag-and a lot of the coast of Nha Trang for export. streaming-he had obviously had a good whiff American flags were worn, derisively, upside The success of the economy of another of tear gas. His girl looked up at him ador down. Anyone who supposes that this sort of area fell to the National Guardsmen of the ingly, as they walked together across the cir thing doesn't make the non-kid majority 116th Engineers Battalion (Combat). Then cle and down Connecticut Avenue, no doubt mad is a victim of self-hypnosis. By every the largest single National Guard unit serv to some improvised crash pad. The scene measure, moreover, the kids represent a tiny ing in Vietnam, the Idaho Engineers helped could have been cut from one of the more minority, even of their own generation. It restore National Highway 20 from Bao Loe to sentimental old war movies-the wounded would be interesting, for example, to know the II Corps Tactical Zone border. hero consoled by his lady love. just how many holders of union cards there Not only does this section of high way serve A man would have to be very old indeed were in the vast crowd around the Washing- as an outlet for the tea and other produce of with a very poor memory indeed, not to ton Monument. Perhaps a dozen? - that area, but it also is an important lifeline understand how much fun that particular kid Any adult who can remember what it is to Lam Dong province, in importing more was having, despite the streaming eyes. The like to be young should be able to understand than 1,000 tons of rice each month to feed cops-and-kids game gives the kids a chance why "these enormous scenes of contact and the local population. Highway 20 is the only to be heroes to their lady loves without any communion" are so much fun, and even feel link between the abundant vegetable crops danger at all of being badly hurt, much less a twinge of generational jealousy. The trou of Dalat and the Saigon marlrets. killed, which is why it is such a popular game ble is that there is a political price to be paid CIVIC ACTION and quite certain to continue, no matter for .t~e fun. The kids already have one major Lending a helping hand to the local popu what President Nixon does about Vietnam. pollt1cal feat to their credit-the election of lation, the 131st inaugurated its civic action Even the cops seem to enjoy the game, al Richard M. Nixon, which was ensured by work program only one day after arriving at though under the current rules a lot more their performance at Chicago. A few mere its base camp. The main thrust of this pro cops than kids get hurt, in proportion to their "enormous scenes" could ensure a right-wing gram was to consolidate and relocate a num reaction in this country so ferocious that not numbers. In the aftermath of the kids' attack ~er of isolated Montagnard villages into a on the South Vietnamese Embassy, I got my even Mr. Nixon could control it. single, secure area under the proteotion of car wedged in between two police command their own Regional or Popular Force military cars in a back street behind the embassy. units. There was nothing to do but roll up the win A new village of Cu Kirk was formed by dows against the gas and watch the show. ANOTHER TRIBUTE TO IDAHO'S consolidating 17 separate villages into a sin ENJOYING IT 116TH gle housing development under the leader Every once in a while a little group of ship of village chiefs. The Vermont Engineers shadowy figures would appear, and there cleared and leveled a squaremile area, con would be shouts of "pigs" or "Fascists," and a HON. FRANK CHURCH ~tructed streets and drainage ditches, and. mclosed the new village by a rugged security cop would hurl a canister, and the kids would OF IDAHO fence. run off into the night. The young cops were IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES joking with each other as they went about Ci vie action was also a big concern around Monday, December 1, 1969 Bao Loe, then the main base camp for the the business of adjusting their masks or arm 116th Engineer Battalion. ing themselves with more canisters. It was Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, several obvious that they were enjoying the game At B'Sar, Alfa and Charlie companies pro too, not in any sinister way, but because it weeks ago I had the privilege of par vided water to the outlying Montagnard vil was a good game. ticipating in ceremonies honoring the lages. The local dysentery rate in that area 116th Combat Engineer Battalion of the was slashed by 75 per cent. Other volunteer The game was invented during the Chicago projects included drainage and landscaping convention last year, and it was played pretty Idaho National Guard on its return from serving in Vietnam. for churches, schools and orphanages. roughly there. But even in Chicago, nobody The weekends were indeed long for the got killed or even permanently injured, and The outstanding job performed by this Eng.ineer National Guardsmen in Vie.tnam in Washington, there were hardly any bloody unit was the basis of an article pub as they counted the days until they could heads or bloody noses at all. As the rules of lished in Army Digest of November return to their families and jobs. But now the game have developed, the cops lose the 1969. I ask unanimous consent that the that day has passed, and the Engineers of game if a picture appears on television show the 131st and the 116th can look back on ing a kid-especially a pretty girl-being hit article be printed in the Extensions of Remarks. their vital contribution to the building of a by a cop. Under the Washington rules, clubs nation. used to push, not club, and crowds aire dis There being no objection, the article persed with tear gas, not billy sticks. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Certain rituals have developed. One ritual as follows: which I first witnessed in Chicago's Grant THE CRISIS IN HEALTH CARE Park last year, I saw again in front of the THE LONGEST WEEKEND Justice Department. This is the lowering of (By Lt. Col. Harvey L. Latham) the American flag by the kids, and the rais They were called "NGs" and "Weekend HON. BROCK ADAMS ing or attempted raising of the Viet Cong Warriors." They came from little towns like OF WASHINGTON flag, followed by the reverse process by the Rixby, Idaho, and Weston, Vt. They were the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cops. This ritual is a sort of kick-off-it got National Guardsmen who attended weekend the game really going both at Grant Park and drills and summer camps, until one day their Monday, December 1, 1969 at the Justice Department. units received orders for deployment to Mr. ADAMS. Mr. Speaker, in a speech The kids are undoubtedly "sincere," as Southeast Asiar-and their weekends became delivered to the Industrial Union Con their admirers say. They sincerely detest the a long one. war in Vietnam, for the very good reason, "They" were some 1,000 National Guards ference, November 13, 1969, George among others, that theirs is the generation men of the 116th Engineer Battalion Meany, president of the AFI-CIO, ad which must fight irt. But the non-kids who (Combat) and the 131st Engineer Company dresses his remarks to "The Crisis in detest the kids-and the polls show that they (Light Equipment). Today, these two Engi Health Care." constitute a large majority of the popula neer National Guard units are back in the Mr. Meany points out that the unions tion-are sincere too. States, with a proud record of nation-build- are interested in three things: 36280 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 First. To prevent unnecessary illness. our GNP for health care than any other labor movement fought to bring hospl:tal Second. To have the best possible treat country in the world. workers under the minimum wage and we Now let's see how our health record com are proud of tit. Our unions have fought to ment for workers, their families, and all pares with these other countries. There are get wage increases and better conditions for Americans. certain figures that are usually cited to make hospital workers and we are proud of that Third. To keep the cost of medical care this comparison and, frankly, we don't look too. at a reasonable level so that people are too good. Let me cite a few of these figures. Hospital workers were--and all too of·ten not denied needed care simply because In infant mortality in 1950 the U.S. was still are--among the lowest paid and most they cannot afford it. the sixth ranking country in the world. By exploited workers in America. In fact, be He goes on to examine how well we 1960 we had fallen to 11th and, according to fore they were covered under the Fair Labor are meeting these objectives. He points the latest figures, we have dropped to 18th. Standards Act, over half of the 1.8 million out that while we spend a larger per Now let's look at how long people live. hospital employees were getting less than From 19·59 to 1965, the latest date for which $1.25 an hour. Even now, after substantial centage of our gross national product for we have data, we dropped from 13th to 22nd wage increases, their wages stlll lag consider health care-nearly 7 percent--in 1960 place in life expectancy at birth for males. ably behind other workers. we had fallen from the sixth ranking Women did a little better. Their life ex So we have no apologies for what the labor country to the 11th and according to the pectancy, as compared with other countries, movement has done to increase the wages latest figures, we have dropped to 18th dropped from 7th to 10th place. and better the working conditions of hos in infant mortality. Our life expectancy So, as compared with other countries, our pital workers. record is getting worse instead of better. Yet has also dropped considerably which we are devoting to health care more money But the fact is that rising wages of hos would indicate that "our record is get and a larger proportion of our resources than pital workers have not been the main reason ting worse instead of better." any other country. for rising hospital costs. Again the American Mr. Meany believes the solution to pro And this is something which bothers us Hospital Associatlon is the source of my information. viding good medical care at a reasonable in the AFL-CIO. We don't like the idea of cost is through a national health insur paying a tremendous amount of money for From 1963 to 1968, the daily expense of so less than adequate health care. called community hospitals went up by 59 ance program. This is a position which percent. During the same five-year period, the labor movement has promoted for When union people have a problem, they try to deal with it through the best mecha the average annual salary of employees in several years. nism we in the labor movement have. I am those hospitals went up only 35 percent. So Mr. Speaker, I think this speech ex referring, of course, to collective bargain the wages were rising at only a little more plains the union position on health care ing. For twenty years or more now, we have than half as fast as the total costs of the and its reason for such a position. I am been trying to meet the health care needs of hospitals. inserting it in the RECORD: our members through negotiated health and We must look to other explanations for the tremendous increase in hospital rates. THE CRISIS IN HEALTH CARE welfare plans. Some unions have done very well-but many have not. Hospital bills are now largely paid by so I want to congratulate President Abel and In fact, many unions have found that they called "third parties"-private organizations the Officers of the Industrial Union Depart have been on some sort of treadmlll. Most of such as Blue Cross and the insurance com ment for convening this conference on "The you at this conference know only too well panies and government programs such as Crisis in Health Care." This meeting, along what hal> been happening. Just as fast as we Medicare and Medicaid. They are called with the recent IUD meeting on Occupa could negotiate money to provide more and "third parties" because they are a fiscal agent tional Safety and Health, shows that this better health services for our members, the between the actual consumers of medical Department is vita.lly concerned with the doctors raised their fees and the hospita.Js care and the providers. well-being of workers in some of the most boosted their charges. These third party organizations generally important ,aspects of their lives. That meant that our members were still pay the hospitals on the cost-plus basis that This question of the health of our mem paying, after we had negotiated for more we remember from World War II. The hos bers and their families is something the health care funds, just as much or even pitals figure out what their costs are and labor movement has been concerned with for more out of their own pockets as they had then they are paid something over that. You a long time. before. can see that under this cost-plus system, the We are not doctors and we don't pretend Thus, in health care, we have had a very hospitals haven't the slightest incentive to to be. We are perfectly willing to leave the unusual situation which we don't like at all. increase their efficiency or to hold down their treatment of illness to the members of the When we negotiate in collective bargaining, costs. medical profession. That's their business. the result is ordinarily to make our members That's what they are trained to d<>-for long Most doctors are paid on another basis better off. That's the basic purpose ot collec which isn't good from the consumer's view years and usually at considerable expense. tive bargaining-to improve the conditions While we think that medical treatment is point either. This is the fee-for-service sys of workers. tem. Under this system the doctor gets a cer the doctor's business, the health of Ameri Now, what's been happening in our nego cans is the nation's business. And, more tain amount for every office visit or other tiations related to health care? We have had type of treatment. This is a piece-rate sys specifically, the health of workers is a major a pretty good record in collective bargain concern of the trade union movement. tem in which the doctor determines the num ing of getting more money for health care. ber of pieces of service as well as the price per Now there's a very simple reason why we But instead of making our members and in the labor movement are interested in piece. their families better off through more com "Now we have no objection to peopie mak health care. We are interested in health care prehensive health services, we have simply because our members and their families get ing a decent lncome--Ooctors or anyqne else. sick and they have to pay to stay well, or to been making more money for doctors. How could we object? It is the very purpose get well when they become sick. Our members are being priced out of the of the labor movement to try to obtain de We are mainly interested in three things: medical care market by the sky-high, ever cent incomes for as many people as possible. 1. To prevent unnecessary illness. mounting charges of doctors, hospitals and So we think that doctors deserve to get an 2. To have the best possi,ble treatment for other providers of medical care. adequate income commensurate with their workers and their families-and for all Look at what has been happening. Medical talents and their services. Americans for that ma.tter-when they are costs have been going up faster than any But we think there is something indecent sick so that they will recover quickly and other item in the Consumer Price Index. about a small group of people making a lot completely. You all know that the cost of a visit to a of money out of the misery of other people. 3. To keep the cost of medical care at a doctor has doubled, and even tripled in many And I am afraid that is what ls happening reasonable level so that people are not denied cases, in the past few years. in America today. Thts indefensible escala needed care simply because they can't afford Hospital care is the most expensive medical tion of medical costs is depriving milli011S of it. . care. That's why it costs a lot less money to Americans of the health care they need. Now let's see how well we have been doing prevent illness or to treat it before it be This profiteering by the providers of medi in meeting these simple objectives. comes serious than to have to cure the cal care has had its worst effects in Medicare One way of analyzing how America has patient after he gets into a hospital. and Medicaid. Labor fought hard for the es been doing in health care ls to compare its Hospital charges have been rising so fast tablishment of these two programs. Although record in recent years with the record of that it's hard to even keep track of them. they are someV'{hat different, they both have other advanced industrial countries. Daily hospital rates have been soaring at 15 a single goal-to provide needed medical care You will often hear it said that the United percent or more a year. According to the to people who cannot afford to pay for it States has the best medical care in the world. American Hospital Association, which cer themselves. Well, we ought to have the best because we tainly ought to know, hospital charges will But what has been happening? Some doc are paying the most for it. soon average $100 a day. They are already tors and other health practitioners have We are now paying more than $60 billion a at that figure in some of the better hospitals pounced on these programs as if they had year for health care. That ls nearly 7 percent in large metropolitan areas. been legislated as get-rich-schemes for the of our Gross National Product. It ls, of Some people try to blame increased hos medical profession. And instead of controls course, a lot of money in actual dollars. But pital costs on the rise in wages of hospital being placed on fees and charges paid under we are also spend·lng a large percentage of employees. Let me tell you something. The these programs, the burden has fallen on the December 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF. REMARKS 36281 disadvantaged people the programs were issue had not been in the public eye for more ball and baseball teams. In Naval School he supposed to help. than a decade. won the heavyweight boxing championship. The monthly premium older people must The AFL-CIO is convinced that with na From Culver he went on to the University pay under Medicare has gone from $3 at the tional health insurance, Americans would of Michigan where he became the fifth man start of the program to $4 and next year it have the best health care in the world. The to win nine varsity letters. He played fullback will be over $5 a month for a single person American people deserve no less. We will do on Harry Kipke's football squad, guall"d in and more than $10 for an elderly couple. everything we can to obtain enactment of na basketball and first base and catcher in The response to soaring Medicaid costs has tional health insurance at the earliest pos baseball. While he was on the football team, been to remove poor people from eligibility sible date. Michigan won two Big Ten championships. altogether and for those still covered to cut And conferences like this will do much to After graduaition, Oliver returned to Culver back on services. help bring that day nearer. to coach. His long career was interrupted Yet before Medicaid and Medicare, doctors only by World War II during which he served were either getting nothing at all or reduced four years and left as an Army major. fees from their patients now covered by these Oliver's football coaching years, in particu programs. OLIVER FIELD DEDICATED AT lar, were marked with innovations. As early Well, what are we going to do about this CULVER MILITARY ACADEMY as 1947, Culver was using the double pass situation? Is there an answer? Can we get before any other high school had thought of good medical care for all Americans at a rea it. "The Oliver Twist"-a Wild offense in sonable cost? HON. BIRCH BAYH cluding all kinds of laterals, quadruple passes There is an answer. It ls one the labor OF INDIANA and fakes-was a famous play for Culver in movement has advanced for many years, but IN THE SENA TE OF THE UNITED STATES 1952. we are more determined to achieve it today Oliver had a hand in three of Culver's five than ever before. Monday, December 1, 1969 undefeated football seasons-in 1930 when That answer is national health insurance, Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, during im he was a player on coach Bob Peck's team a program that would provide comprehensive -and in 1936 and 1958 when he himself was health care for every American. · pressive ceremonies at its homecoming coaching. This comprehensive health care would in football game this fall, Culver Military Oliver also played for Culver in a famous clude every kind of treatment that is neces Academy in Indiana honored its long game with St. John's in 1930 in Chicago's sary to maintain or restore good health. I'm time head coach, Russell Oliver, by nam Soldier Field. Culver cadets whipped the Wis talking about preventive services, all types of ing its gridiron "Oliver Field." An out consin school 19-0 in that charity game. physicians' services, hospital and nursing standing athlete in his own right, not And this homecoming Coach Dave Nelson's home care, home health services, rehabilita only in his prep years but also as one of Eagles did it again--49 to ~n "Russ Oliver tion-in fact, the whole spectrum of health the few nine-letter men in the history of Day." Besides the plaque to be installed on care. the field, Oliver's boys presented him and his It would be financed like Social Security, the University of Michigan, Russ Oliver wife Myra with a color television set, an on social insurance principles but with a gov achieved a remarkable record at Culver electric golf cart and an all-expenses-paid ernment contribution, as we are now advo as a winning coach for nearly three dec vacation to Hawaii. cating for Social Security itself. Since we ades in all major sports. At a testimonial banquet that evening, think that every American is entitled to de But it is not only because of athletic Russ Oliver paid tribute to the coaches who cent health care, the poor should be exempt ability qr coaching success that this hrud. influenced his life--including one of his from any payment but should be eligible for recognition was accorded Russ Oliver. He predecessors at Culver, Bob Peck, who was the same service as anyone else. recently named to Sports Illustrated's All Doctors would continue to practice medi has earned the respect and admiration Century Team, the best 11 players in the cine without any interference. But we would of thousands of students, alumni, and first 100 years of college football. expect the national health insurance system faculty with whom he has associated to encourage the highest quality of medical through the years because of qualities of care, improvements in the efficiency of its character, leadership, and -devotion to delivery and effective controls on its cost. duty. Their attitude toward this re RESOLUTION FROM THE CITY OF For example, this would mean stimulating markable man is well-expressed in the WINTER PARK, FLA. the development of prepaid group practice following sentence which is inscribed on plans such as Kaiser Permanente, the Health Insurance Plan Of New York and the Group the plaque dedicating Oliver Field: Health Association here in Washington. I An ingenious coach, a fierce competitor, a HON. LOUIS FREY, JR. know you will be discussing these plans at demanding teacher-a friend and inspiration OF FLORIDA your conference. I will only say now that we for the one thousand Culver boys who grew to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have been impressed by their record of high men under his guidance. Monday, December 1, 1969 quality health care at lower costs than the Mr. President, as a further tribute to usual fee-for-service arrangement of doctors Mr. FREY. Mr. Speaker, under leave in solo practice. That is why the AFL-CIO is the outstanding career of Russell Oliver, cooperating with Group Health Association I ask unanimous consent that a brief ar to extend my remarks in the RECORD, of America in trying to get such plans under ticle from the "Culver in Brief" be I am pleased to present the resolution way in a number of cities across the country. printed in the RECORD. passed by the City Commission of Can we afford National Health Insurance? There being no objection, the article Winter Park, Fla., on November 12, 1969, I say we cannot afford not to have national was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, supporting President Nixon in his efforts health insurance. It is the only system that as follows: to obtain a just and lasting peace in will provide truly adequate heal th care to all Vietnam: Americans. DEDICATION OF OLIVER FIELD HIGHLIGHTS First of all, more people would get health HOMECOMING RESOLUTION No. 967 OF THE CITY OF WINTER care and, in addition, people who today get Russ Oliver's 1000 "boys" honored their PARK OF ORANGE COUNTY, FLA. some care, would get even more care. coach at homecoming by naming the grid Whereas, the United States of America is Our Social Security Department has made iron "Oliver Field." Many of Oliver's former presently engaged in a military conflict in some initial estimates of the cost of national athletes were on hand for the ceremony at Viet Nam that has caused widespread dis health insurance. Even with the increases in half-time of the traditional Culver-St. John's sension among the citizens of this nation, health services under national health insur Military Academy game and for a banquet and ance, we could probably finance the program thait evening. Whereas, the President of the United for no more and probably less than what we Oliver coached Culver football 29 seasons, States has announced his intention to seek are now spending for medical care. achieving a 138-80-2 record. He was head an honorable conclusion to this military con It is no secret that the trade union move basketball mentor 23 seasons and scored 211 flict, and ment is for national health insurance. We wins against 137 losses. As head coach of Whereas, in times past the citizens of this have been saying that for a long time. But baseball 21 seasons he won 105 games and nation have always united when conditions· not so many people know that the majority lost 76. He also served many years as athletic of peril and danger have confronted us, and of the American people are for a national director. Now, therefore, be it resolved by the city health insurance system. Oliver N'28, '31G retired from coaching last commission of the city of Winter Park, In January 1967, the Louis Harris poll year but remains at Culver as full time alumni Florida: asked the question: "Do you favor or oppose secretary. He was one of the Academy's most 1. That the City of Winter Park supports a Federal plan such as Medicare for older outstanding athletes and his skill was once the President of the United States in his en people which would cover all members of described in Grantland Rice's syndicated col deavor to effect an honorable conclusion to your family?" Of the 90 per~ent of respond umn as "about as close to a 'natural' as they the Viet-Namese conflict. ents who had an opinion, a substantial ma come." He was named Culver's best all 2. That the City Commission of the City jority said "yes." This is all the more remark around athlete and most valuable player in of Winter Park urges all of its citizens to able when you consider that at that time the football and he captained both the basket- support the President in his effort to seek 36282 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 19 61J peace and by so doing display to all, our unity FOREIGN NATIONALS NoTE.-There ls attached a list of the in these perilous times. The total of 2,938,388 civillan employees signatories to this letter from both the U.S. Adopted at a regular meeting of the City certified to the Committee by federal agen Senate and the House of Representatives. Commission of the City of Winter Park, held cies in their regular monthly personnel re in City Hall, Winter Park, Florida, this 12th ports includes some foreign nationals em POLITICS DEEP IN OIL IMPORTS day of November, 1969. ployed in U.S. Government activities abroad, (This article on the political implications Of DANIEL M. LUNSEN, but in addition to these there were 111,344 a cabinet-level study of the nation's manda Mayor-Commissioner. foreign national working for U.S. agencies tory oil import control program is one in a Attest: overseas during October who were not series of Plain Dealer reports on the oil in R. s. WATTS, City Clerk. counted in the usual personnel reports. The dustry-its unique federal income tax allow number in September was 112,217. ances and governmental subsidies.) (NoTE.-The monthly report has been dis (By Donald L. Barlett) tributed, but a limited supply is usually WASHINGTON.-The oil industry is dipping FEDERAL CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT, available at the Committee, room 329, Old Senate Office Building.) deep into ilts bag of legendary political tricks OCTOBER 1969 to perpetuate the nation's costly mandatory oil import control program. POLITICS DEEP IN OIL IMPORTS So far the bag has yielded an assortment HON. GEORGE H. MAHON of politicians with vested interests in oil OF TEXAS and oilmen with influence throughout the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. CHARLES A. VANIK federal governmentr-including the White House. Monday, December 1, 1969 OF OHIO The government's import quota policies Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, under leave IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES worth b1llions of dollars annually to oil com Monday, December 1, 1969 panies-are undergoing an extended exam granted earlier today, I include a release ination by a cabinet-level task force. highlighting the October 1969 civilian Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, the Novem The study was ordered last February by personnel report of the Joint Committee ber 23 issue of the Cleveland Plain Dealer President Richard M. Nixon as the result of on Reduction of Federal Expenditures: contains an excellent article by Donald a controversial proposal to establish a for MONTHLY REPORT ON FEDERAL PERSONNEL AND L. Barlett entitled "Politics Deep in Oil eign trade zone at Machiasport, Maine. PAY FOR OCTOBER 1969 Now, nine months later, with the political Imports." The article describes the pres implications looining ever larger, the task Executive agencies of the Federal Govern sures and often hidden influences at work force nearing a decision on its recommenda ment reported civilian employment in the to protect oil profits and to maintain the tions, Nixon ls locked into the bitter intra month of October totaling 2,938,388. This oil imPort program. Under particular industry dispute over imports. was a net decrease of 19,998 as compared On one side are long-time friends of the with employment reported in the preceding pressure is the Oil Import Task Force, President who are either oilmen or have ties month of September. which is reviewing this oil subsidy pro gram that yearly costs the American to the industry. Civilian employment reported by the exec On the other side is the silent majority and utive agencies of the Federal Government, consumer about $7 billion. reform-Ininded congressmen, who earlier by months in fiscal year 1970, which began I would like to include in the RECORD this year spurred the House of Representa July 1, 1969 follows : at this point a letter which Congressman tives into passing legislation overhauling the SrL vro CONTE and I, as well as 90 others, federal income tax laws. Month Employment Increase Decrease have sent to the Oil Import Task Force Creation of a foreign trade zone . at urging a strong public and consumer Machiaisport would enable a company to im 1969 : interest report by the task force. In addi port cheap foreign crude oil without the July ______3, 062, 319 9,276 ------tion, I would like to include Mr. Barlett's usual quota restrictions, refine it and sell August______-- --- 3, 028, 521 ------33, 798 it at prices below those of competitors using September ______2, 958, 386 ------70, 135 article from the Plain Dealer: October ______more expensive domestic crude. 2, 938, 388 ------19, 998 NOVEMBER 19, 1969. The quota program, which limits the Hon. GEORGE P. SHULTZ, amount of foreign oil that may be brought Total federal employment in civilian agen Chairman, Task Force on Oil Import Control, into the country, costs the American con cies for the month of October was 1,653,141, Washington, D.C. sumer from $4 to $7.2 bilUon a year in high a decrease of 8,847 as compared with the DEAR MR. SECRETARY: As your distinguished er prices on oil and gas products. September total of 1,661,988. Total civilian Task Force nears the time for completion Of Import quotas, when coupled with the employment in the military agencies in Oc its report to the President, we wa.rut you to 27¥2 % depletion allowance, production pay tober was 1,285,247, a decrease of 11,151 as know that we, and the millions of American ments and an array of other subsidies and compared with 1,296,398 in September. consumers we represent, are deeply comim.it loopholes, provide oil compani·es with multl Civilian agencies reporting the largest de ted to the position that the oi.l quota system mlllion dollar profits each year that are tax creases were Agriculture Department with should be su1bstantlally liberalized if not free. 4,408, Department of Health, Education and abolished. Nixon's task force is taking a broad look Welfare with 3,161, Treasury Department This is not the time to reiterate the rea at the quota system-focusing particular at with 1,985 and Interior Department with sons why reform must come. We are satisfied tention on foreign trade zones and MachiM 1,101. Commerce Dept. reported a net in that your Task Force has more than a.mple portr-to determine what changes, if any, crease of 2,393, due to build up in temporary evidence in support of our position. should be made in the 10-year-old program. decennial census employment. Our purpose here is simply to remind you The interwoven interests of oilmen and In the Department of Defense the largest that, in addition to the logical and historical politicians involved in the task force inquiry decreases in civilian employment were re evidence aga,inst the present system, there is offer a classic tex.tbook study of the politics ported by the Army with 4,282, Navy with nationwide populrur demand for this change. of oil, a Plain Dealer investigation has dis 4,019 and Air Force with 2,404. There has reportedly been of la;te a con closed. Total employment inside the United States centraited effort on the part of major oil com For example: panies Mld their representatives to pen;uade in October was 2,692,600, a decrease of 17,540 Item. Before taking office, Nixon and his as compared with September. Total employ you to support the status quo. Wh!lle these advocates are certainly entitled law fl.rm, Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alex ment outside the United States in October ander and Mitchell, represented one of the was 245,788, a decrease of 2,458 as compared to be hea.rd, we want to be sure you know tha.t the millions Of American consumers we principals in the Machiasport affair, John with September. Industrial employment by M. Shaheen, a weal thy oil promoter and federal agencies in October was 578,204, a represent are no longer willing to pay the artificially high prices impos·ed upon them president of Shaheen Natural Resources Co., decrease of 7,418 as compared with Septem Inc. of New York. ber. by this system, particularly since this high oos:t is imposed upon them without the usual Any decision the President makes on fu These figures are from reports certified ture import quota policies will affect Sha by the agencies as compiled by the Joint budgetary review. We are oonfident that you wUl hear their heen's companies. Committee on Reduction of Federal Expendi Shaheen, who also ls president and tures. V'Oloes and hopeful that we can all look for. ward to a rational national oil policy. chief executive officer of Macmillian Rlng FULL-TIME PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT Sincerely, Free Oil Co., Inc., is a personal friend of The total of 2,938,388 civilian employees EDWARD W. BROOKE, the President. reported for the month of October 1969 in U.S. Senate. He was a Republican Party fund raiser cludes 2,620,337 full-time employees in per WILLIAM PRoxMmE, in 1968 and, according to congressional rec manent positions. This represents a decrease U.S. Senate. ords, contributed at least $13,000 to Nix of 12,949 in full-time permanent employment SILVIO 0. CONTE, on's campaign. from the preceding month of September. Member of Congress. Item. U.S. Commerce Secretary Maurice H. These figures are shown in the appendix (p. CHARLES A. VANIK, Stans is a member of the oil import task 17) of the accompanying report. Member of Congress. force and also heads a three-member board December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36283 that must approve applications for foreign met with the task force representatives, unless the interior department granted one trade zones. Michael L. Haider chatted privately with to another company. The Plain Dealer revealed last July that Nixon. When the cabinet task force inquiry was Stans-another Republican fund raiser and Haider is the retired chairman and chief well underway, Atlantic Richfield said it was Nixon friend-was involved in various oil executive officer of Standard Oil Oo. (New studying the possibility of building a 100,000- dealings that date back to the early 1950s. Jersey) , the world's largest and most . power barrel-a-day refinery at Machiasport--with From 1963 until his appointment as Com ful oil company. out seeking either a trade zone or import merce secretary last January, Stans was a He observed that Nixon had a good grasp license. stockholder and director of the Fluor Corp., of the mandatory oil import control pro The entry of Shaheen and Atlantic Rich a California contraotor that builds refiner gram. Haider said that he was confident the field into the great Machiasport refinery race ies and services American oil companies task force study would be favorable to the added a new dimension to the import dis around the world. · oil industry. pute-and another layer of interlocking oil Two weeks ago, the Fluor Corp. pleaded None of this is to say that payoffs--either and political interests. guilty in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles direct or indirect--have been made to per For example: and was fined $10,000 for making illegal po sons associated with the task force or the Atlantic Richfield says it does not need a litical campaign contributions in 1964 and Machiasport project. special import license because it would proc 1966. But the web of intricate interrelationships ess crude oil from the company's vast new The company's contributions totailed $30,- suggests a built-in prejudice in favor of the Prudhoe Bay field in Alaska. 000 with $25,000 going to an unnamed pres oil industry and guarantees a sympathetic Hickel, one of the task force members, was idential aspirant in 1964. hearing for oilmen and their political allies. governor of Alaska until last January and The other $5,000 went to congressional The group with the most at stake, the tax has strong ties to the state. He played a major candidates in Georgia, Texas and California payer and consumer who foots the bill, has role in attracting industry to Alaska. in 1966. little or no voice in the matter. An Occidental refinery at Machiasport The Federal Corrupt Practices Act bars The situation is not unique. Over the could give the company a competitive edge political contributions by corporations and years the petroleum industry has had easy in some markets over a Shaheen refinery al labor unions in federal elections. access to . Washington politicians andJ key ready under construction at Come-by Item. Walter J. Rickel, a Republican, also federal officeholders, many of whom have haid Chance, Newfoundland, Shaheen worked out is a member of the six-man oil impor"t tas·k personal oil holdings. an agreement, described as "a sweet deal,'' force and as U.S. secretary of the Interior Congressiional critics say this interming by his Canadian critics, to build and operate is responsible for allocating import quotas to ling of oil and political interests has pro oil companies. the Newfoundland refinery-along with a duced the preferred federal income tax petrochemical and pulp and paper mill com A decision by the task for<:e t.o siharp•ly status of the industry. plex-after a bitter political battle in increase quotas or phase them out could slow The Plain Dealer. learned that before the down Alaska's oil boom. Canada. governors of Texas, Wyoming, Illinois and Shaheen's lawyer for the project was Nixon. Similarly, a recommendation to continue Kansas met with task force personnel, they the present system or reduce quotas would When oilmen Haider and Ikard asked the huddled with Frank Ikard. President for a review of the mandatory oil insure further development of the state's oil A former Texas congressman, Ikard., 1s industry. import control program, they referred spe president of the American Petroleum Insti cifically to foreign trade zones. Hickel's oil holdings were valued at about tute (API), the chief lobbying and infor $1 million when he was appointed Interior In their memorandum to Burns, they cited mation arm of the petroleum industry. 10 subject areas for the task force to ex secretary. While governor of Alaska, he was Haider, the former Standard Oil Oo. chief linked closely t.o oilmen in thait state and amine, including "foreign trade zones as a executive, is chairman of the API board. device to secure privileged quotas." speculated in on and gas leases. The separate White House meetings of the Six months after taking office, HickeJ. sold The API spokesmen, in an indirect refer governors and Haider brought the oil im ence to the pending trade zone application his oil stocks at a substantial profit. port study full circle. Item. Robert 0. Anderson, Republican, is for Machiasport, declared: chairman of the board and chief executive For it was Haider and Ikard who last "Due to the obvious security, economic and officer of Atlantic Richfield Co., another com F'ebruary urged Nixon to appoint a cabinet political implications of the program, it is pany that figures prominently in th.e level oommittee to study and reevaluate the critical that a review be undertaken immedi Machiasport controversy. quota system. ately before further changes or exceptions Atlantic Richfield says it is studying the They made the recommendation in a five are made." possibility of building a refinery at Ma page memorandium to Dr. Arthur F. Burns, fl'or more than six months now, the task chiasport--but it doesn't want a foreign traide an economist and special counselor to the force staff, headed by Phillip Areeda, a mem zone. President. ber of the Harvard University Law School Anderson was a major contributor t.o A cover letter was signed by Ikard and faculty, has been assembling data on the Nixon's presidential campaign and generally dated Feb. 5. Two weeks later, on Feb. 20, quota system. is credited with having r·ecommended Hickel Nixon ordered a "full review" of oil import Oil companies, public officials and special t.o the president for the interior department policies. interest groups have submitted to the panel post. The request for the study came as pres scores of reports outlining their arguments Item. Occidental Petroleum Corp. of Los sure began t.o mount on the Nixon adminis for retaining, modifying or abandoning the Angeles, heaided by Dr. Armand Hammer, tration to approve Occidental Petroleum quota program. advanced the Machiasport foreign trade zone Corp's plan for a foreign trade zone at As the material started pouring in, con proposal last year. Machiasport. gressional oil experts told The Plain Dealer, Occidental wants the tra SCHOOL INTEGRATION HAS ITS LIMITS right of whites to move out. Enrollment in stated U.S. government sihare is 60 percent. The futility of court decrees and adminis the public schools of Washington, D.C., be But it never quite works out that way and tratlve plans for racially balanced public fore the Supreme court's 1954 decision was farmers usually end up paying aboUJt half the schools in cities with large concentrations only 40 per cent black; now it is 95 per cent. cost. For some projects, farmers are quick to of Negroes has been demonstrated by ex Drastic measures to integrate the schools of see the benefits to their business and glad to perience. Accumulating evidence to this effect Chicago could produce the same results. pay a 50-percent share. Other worthy proj includes the board of education's 1969 racial ects go begging because farmers oan scarcely headcount of students in the Chicago pub be expected to spend hard-earned cash if the lic schools. main benetl.ci·aries are several hundred thou Residential movements in Chicago, as WHO SHOULD PAY FOR sand guys downstream. shown by the 1969 and previous headcounts, CONSERVATION What's needed is a rebirth of the soil con tend to integrate all-white schools and then servation fervor of 25 years ago, along with resegregate them as all-black schools in a recognition of this new reality: farmers have few years. HON. DURWARD G. HALL relatively less to gain now, so they should Chicago's public school enrollment of 580,- OF MISSOURI bear a relatively smaller share Of the coot of 292 is 53.9 per cent black, 41 per cent white, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES soil conservation. A cost-sharing formula 4.3 per cent Puerto Rican, and 0.8 per cent that doesn't take this into account isn't others. In 1968, the black enrollment was Monday, December 1, 1969 likely to solve the problem of muddy waters 52.9 and the white was 42.2 per cent. Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, at various in our rivers and streams. Theoretically, this racial division would times during the past few years, I have permit city-wide integration according to the board's definition of an integrated school, one presented to the House of Representa with between 10 and 90 per cent enrollment tives Committee on Agriculture, a pro CITY OF SANTA FE SPRINGS-BEST for each race. Actually, in spite of the board's posal designed to elevate the economy of SISTER CITY AWARD integration efforts, only 10.3 per cent of the this Nation's farmer, while at the same city's black elementary school pupils and 26.9 time, doing much toward giving him more per cent of its black high school students freedom in running his own farm opera HON. CHET HOLIFIELD are enrolled in schools defined as integrated. tion. OF CALIFORNIA Thus Chicago's schools are more segregated The proposal called, the cropland and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES than those of the south as a whole. The best water restoration bill, has as one of its available estimate is that thruout the south Monday, December 1, 1969 this year between 30 and 40 per cent of the key features the proper care and man Negro students attend formerly all-white agement of our precious topsoil. · Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Speaker, it gives schools. A recent article, "Who Should Pay for me great pleasure to call the attention of In the south, of course, the schools were Conservation?" which appeared in a my colleagues to the splendid achieve segregated by state laws, which the United magazine c·alled The Furrow, details in ments of the officials and citizens of States Supreme court declared unconstitu a most interesting way, some of the prob one of the cities in the 19th Congres tional in 1954, whereas Chicago's "de facto" segregation is the result of housing patterns. lems caused by poor soil management. sional District of California, which I am The federal government, however, has suits The article follows : proud to represent. I am speaking of the pending in half a dozen northern cities to WHO SHOULD PAY FOR CONSERVATION? city of Santa Fe Springs which has won end de facto segregation, and the govern Soil erosion i1s bad for farmers, but with the Reader's Digest, Foundation Award ment's position has been upheld by federal modern fertilizers it's not the horror it used for the best single sister city project for District Judge Julius J. Hoffman in an order to be. Rich, black dirt is still precious but no a city under 25,000 population in the for the integration of schools in district 151, longer priceless on much of North Arne'l'ica's United States, 2 years in a row. comprising most of Phoenix and South Hol deep-soil fa.rnnla.nd. At the same time, from In 1968, as a result of the vigor and land and part of Harvey. the standpoint of the popula.tion in general, cooperation of its officials and citizens, Judge Hoffman held that segregation, re soil erosion is becoming ever more serious gardless of its cause, has the effect of stigma and costly. - · Santa Fe Springs was awarded a prize tizing Negro pupils and retarding their edu Sedimentaition of rivers is a problem that for the donation of a badly needed fire cation, a conclusion that is disputed by many will worsen even if levels Of sediment don't truck and fire hose to its sister city, Nav competent authorities, including Negro edu increase. That's because Of ever-greater and ojoa, Sonora, Mexico. cators. Hoffman ordered district 151 to re more-intense use Of our avaHa.ble water. The In 1969, Santa Fe Springs was award structure its grade organization and to bus cost of muddy water is already staggering. It ed the prize for the previous year's work about 55 per cent of its total enrollment to includes direct ciash outlays Of $250 million in designing and building the interna achieve racial balance. per year in the U.S. to dredge harbors, lakes, District 151 has appealed from this deci and rivers. Every year silt displaces about a tional trophy winning float for the 1969 sion to the 7th United States Circuit Court of million acre-feet of storage space ~ n reser Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade. Appeals, which ruled in a similar case in voirs-space that costs at least $100 per aore This float, requiring many long hours of volving the schools of Gary, Ind., in 1963, foot to build. Add to this the cost of remov planning and work, was in· honor of the that nothing in the Supreme court's decisions ing silt from water for municipal and city of Santa Fe Springs' sister city, or the Constitution itself requires racial mix industri:al use and you get an idea of the Mersin, Turkey. This float, based upon ing. The appellate court held that the Con cash price everybody pays fOi" dirty water. the theme, "Hands Across the Sea,'' stitution "does not require integration, it But there's more: many soils contain dura merely forbids racial discrimination," and the ble pesticides that cling to soil particles. As viewed by millions of people on television, Supreme court refused to review the case. soil erodes ~ese enter int-0 streams, rivers, was an admirable action helping to ce On Oct. 29, in a case involving 33 school and l1akes, polluting the waters. Perhaps the ment the bonds of international friend districts in Mississtppi, the Supreme court biggest cost of dirty waiter is the immeasura ship. sa1.d "the obligation of every school district ble loss of aesthetic value in terms of natural I would like to have the text of the ls to terminate the dual school systems at beauty, fish, fowl, and wild.life. Santa Fe Springs award submittal print once and to operate now and hereafter only When soil erodes everybody loses, and when ed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: unitary schools." The court has not said, soil stays on t-h.e farm everybody gains. This however, whether de :racto segregation is a is a key point because it appears that farmers 1969 READER'S DIGEST AWARD SUBMITTAL dual or a unitary system, or what if anything are now expected to pay more than their As part of the Santa Fe Springs Sister City can be done about it. share Of the cost Of preventing siltation of Committee objective of planning and con In its 1954 decision, the Supreme Court waters. ducting projects which wm foster mutual held that segregation by law denies Negro Under modern farming systems (which are understanding and goodwill not only between children the "equal protection of the laws" necessary if we are to feed ourselves), some our citizens and those of our sister cities but in violation of the 14th amendment. But de erosion is inevitable. This loss can be greatly between people of all the world, the Santa facto segregation is a result of the facts of reduced, however, through such practices as Fe Springs Sister City Committee undertook, life, not of the laws. Racial discrimination is strip cropping, contour plowing, and main in conjunction with the City of Mersin, Tur unconstitutional, under the Supreme court's taining year-round cover, along with use Of key, the Honorable Talat Kulay, Consul ruling but it does not follow that racial inte grassed waterways, terraces, water channels, General of Turkey, and members of the com gration is compulsory or even possible. and check daims to store water. All these cos1t munity to plan and construct a float to be If children are assigned and transported a farmer someth!ng in time, effoct, conven entered in the 1969 Pasadena Tournament of involuntarily to schools far from their homes, ience, and money, and they don't necessarily Roses Parade. · solely on account of their race, black or inorease profit. The para.de, which is viewed by millions of white, they too are denied the equal protec Government funds have lon.g been Used in people around the world, would be, we felt, tion of the laws. A Constitution that is color a cost-sh.airing arrangement t.o stimulate soil an appropriate vehicle for expressing our blind protects not only the right of blacks conservation. Por certain erosion-control regard not only for our Sister City of Mersin, to move into a neighborhooct but also the proottces in the "preferred" ciategory, the but for the entire Siste·r City program. It was December 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36291 our hope that this float would help us ex They have accused Mr. Agnew of every These are facts which frighten every Viet press to these millions of people the bonds thing from McCarthyism to Fascism. They namese official with whom I discussed them, of friendship which can be developed through have screamed about a coming age of cen yet U.S. counterparts meet all questions with a Sister City affiliation. sorship, when there is clearly no evidence bland non-answers. During 1968 many long nights were spent of such a threat. And most inexplicably, "We have a total economic assistance pro in conjunction with the Consul General of they were taken totally by surprise by the gram of $476 million here this year." Turkey, the Santa Fe Springs Sister City Vice President's criticism of_ them. They How much of this is being used for post Committee, and members of the community cannot believe that anyone would have the war planning? who compose the Santa Fe Springs Rose Float nerve to strike back at them in their ivory "We don't have the exact figures, but it's Association, in planning this award-winning towers. in the works." entry. After overcoming many obstacles and But why should they be surprised? Their (The South Vietnamese Laibor Ministry says pitfalls the committee was able to success unbridled and irresponsible attacks on Mr. none of our economic assistance in going into fully, steadily, and rapidly progress in plan Agnew, laced with dripping innuendos and postwar planning.) ning and designing the float. slurs against his personality, have been con Donald MacDonald, head of USAID in Sai Early in the planning stages the theme tinuing daily since Mr. Agnew was first gon, finally tried to divert these questions "Hands Across the Sea" was decided upon. nominated for Vice President. If they by admitting, "We've made a bare beginning." From that point the float seemed to logically thought he would take it all lying down, He argued that I was trying to get "the com grow into an expressive form. they knew even less about him than their plete script from a book with missing chap After many months of planning and hard comments have indicated. - ters." work, 'the laborious efforts of the citizens of The Vice President has nothing to lose. He estimated a 15 percent annual turn Santa Fe Springs and others, including the He knows· the attacks of the liberal estab over of South Vietnnamese em.ployed by the Consul General and the Turkish-American lishment could scarcely be any worse with U.S., saying most of those who ieave are Club, which formed part of our liaison with out becoming hysterical. What Agnew has going into private industry. He added: Mersin, culminated on January 1, 1969, when done is to articulately undermine these at "We're replacing third-country nationals our float was entered in the parade. Work tacks and identify therr_ for what they are. with Vietnamese wherever possible." progressed up until the very final moment Now when the cemmentators and column How many people are involved in this prior to the starting of the parade due to ists direct their all-knowing diatribes, from decision? the many delicate flowers utilized in the their Buddha-like seats on high, they run "We don't have the exac•t figures, but it's construction. the ris'k of proving the truth of' what their in the works." Our float won the coveted International favorite whipping boy has said about them. Is a job placement program being de Trophy at the Pasadena Tournament of The press, in fact, is way out on a limb veloped? Roses Association. This trophy has never be and Agnew has the saw. They have been so "That's being worked out with the Min fore been won by a city of our size. His irresponsible that they can neither retreat istry of Laibor." torically, it has gone to cities in the popu or intensify, without danger. To be sure, STALLED lation category of Mexico City which has a they have regurgitated his comments and The Ministry of Labor says such a pro pop.ulation of 7 million. tried to us•e them against him, but it is he, gram has been discussed with U .s. experts, I commend Mayor Betty Wilson and the not they, who has the public's ear. but it''S stalled by lack of Vietnamese oadre. officials and citizens of the All American City In a Democratic society, an informed pub MAcDoNALD: "You understand that the of Santa Fe Springs on their outstanding lic is of the utmost importance. For several requirements for farm labor will absorb part accomplishment. years the press has ignored its responsib111ty of the unemployment." to that public, by !ndulging itself in a more What percentage of the unemployed will and more irrelevant dis•cussion of the na be moved onto the farms? · tional situation. Now there is a spokesman "We don't have the exiact figures, but ... VICE PRESIDENT'S COMMENTS ON to point this out and the members of the etc." THE NEWS MEDIA national press who have so bitterly at What about plans for vocational training tacked him, having thrown their best blows, and retraining of workers made jobless by have only impotent defense against his a U.S. withdrawal? HON. J. GLENN BEALL, JR. counter punches. It's time the press paid "We've helped build some damn fine schools OF MARYLAND its bill and took its medicine. in Vietnam." Is there a specific job-retraining program IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sufficient to take oare of massive unemploy Monday, December 1, 1969 ment? "It's in the pipeline." Mr. BEALL of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, LAND REFORM IN SOUTH VIETNAM How many people could you accommodate? one of my constitutents sent me the edi "We don't have the ... etc." torial, reprinted below, from the Central HON. FLOYD V. HICKS The truth is that our planning program Maryland News of November 27, 1969. It to fill the vacuum sure to be created by comments on the two recent speeches OF WASHINGTON U.S. withdrawal runs the full . gamut from made by the Vice President wherein he IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A to B. When USAID asked $240 million from Monday, December 1, 1969 Congress to finance imports for this fiscal commented on the news media. I think year, it did not assume withdrawal. it is certainly interesting that many Mr. HICKS. Mr. Speaker, the follow In the present mood of Oongress, no more members of the news media have looked ing is a report on South Vietnam written than $180 million may be provided. Viet closely at the Vice President's statements by Mr. Frank Herbert as a part of a namese officials say none of the funds thus and find value in them. I recommend to series on the subject in the Seattle Post generated are earmarked for planning to my colleagues ·this perceptive commen Intelligencer. soften the effect of U.S. withdrawal. tary: The U.S. military is spending some $30 AGNEW HAS THE SAW . . . VIETNAM-PuLLOUT '\l\i'ILL HURT b1111on a year in Vietnam. The hysterical reactions of the press to (By Frank Herbert) Pressed rubout inconsistencies in his plan Vice President Agnew's recent speeches deal Despite the high probability that political ning story, MrucDonald finally brought up the ing with unfair and one-sided news coverage pressures at home will force a heavy with Lilienthal report which he called "our major is the clearest indication of the correctness drawal of United States military from Viet p1anning effort to insure there will be no of his charges. nam over the next 18 months, there is vir economic shock." There are literally millions of Americans tually no planning to ease there the eco This refers to the Joint Development who sit by in silence day after day watching nomic shock certain to follow such a move. Group, a planning team hired by the Saigon the press conduct a national dialogue which More than 500,000 South Vietnamese de government to plot post-war development for is not only totally out of contact with their pend tod·ay on income from the U.S. inter South Vietnam. It was headed my :Qavid E. points of view, but which also bears little re national development mission (USAID), a Lilienthal, former chief of the Tennessee lation to the realities of the American social fact admitted by top officials in Saigon. Valley Authority. and political situation. At least for those mil These same officials, however, say they can LEVEES lions there is now an articulate spokesm:an. see no serious economic or job displacement The team came up with a plan whose chief The national networks and many of the attending U.S. withdrnwal. aspect is a massive levee system for the nation's largest news chains have not only We have shipped more than $800 million a Mekong Delta, a project taking ten years rejected out of hand the Vice President's year in commodity imports to buoy the South and costing $2.5 bilUon. call -for badly needed self-analysis, they Vietnamees economy. USAID spends some 300 One of the major arguments in the L111en have evidenced a form of paranoia and col times more for assistance programs in Viet thal report is that South Vietnam needs lective fear which itself indicates how un nam than we spend for similar programs in extensive mechanization of its farm econ qualified they have become to carry out all of Africa. omy. To acooill!Ill.odate t·his, the report does their self-appointed tasks. The dealers in HALVED not want fragmentation of farm lands which criticism cannot stand to be criticized; the Present estimates on withdrawal shock say would be difficult to undo later. analyzerS' cannot tolerate analysis. these figures will be slashed more than half. In effect, this means the L111enthal Report 36292 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 is against land reform, a program which uel Berger, our No. 2 man in the Saigon and part of the final stages of the plan was would parcel South Vietnam's rich farm Embassy, has been at pains to tell many the presentation of the check from the lands into the hands of the tillers. Vietnamese officials that President Nixon Merchants Association. Despite the fa.ct that land reform has said he "hoped" to beat Clark Clifford's There were no comments from the resi proved to be a major political stabilizer troop withdrawal rate (200,000 over the next dents attending the meeting regarding the wherever it· has been applied, Lilenthal hews 18 months), not that he would beat it. bond issue, but there was a round of ap to his report's finding. plause after the presentation of the check. Let's take a good look at this report then The seven companies who submitted bids through the eyes of senior US project en for the bonds were Girard Trust Company gineers. in south Vietnam, men who would PUBLIC PARKING FACILITIES at 5.997 per cent; Yarnall, Biddle and Com have to carry it out. pany, 6.179 per cent; Philadelphia National Every one of these men with whoni I dis Bank, 6.117 per cent; and Cunningham and cussed the report attacked it bitterly, calling HON. EDWARD G. RIESTER, JR. Schmertz 5.918 per cent. it such things as "shoddy" and "ill con The council adopted a resolution approv ceived." Not even MacDonald would defend OF PENNSYLVANIA ing the statement of indebtedness and sum it when !started asking about specific appli IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mary of the borrowing capacity of the bor cations to ease prospective economic shooks. Monday, December 1, 1969 ough; a resolution awarding the bonds; en ATTACKS acted an ordinance increasing the debt of Mr. BIESTER. Mr. Speaker, following the borough by $250,000 for the bond issue The engineers, however, were not hesitant and enacted an ordinance authorizing the in their attacks. They made these points: is an article from the October 21, 1969 There were no basic engineering feasi issue of the Daily Intelligencer, Doyles sale of $2,500 in $100 denomination term town, Pa., which tells how the Doyles bonds. The council also adopted a resolution bility studies to implement the plan. accepting the bid for the printing of the The report envisions a coordinated levee town merchants took the initjative in bonds. system for the entire Mekong Delta with helping the local government provide Negotiations are still under way for the levees of a specific type requiring several much needed park,ing facilities. It is purchase of parking lot sites. They are the kinds of fill, including rock. There were no studies on where this fill noteworthy in this time of increasing de Kolbe property on West State and Hamilton Streets, and the William F. Fretz and Son could be obtained or how it could be trans pendence on the government to see pri ported to the Delta sites. vate citizens take the necessary action to office and warehouse on Hamilton Street and No test bores were made to determine solve a local problem. West Oakland Avenue. the nature of the land on which levees would I would like to oompliment the mer be built. chants of Doylestown and bring this ar Despite the fact that every village in the tjcle to the attention of my colleagues: plan area is built on the bank of a canal HIGHWAY TRAGEDIES or river, no factors were introduced on cost To ACQUmE PARKING FACILITY·-BOND or means of relocating these villages. Bms RECEIVED This could be an extremely costly and time (By Judy MCOainn) HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY consuming effect because it would encounter The Doylestown National Bank and Trust OF INDIANA serious objections from a people always un Company was the low bidder at 3.85 per cent IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES willing to leave the bones of their ancestors. interes·t for the $250,000 bond issue for Even if the cemeteries associated with Doylestown borough . to acquire additional Monday, December 1, 1969 these villages were moved, such moves would parking facilities. Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, probably one involve complex religious preparations and "Here again, a looal institution has had much more upset than would similar moves enough faith in the borough to do this," said of the most tragic and senseless and in a Western society. Borough Council President John F. Mason shocking domesti·c problems faced is that Finally, extensive mechanization of south after the bids were opened at the meetilllg of highway fatalities. The following Vietnam's rice farming would bring about a Monday night. article from the National Road Traveler, massive shift of population from the rural to "The bank has saved the borough $35,000," printed in Oambridge City, Ind., for the urban areas. said Mason. He baJSed his startement on the October 8, 1969, by Bob Gray, Sr., stresses With the cities already overcrowded by amount C1f the difference between the bid C1f the need for positive and immediate people displaced by the war, with the ap Kidder, Peabody and Company and the action: parent lack of planning for unemployment, Doylestown National Ba.nlt. this certainly would create a brand new ANOTHER SIDE OF THE NEWS NEXT BIDDER stew for the communists to exploit. (By Bob Gray, Sr.) The Ind USltrdal Valley Ba.nk was the second CUSHION lowest bidder with 5.40 per cent or a net in Big black headlines-Twenty-nine Hoosiers You will recall, also, that MacDonald en terest cost of $72,500. The net interest of the die in tratllc over a single week end. Six visions farm employment as one of the cush Doylestown National Bank was listed as of them were young people from neighboring ions for postwar job displacement. How does $52,937.50. New Castle. this square with the massive unemployment The borough councdl wa.s presented with a Everyday grdeving families bury their which always accompanies agricultural mech check for $50,2'75 from the Doylestown Mer tratllc victim dead in our lonesome grave anization? chants Associa.tion, which has been pledged yards. Others huddle nervously in hospital It doesn't, of course. by the merohants and businessmen of down lobbies as loved ones linger between life and MacDonald is being inconsistent. His aides death urpstairs somewhere. town Doylestown to geit the additional park The dread specter of death, like the fourith farther down the bureaucratic ladder are ing f·a.cilities underway a couple of months seal horse descri1bed over in Revelation chap more candid. They say: ago. "We have never sat back and examined ter six, roves our highways around the olock, "You have made me the happiest man in findine many victims. Sometimes they are the requirements for a postwar environment Doylestown," Mason told Mrs. John Foster in South Vietnam." from our own Cambridge City community. and Carter Gardy, members of the associa The grim harvest is sorrow, widows, orphans What conclusions can we draw from this tion who presented the check to Mason. lack of planning? and untold material damage. One certainly is that U.S. officials do not PEOPLE HELP All this is now so normal that most of us believe we are going to undertake a large Mason told the 50 residents present, "I are only mildly shocked until tragedy strikes don't accept this on behalf of borough coun our family. withdrawal of troops and supporting forces. We are a nation on wheels--on the move It is a fact that U.S. Ambassador Ells cdl, but on behalf of the taxpayers of Doyles town. The people have oome to help the as no other nation in the world live and worth Bunker and Gen. Creighton Abrams, die in autOIIllobiles as we do. Going from our military commander in Vietnam, have government. "This is the second time this has happened here to there is our biggest business and we advised the White House to play a waiting own 100 million cars. game. They argue that time is on the U.S. in Doylestown. Maybe it's just a pebble in the ocean, but maybe the ripples will spread Almost everybody has heard the frighten side. ing screech of tires and shattering glass as There is physical evidence in Vietnam to other towns and cities throughout the country," said Ma.son. cars smash together. All too often a mangled stockpiling of arms, continued long-range body lies under a bloody blanket awaiting commitment planning-indicating our of Mason went on to say that the first time ambulance or pold.ce. Here in Indiana we are ficials there are digging in for a much longer the people came to the aid of the borough so expert in killing each otlier that the year's war than the people in the U.S. expect. government was for Operation '64 when death total ls already 1,200, wit h plenty of Certainly, the communists are reacting Urban Renewal was turned down. time to reach 1,600 or more with the more as though they expect a much longer war, "They've done it again, and I hope that hazard1ous winter months of driving ahead conserving their own forces, shifting to small history has been made in local government,'' of us. unlt guerrilla actions, continued intransi said Mason. Does all this madness symbolize the hys gence in Paris. Councilman Walter G. Klumpp said that teria of our times? Is it bec(l.use we are such And here's a final fact for you to take home the parking committee has spent the past a nervous people as typified by the tons of to bed with you tonight: Ambassador Sam- nine months working on additional parking tranquilizers we swallow each year? Are we December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36293 so afraid of tomorrow that we must live so brought forward. Now the issues are getting Mr. Agnew has raised a point of major im dangerously today? Are we a different person close attention at the grassroots level. portanc.e. And he framed it correctly when entirely when our foot is on the accelerator? In his specific charges, Mr. Agnew is per he said, "no nation depends more on the in Any assumption that little or nothing can fectly correct. President Nixon delivered. a telligent judgment of its citizens." The Vice be done about such appalling death, injury, carefully prepared half hour speech, the President is right. and heartache is wrong-dead wrong. Since product of many hours of work and. the result human error is responsible for most acci of classified information available only to the dents, we must continue to stress sane driv President. THINGS ARE GETTING WORSE FOR ing behavior, police patrons, warnings, slo Fifteen seconds after he finished, TV net SOVIET MAN-IN-THE-STREET gans, etc. But the gruesome record shows work analysts, completely without access to that these are not enough. the background information, began an off More one way roads, m aybe even different the-cuff job of comment. From what we saw, HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI color pavement might help. Above all, engi they either damned him with faint praise or OF ILLINOIS neers must design cars which by, radar and praised him with faint damns or just plain Laser beam principles will repel each other damned him. Nationwide, of course. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES before crash. There are three things which need saying Monday, December 1, 1969 This column can fully share the grief of about this situation. traffic victim families. Earlier this year our First, no newsman is capable of really in Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is telephone rang sharply in the middle of the telligent reaction in 15 seconds. There is no not often that a practical report on a night to say that our 17-year-old Bob-Tom time for even the best commentator to col situation in the Soviet Union or any had been killed at a poorly marked intersec lect his thoughts. This calls into serious other part of the Soviet empire is eff ec tion. To compound the tragedy the girl in question the validity of what the man says, tively covered in the free world press due the other car died. too. the practice of "instant analysis" itself. If a to the restrictions imposed by the Soviets. There are no words to express such despair man has time only to reveal his own preju An extremely astute commentary by or any remedy for such no-warning, heart dice, then why is he put in that position? ache. Memories come back in long, floor Second, the impact of truly national med.la the distinguished Dumitru Danielpol of walking nights when sleep won't come. If needs a good. deal of attention from the best the Copley News Service writing in the God sees a sparrow fall, why is He a million minds that both government and communi November 4 Aurora, Ill., Beacon-News miles away hiding from us? Merciful time cations can muster. America always has p~ovides us with a timely insight into on way to eternity finally eases some pain, prided itself on the diversity of its viewpoints the conditions facing the average Soviet but the hurting never stops. One only learns and the multiplicity of the voices which are citiz·en. to endure it. free to speak to the issues. This diversity is The commentary follows: To keep from falling apart, we adjust to a precious treasure, and it ls slipping away. existing reality and. thank God for loaning Network television has produced a three [From the Aurora (Ill.) Beacon-News, Nov. 4, 1969] us this fine boy to love for a little While. We voice system. Too often, the three voices solace ourselves that he compensated. for the speak in the same vein. While the govern DUMITRU DANIELPOL COMMENTS: THINGS ARE brevity of life by the zeal in which he ment forbids anyone to own and operate GETTING WORSE FOR SoVIET MAN-IN-THE lived. it. more than five VHF-TC stations, probably STREET Multiplying this burden of sorrow by 1,200 80 per cent of the major stations devote their WASHINGTON.-The woes of the Soviet Hoosiers should. motivate everybody reading prime hours to these three network voices. man-in-the-street, the fellow at the bottom these lines to join a crusade against such Station owners have no opportunity to local of the ladder are getting worse. senseless human slaughter. ize or edit or adjust the network news out Not only doesn't he get what he wants Silent concern is not enough. Thousands put to fit their own ideas or their own local when he wants it, but the consumer has of Hoosiers should. write Governor Whit needs. It comes through .with the straight to pay exorbitant prices for shoddy goods. comb urging- that State Government, sci New York or Washington slant. The queues before stores that are custo ence, industry, labor a.nd safety ofiicials In pre-TV days, the great national and mary spectacles in all Communist cities are mobilize every resource to halt the awesome international news services, United. Press and evidently beginning to bother the Kremlin momentum. Associated Press, distributed news over vast "planners." Even our pre-schoolers have more to fear areas and they still do, but each local news "The population wastes an enormous from tramc than from disease. One of every paper or broadcasting station selected. its amount of time shopping-almost 30 billion two Hoosiers alive today have already, or own news, edited it, and even had the op hours a year," writes Ya Orlov, an expert on will be, involved. in a crippling or fatal portunity to ask questions about it. No such retail trading. "This is equivalent to the accident. opportunity exists in the network TV system. annual labor of 15 million workers." Serious enough for both thought and ac A few years ago, the major networks tried With goods in short supply, pilfering, tion? It surely is. bringing in top local station news directors cheating and profiteering are widespread. as executives in their network news opera Sales personnel have become expert at set tions, but the good boys from the hinterland ting aside goods for themselves, their friends were soon overpowered by the weight of the or influential customers. The ordinary man network operation and the "star system" of ls short changed and cheated with merchan AGNEW MAKES A POINT television news. dise falsely marked, watered down or thinned The third part of the problem needs all out. the devotion that dedicated newsmen can Producers are systematically swindled by HON. WILLIAM LLOYD SCOTT give it, and it is perhaps the most serious. consumer cooperatives or distribution cen OF vmGINIA It should be understood that individual TV ters. They are paid for lower quality mer IN THE HOUSE OF RE:PRESENTATIVES stations are licensed by the Federal Com chandise and often underweighed. The goods munications Commission in the public "in are subsequently sold at higher value leaving Monday, December 1, 1969 terest, convenience and necessity," but net a "profit" in the books of the enterprise. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. Speaker, there was works are not. There is no standard of per Inspections carried out by the Ministry an editorial November 20 in the Fairfax formance they are required. to meet, no sort of Agriculture have found that this type of of federal accountability. swindling is widespread. County Journal-Standard, a weekly Of course, no individual station could af One example cited in the Kirov area in newspaper serving my district, supporting ford to produce a major entertainment series, volves 273 tons of potatoes that were paid Vice President AGNEW'S recent address or even a top-flight special. And it is here the for at the rate of "poor quality" and resold condemning the practice of "instant networks perform highly useful functions to the consumer as "standard quality."_ , analysis" of major public issues by "a for stations and for viewers. News often has The same applied to meat, leather prod small band of TV network commentators been a losing proposition in the entertain ucts, wool, pelts, eggs etc. and self-appointed analysts." This is a ment-oriented world of broadcasting, and By such manipulations, millions of rubles matter in which I believe my colleagues news professionals have waged a 10ng fight remain in the registers of consumer oper will be interested, and I insert it in the for air time, staff and facilities. atives, booked as "profit" and rewarded as Too often, to the network brass, news is "over-fulfillment of the plan." RECORD in full below: still "a show." What is sought is the best Kremlin attempts to stamp out the prac AGNEW MAKES A POINT rating, not the best information or most re tice have failed because of the solidarity Vice President Agnew has opened. public sponsible presentation. The late Edward R. among the personnel who benefit from the discussion of a major issue that has been Murrow infuriated his network bosses with "profits" shown by the enterprise. simmering a long time with his attack on "a his blunt assessments of broadcast news. Of those brought before the courts, only small band of TV network commentators Since his day, the situation is both better and a small percentage have been punished. The and self-appointed. analysts." worse. It is better because there are more problem has grown to such proportions that For years, newsmen both inside and out good newsmen in television. It is worse be even Moscow no longer tries to hide it. side of broadcasting have expressed exactly cause the damage a bad news job can do "The study of consumer demand, the col the same concerns the Vice President has is greater. lation, transmission and processing of eco- 36294 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 nomic information is only of a formal na criticism of the judges, had to take time, no text to it. It was one long, complicated, ture," complained Izvestia recently. "Up to eit her openly or at the bench, to instruct or mathematical equation. now there is not a single scientifically based correct the attorneys as to how to handle The trouble was, I didn't like math. I'd system for studying the interplay of eco their cases. failed the subject in school. But this was nomic forces or a method for determining c. During the period of iny serving on the what it took to get a rocket into space-not the demand for goods . . . jury, August 5-Beptember 2, there were ap romantic stories, not daydreams, but math. "Consequently, unmarketable goods pile proximately 170 jurors. Each non-govern When I found that I'd have to learn math up at depots and warehouses, while on the ment juror received $20.00 per day and most if I wanted to put a rocket into space, I other hand, some other extremely important of his time was spent in the jurors lounge learned math. And with it, I eventually got product is in short supply, although every commenting that this was a bore and a waste rockets that could probe space too. But first thing necessary for its production is avail of time and money. From my observations came months, years of hard, unromantic able in the country." it would seem that a lot of people's time work. The culprit is of course central planning could be spared and considerable amount of I think prayer is often the hardest kind by a top-heavy bureaucracy, bogged down by taxpayers' money could be saved (and it of work, if in work you include the ideas of red tape, which is incapable of change. Even shouldn't take a million dollar research con discipline ~ regularity, effort, sacrifice. the limited attempts of "liberalization" tract) if a more efficient administra.tion of I had been reared in nazi Germany. There the Lieberman system-adopted during the the .1ury panel was introduced. were many beautiful and old churches in Khrushchev era-encountered stiff opposi Personally, this was my first service as Germany, of course, and a few of them re tion and have finally fizzled. juror and, while it was a good experience, I mained strong even under the nazis; but Can the system be saved? Not as long as shall go to all limits to avoid serving again mostly they were empty shells. the bureaucrats stay in power, and they under the same conditions. Then I came to America. I was sent by the don't seem anxious to commit political With my best wishes, government to Fort Bliss, Tex., to carry on suicide. Sincerely, experiments with rockets. R. A. KOTRLA. One day a neighbor called and asked if I'd like to go to church with him. I accepted, APPRAISAL OF THE COURTS FROM because I was anxious to see if an American A JUROR'S VIEW church was just a religious country club, as WHAT LIFE HAS TAUGHT ME I'd been led to expect. When we drove up, the small, white, frame HON. LAWRENCE J. HOGAN building stood out in the hot Texas sun on OF MARYLAND HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE a browned-grass lot. Outside, several little OF TEXAS groups of people were waiting. Before long, I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES heard a screeching of brakes as up to this Monday, December 1, 1969 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES church drove an old, battered bus. The door Monday, December 1, 1969 opened, and perhaps 50 people climbed out Mr. HOGAN. Mr. Speaker, the contin until only the driver was left. Then he too uing debate over the cause of crime and Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, climbed down, and my host walked up to its prevention also includes the question while looking through_a magazine sec him. of our judicial system. I recently received tion of one of our many papers in this "Dr. Von Braun," he said, "I'd like you to a letter from a citizen, who served on country, I ran across an article entitled meet our minister." jury duty. "What Life Has Taught Me" written by It was the minister who drove that bus. From that vantage point, he offers a Dr. Werner Von Braun which I would Each Sunday, this man drove for more than like to share with the other Members 40 miles picking up his parishioners who different view of our courts. These obser didn't have cars. Together these people made vations are worthy of note. of this body. I found it very interesting up a live, vibrant community. They worked His letter is submitted for the RECORD reading and I am sure that others will together, prayed together, gave each other and I call the attention of my colleagues also: support. The congregation was trying to raise to its contents. Here is the letter: [From Grit, Nov. 9, 1969] funds for a new Sunday school, and many of OCTOBER. 15, 1969. WHAT LIFE HAS TAUGHT ME these people gave far more than their budgets Hon. LAWRENCE J . HOGAN, (By Dr. Werner Von Braun) should have allowed. Congress of the United States, Discussions about religion and philosophy This was the first time I really understood House of Representatives, put me always a little ill at ease. I am trained that religion was not a cathedral inherited Washington, D.C. to think as a scientist; I'm far more at from the past, or a quick prayer at the last DEAR LARRY: I want to thank you very home talking about rocket thrust than minute. To be effective, religion has to be much for your thoughtfulness in sending me prayer. I wouldn't even say that I'd always backed up by discipline and effort. the Congressional Record of October 3, had an interest in religion. The only thing Gradually, I came to feel that in order to be 1969, containing your timely and excellent I've always cared about is space explora realistic, my prayers, too, needed to move statement before the House regarding the tion. into a new dimension. I began to pray daily, District of Columbia Oourts. Recently I When I was growing up in Germany, it was hourly, instead of, on occasion, "Pushing the served a jury duty tour of one month in the the tradition of parents to give their chil button and hoping." I took long rides out Court of General Sessions which provided me dren a rather spendid gift when they were into the desert where I could be alone at with some insight on the operations of our confirmed. Every boy in town, it seemed, prayer. I prayed with my wife in the evening. courts. asked for a pair of long pants and a watch. As I tried to understand my problems, I tried While all the actions summarized in your Except me. The other boys went to church in to find God's will irt acting on them. statement of Ocitober third are applauded, long trousers, and every one of them needed In this age of space flight and nuclear the following suggestions are submitted as to know what time it was every few steps. fission, to use power wisely calls for a moral additional actions which could be taken to But I didn't care. I got my telescope. and ethical climate that-quite frankly-I speed up the court calendars, to reduce the I guess I have always daydreamed about do riot think we now possess. We can achieve costs and to reduce the intolerable crime space flight. When I was in my early teens, it only through many hours of the deep con rate in the District of Columbia: I used to slip off to an old First World War centration we call prayer. a . Establish a system which would insure munitions dump and pick up odd parts to Are we willing to do this, I wonder? It will efficient prosecuition of the accused. Too use in my homemade rockets. I'd try out the take effort. Prayer can be the hardest kind often the jurors, after completing a case, rockets in a field near our house. of work-but it is certainly the most impor would oommen.t, "We had to render a not I would kneel down at a safe distance and tant work we now can do. guilty verdict even though all of us felt dream that I was sending another Braun the accused was guilty". This would be fol Super Space Ship out to a far-away galaxy, lowed by the statement, "It's too bad the and then I'd push the ignition button. prosecuting attorneys don't seem to know Usually, the rockets wobbled a little way into CENSORSHIP OF THE BROADCAST enough about how to prosecute the case or the air and fell back again. They were really MEDIA they don't seem to care or maybe they don't just a lot of smoke and noise. My dreams have enough time to prepare the cases". were not very practical. b . Reduce to a minimum the amount of I would always pray when I knelt dowh HON. WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY wasited time. Too often, after all the endless to push the ignition button. A kind of last OF MAINE and necessary evolutions have been com minute, hope-against-hope prayer. "Please pleted to bring the accused before the bench, let this one go,'' I'd say. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the case is endlessly delayed or rescheduled Shortly after I turned 18, I learned that Monday, December 1, 1969 due to one reason or another. The defense an old hero of mine, a famous German sci attorneys too often gave the impression that entist, had written ·a paper claiming that we Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr. Speaker, Com their first encounter with the accused is could get to the moon with rockets. I missioner Nicholas Johnson of the Fed when he is brought into court for his trial. couldn't wait to get that paper. But when eral Communications Commission has Very frequently the judges, and this ts no it came, my heart sank. The paper had almost never been known as a spokesman for the December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36295 broadcasting industry. But I have always First, Johnson, "The Silent Screen," TV the freedom of speech ...." Why "Congress"? known him to be fair. So I was not sur Guide, July 5, 1969, page 6. Second, I believe they assumed Congress would be Salant, "He Has Exercised His Right the only body powerful enough to abridge prised to find him as the FCC Commis free speech. They were wrong. sioner recently expressing the most out To Be Wrong," TV Guide, Septem A lot has happened to the creation and con spoken criticism to the possibility of ber 20, 1969, page 10. Third, Johnson, trol of information in this country since 1789. Government censorship of the broadcast "Letter," TV Guide, September 27, 1969, That was an age of town meetings and hand media. On November 17, in Iowa City, he page A-2. Fourth, and, finally, Commis bills. Today most information comes from said: sioner Johnson's reply in the form of a the three broadcasting networks, ABC, CBS It is a part of my responsibility as an FCC speech to the international conference and NBC, and the two wire services, Associ Commissioner to work for a free and open of the Radio-Television News Direcitors ated Press and United Press International. television system that will operate in the Association, September 26, 19i69. As Professor John Kenneth Galbraith has public interest. In the pas·t I have writ-ten The materials follow: reminded us in "The New Industrial State," of the dangers of censorship by the large cor 70 years ago the large corporation confined porations that own the nation's broadcast [Reprinted from the July 5, 1969 issue of itself to mass production in heavy industry. facilities. I believe my responsibility today TV Guide magazine] "Now," he writes, "it also sells groceries, mills requires a few words about government THE SILENT SCREEN grain, publishes newspapers and provides censorship. public entertainment, ail activities that were Julian Goodman, president of NBC, be once the province of the individual proprie Vice President Agnew's Des Moines speech lieves that television "is now under threat of has rocketed into public consciousness many tor or the insignificant firm." restriction and control." Frank Stanton, pres It is easy for us to forget how large, profit questions about the significance of television ident of CBS, says that "attempts are being in our society. Such dialogue and awareness able and politically powerful some corpora made to block us." Elmer Lower, president of tions have become. In 1948 about half of a.U could be quite healthy. ABC News, thinks he may "f.a.ce the prospect Unfortunately, he has also frightened net manufacturing assets in the United States of some form of censorship." were controlled by 200 corporations; today a work executives and newsmen in ways that I agree. Censorship is a serious problem in may cause serious and permanent harm 1Jo mere 100 corporations hold that power. A our country. My only dispute with these net single corporation such as American Tele independent journalism and free speech in work officials involves just who is doing the America. phone & Telegraph (one of the FCC's many censoring. They apparently believe it's the regulated companies) controls the wages and This was a most significant and timely Government. I disagree. working conditions of 870,000 employees, statement, and was followed, on Novem NBC recently cut Robert Montgomery's pul'chases each year some $3 .5 billion in ber 20, by a unanimous FCC ruling re statements off the air when, during the goods and services, has assets of $37 billion, garding the networks' commentary fol Johnny Carson show, he mentioned a CBS and has annual gross revenues in excess of station being investigated by the Federal $14 billion. This gross revenue is several lowing President Nixon's November 3 Communications Commission. Folk singer times larger than the combined budgets of speech. The FCC held: Joan Baez was silenced by OBS when she all the Federal regulatpry commissions, the The issue which was here involved-Viet wished to express her vi·ews a;bout the Selec Federal court system, and the U.S. Congress; nam-is one 1Jo which the networks have de tive Service System on the Smothers Broth larger than the budget of each of the 50 voted, and continue to devote, substantial ers show. Now, of course, the entire show has states; a larger operation, indeed, than all amounts of time for contrasting viewpoints. been canceled-notwithstanding the high but very few foreign governments. Indeed, that was the case as to the broadcast ratings and its writers' recent Emmy. Sure I am not suggesting that large corpora in question. The fairness doctrine requires there's censorship. But let's not be fooled tions are inherently evil. Not at all. They no more. into mistaking its source. have created much of our wealth. I am mere For rut the same time that network officials ly urging that we be aware of the fact that One would expect the industry to ap are keeping off your television screens any large corporations have both the incentive preciate Commissioner Johnson's leader thing they find inconsistent with their cor and the power to control the information ship on this occasion. porate profits or personal philosophies, the reaching the ci·tizenry of our free society. I was quite surprised, therefore, to FCC has been repeatedly defending their Sometimes corporate pressures to control find that the industry has chosen this, First Amendment rights against Government what you see on television are just plain silly. of all times, to continue its assault on censorship. Just recently, for e~ample, the For example, in his book "TV-The Big Pic this fine, young public servant. FCC ruled-over strong protests--that the ture," Stan Opotowsky reports that "Ford de It has recently come to my attention networks' coverage of the Chicago Democratic leted a shot of the New York skyline because convention was protected by the Constitu it showed the Chrysler building.... A that the "Television Information Of tion's "freedom of the press" clause. In other breakfast-food sponsor deleted the line 'She fice"-a network-funded, industry public decisions, the Commission refused to penal eaits too much" from a play because, as far as relations effort affiliated with the Na ize radio staition WBAI in New York for the breakfast-food company was concerned, tional Association of Broadcasters broadcasting an allegedly anti-Semitic poem, nobody could ever eat too much." Often, has recently ciroulated 35,000 copies of or a CBS-owned station for televising a "pot however, corporate tampering with the prod a blistering attack on Commissioner party." uct of honest and capable journalists and Johnson. Many broadcasters are fighting, not for free creative writers and performers can be quite speech, but for profitable speech. In the serious. Sometimes there is a deliberate al This attack is in the form of a reprint WBAI case, for example, one of the industry's teration of content; sometimes needed in of an article by CBS news president, leading spokesmen, Broadcasting magazine, formation is squeezed out by more profitable Richard S. Salant, entitled "He Has actually urged that WBAI be punished by the "entertainment" programming. Exercised His Right-To Be Wrong," FCC-and on the same editorial page pro On Feb. 10, 1966, the Senate was conduct TV Guide, September 20, 1969, page 10. fessed outrage that stations might not have ing hearings on the Vietnam war. Fred Those receiving the reprint must be an unlimited right to broadcast profitable Friendly, who was president of CBS News at somewhat confused by its contents, be commercials for cigarettes which m111y result the time, wanted you to be able to watch cause it is obviously a reply to an ar in illness or death. those hearings. His network management did This country is a great experiment. For not permit you to watch. If you were watch ticle they were not sent: Commissioner close to 200 years we have been testing ing CBS that day you saw, instead of George Johnson's article entitled, "The Silent whether it is possible for an educated and Kennan's views opposing the Vietnam war, Screen," TV Guide, July 5, 1969, page 6. informed people to govern themselves. All the fifth CBS rerun of I Love Lucy. Fred I believe it would be useful for the considered, the experiment has worked pretty Friendly quit GBS because of this decision, Members to know not only of the tactics well. We've had our frustrations and dis and subsequently wrote "Due to Circum of this industry attack upon Commis appointments as a Nation, but no one has stances Beyond Our Control" to tell the story. sioner Johnson, but also of the merits of been able to come up with a better system, He began his book with the quotation, "What and most of the newer nations still look to us the American people don't know can kill his observations about the industry's as a model. them." Indeed it can. In Vietnam, about performance. Central to our system, however, is the con 35,000 so far. We have been shown miles of His thesis, in short, is that our country cept of an educated and an informed peo film from Vietnam, it's true. But how much is endangered as much, or more, by what ple. As Thomas Jefferson said, "The way to has television told you about the multibil television fails to tell us as by the threat prevent error is to give the people full infor lion-dollar corporate profits from that war? of its domination by Government censor mation of their affairs." Our founding fathers There are many other situations in which ship. During these days when the per were familiar with censorship by the King censorship exists side-by-side with large formance of the mass media is under of England. They were going to replace a profits-and disease or death. The tobacco king with a representative Congress. But industry spends about $250 million a year on going close scrutiny, I believe that he they were concerned lest any American insti radio and television commercials designed has raised concerns well worth wider tution become powerful enough to impede to associate cigarette smoking, especially by distribution and discussion. Accordingly, the flow o'f information to the people. So the young, with fishing, football, the fresh air I am inserting in the RECORD the full they provided in the First Amendment that of the great outdoors, sexual prowess, and context of his debate with Mr. Salanrt. "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging all other desirable attributes of a fun-packed 36296 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 adult world. In exchange for this investment, people of more money than was taken in all social commentary, no time "to give the peo the industry sells on the order of $9 billion the country's robberies, burglaries and lar ple full information of their affairs." Mason worth of cigarettes a year. Would it really cenies during the years of that criminal price Williams, the multitalented one-time writer surprise you to learn that the broadcasting fixing? The crime commission declared that for the Smothers Brothers, has left television industry has been less than eager to tell you "it is essential that the public becomes aware in disgust and written a poem about his about the health hazards of cigarette smok of the seriousness of business crime." Why is experiences with "The Censor," who, he says ing? It shouldn't. Just recently, for example, it the news media do not tell you about these in conclusion: Snips out, the rough talk, a United Stat es congressman alleged that the threats to "law and order"? the unpopular opinion, or anything with president of the National Association of One could go on and on. The inherent dan t eeth, and renders, a pattern of ideas, full of Broadcasters h ad suppressed from Congress gers in cyclamates (the artificial sweeteners h ..:,les, a doily, and for your mind. and the American public revealing informa in soft drinks) have been so widely discussed Your mind. My mind. - The mind of tion about the "substantial appeal to youth" in Sweden that the government is considering America. of radio and television cigarette commercials. prohibiting their use. The danger is scarcely The Rolling Stones said it long ago: The relation of this forgetfulness to profits is known to the average American. Most of the clear: cigarette advertising provides the larg Nation's 160,000 coal miners have "black "When I'm drivin' in my car, est single source of television's revenue, about lung" disease (the disintegration of the lung When the man comes on the radio, 8 percent. from coal dust) in one form or another. Mine He's tellin' me more and more The FCC has ruled that broadcasters can't operators may refuse to pay for fresh-air About some useless information . present one point of view on a controversial masks---or support workmen's compensation Supposed to fire my imagination? issue and censor all others just to serve their legislation. Some television stations in coal I can't get no satisfaction!" own beliefs and profits. The "Fairness Doc mining areas have, until recently, refused to trine" requires that all viewpoints be pre Many Americans are trying to say some televise programs offered them by doctors thing to each other. But the media haven't sented. The FCC applied this doctrine to about this serious health hazard. Reports cigarette commercials. And what was the been listening. And you haven't been told. differ, and no one knows for sure, but one So some have turned to violence as a means rc.>ponse of th e brodcasting industry? It current sampling showed that 20 percent of fought the decision with all the economic of being heard. All you've been shown are the color-TV sets studied were emitting ex the dramatic pictures; you know there's and political strength at its command. It cess X-ray radiation. Natural-gas pipelines has finally gone all the way to the Supreme are exploding as predicted. And did you know "something happening." But, like the Every Court to argue that a doctrine which limits that the life expectancy of the average Amer man of Bob Dylan's song, "You don't know what it is, do you, Mr. Jones?" The "Silent its power to keep all information about the ican adult male has been declining in recent health hazards of cigarette smoking from years? The list goes on almost without end. Screen" of television has left you in ignorance the American people is a violation of broad Note what each of these items has in com as to what it's all about. casters' First Amendment rights! mon: ( 1) human death, disease, dismember The time may soon come when the media Or how about the 50,000 people who die ment or degradation, (2) great profit for man w111 have to listen. From many directions each year on our highways? Their deaths are ufacturers, advertisers and broadcasters, and come suggestions for change. Law professor due to many causes, of course, including (3) the deliberate withholding of needed in Jerome Barron says the courts should recog their own intoxication and carelessness. But formation from the public. nize a "public right of access to the mass how many television stations told you Many pressures produce such censorship. media." Free speech in this age of televi either before or after Ralph Nader came Some are deliberate, some come about sion, he believes, requires that citizens with along-that most auto-safety engineers agree through default. But all have come, not from something to say be permitted to say it over virtually all those lives could be saved if our Government, but from private corporations radio and television. Suppose you approach a cars were designed properly? Nader, in "Un with something to sell. Charles Tower, chair television station with a "commercial" you safe at Any Speed," speculates about "the man of the National Association of Broad have prepared either supporting or protesting impact which the massive sums spent ($361,- casters Television Board, recently wrote a the President's conduct of the Vietnamese 006,000 in 1964 on auto advertising alone) letter to The New York Times, criticizing its war. It may no longer be sufficient for the have on the communication media's atten attack on CBS for "censoring" the social com station to say to you, "Sorry, we don't like tion to vehicle safety design." mentary on the Smothers Brothers show. He your views, so we won't broadcast your an Television certainly didn't take the lead in said: nouncement"-as a San Francisco station did telling us about unfit meat, fish and poultry. "There is a world of difference between the last year to those trying to express their (Chet Huntley was found to have been edi deletion of program material by Government point of view regarding a ballot proposition! torializing against the Wholesome Meat Act command and the deletion by a private party As the U.S. Supreme Court said a few days at a time when he and his business partners (such as a broadcaster] . . . . Deletion by ago in the Red Lion case, upholding the con were heavy investors in the cattle and meat tGovernment command is censorship. stitutionality of the FCC's Fairness Doctrine: business!) Bryce Rucker, in "The First Free Deletion of material by private parties . "There is no sanctuary in the First Amend dom," notes that: is not censorship." ment for unlimited private censorship oper "Networks generally have underplayed or Another Times reader wrote in answer to ating in a medium not open to all. Freedom ignored events and statements unfavorable Mr. Tower: of the press from governmental interference to food processors and soap manufacturers. "Mr. Tower's distinction ... is spurious. under the First Amendment does not sanc Recent examples are the short shrift given The essence of censorship is the suppression tion repression of that freedom by private Senate subcommittee hearings on, and com of a particular point of view . . . over the interests." ments favorable to, the 1966 'truth in packag channels of the mass media, and the question It is too early to know the full, ultimate ing' bill and the high cost of food processing. of who d~es the censoring is one of form impact of this decision. Could it be that such behavior reflects con only.... In Holland, any group that can get 15,000 cern for the best interests of, say, the top-50 He's right. The results are the same. You persons to support its list of proposed pro grocery-products advertisers, who spent $1,- and I are equally kept in ignorance, m grams is awarded free time on the Dutch 314,893,000 in TV in 1965, 52.3 percent of prepared to •lprevent error," and to engage in Television Network for a monthly program. TV's total advertising income?" the process of self-governing which Thomas There is even an organization for tiny and What could be more essential than infor Jefferson envisioned-regardless of who does often eccentric splinter groups without 15,000 mation about potentially harmful food and the censoring. supporters. If a similar experlment were con drugs? A number of talented people within the ducted in this country, groups interested in All Americans are concerned about "the broadcasting industry recognize its fa111ngs. electronic music, drag racing, handicrafts, crime problem." Have you ever stopped to One of the Nation's leading black announcers camping, as well as the League of Women wonder why the only crimes most of us hear told me of his first job as a disc jockey. He Voters, the National Association for the Ad about are, in the words of the Presidential was handed a stock of records, but forbidden vancement of Colored People, local school Commission on Law and Enforcement and to read any news over the air. Said his boss: hoards, theater and drama associations, the Administration of Justice, "the crimes that "You're not going to educate the Negroes Young Republicans (and, who knows, even are the easiest for the poor and the disad of this community at my expense." A high the Smothers Brothers) , could obtain tele vantaged to commit . . . "? Wh-at we haven't ABC network executive was recently quoted vision time to broadcast programs prepared been told is that much of the crime in the in the pages of TV GUIDE as saying, "There under their 8upervision. United States is "white-collar" crime; that are many vital issues that we won't go near. Or each network might devote a full one the rich steal as much or more than the poor. We censor ourselves." Eric Sevareid has said third of its prime time (6 P .M. to 11 P.M.) As the Crime Commission report defined it: of the pressures· involved in putting together programming to something other than en "The 'white-collar' criminal is the broker a network news show: "The ultimate sensa tertainment or sports. It could be nonspon who distributes fraudulent securities, the tion is that of being bitten to death by sored cultural, educational and public-affairs builder who deliberately uses defective ma ducks." And the executive editor of the San programming. If the networks were required terial, the corporation executive who con Francisco Chroncile has warned: "The press to stagger such fare, then at any given time spires to fix prices, the legislator who peddles is in danger. Not the exciting kind of Holly during the 6 P.M. to 11 P.M. period of greatest his influence and vote for private gain, or the wood danger, but of dissolving into a gray audiences the American viewer would have banker who misappropriates funds .. . " mass of nonideas." For it is also a form of an a1ternative, a choice. There would st.Ul Did you ever find out from television, for censorship to so completely clog the public's be at all times two networks with the com example, that a single recent price-fixing airwaves with tasteless gruel that there is mercial-laden, lowest-common-denominator case involved a "robbery" from the American no time left for quality entertainment and mass entertainment of situation comedies, December 1, 19 6.9 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36297 Westerns, quiz shows and old movies. The treatment has ever been affected, by the "The Wild Cell" (Feb. 2, 1969). We included third, however, would have something else. imagined or expressed wishes of an adver stories in many of our other regularly sched It would be wholly inappropriate for me tiser. Long since, the policy has been es-tab uled broadcasts-for example, in Calendar on as an FCC Commissioner to insist that broad Ushed that CBS News makes the broadcasts, lung cancer and smoking in April 196'2-and casters present only the information, ideas and the advertiser makes and sells his prod repeatedly we have covered in our regular and entertainment that I personally find ucts, and never the twain shall meet. news broadcasts ~11 the developments-up to compatible. The FCC does not have, and Third, there has been no self-censorship: and including an interview on Thursday, would not want, the responsibility for select I-and, to the best of my knowledge, my as July 3, with the current Surgeon General on ing your television programs. But it would be sociates at CBS News-have never avoided a cigarette advertising and the hazards of equally irresponsible for me to sit idly by topic or altered treatment to protect, or to smoking. Since June 1963, our regularly and watch the corporate censors keep from avoid displeasing, corporate management or scheduled news broadcasts have included 84 your TV screen the full range of needs, tastes any advertiser. As I have stated, anybody in special film stories on cigarettes (including and interests of the American people. the organization who avoided a topic or dis the showing of the American Cancer Soci The television-station owner, not the net torted his normal judgments in the treat ety's antismoking film-in January 1967; work, has ultimate responsibility for his ment of a topic in order to avoid offending and the attack by E. William Henry, then programming. But somebody has to select the economic interests of any advertisers, or Chairman of the FCC, on television cigarette his programs, you say, nobody's perfect. to please CBS management, would thereby advertising-in March 1966). You're right. And all I'm urging is that, when betray his professional heritage and would ITEM. Commissioner Johnson refers to in doubt, all of us-audience, networks and disqualify himself from working with CBS the "50,000 people who die each year on our Government--ought to listen a little more News. highways" and then asks ". . . hlow many carefully to the talented voices of those who "HIS BATTING AVERAGE TURNS OUT TO BE .ooo" television stations told you--either before are crying out to be heard. In short, I would or after Ralph Nader came along-that most far rather leave the heady responsibility for So much for the general principles. As far auto-safety engineers agree virtually all the inventory in America's "marketplace of as I have gone to this point, the issue be those lives could be saved if our cars were tween Commissioner Johnson and me is, to ideas" to talented and uncensored individ designed properly?" the outsider, bound to be inconclusive: it is I do not have a nose count of the number uals-creative writers, performers and jour his word against mine, and I would not blame nalists from all sections of this great coun of stations. But, again, before the issue be any third party who knows neither of us for try-than to the committees of frightened came very fashionable to discuss, CBS News financiers in New York City. Wouldn't you? giving the nod to the Commissioner, since did a one-hour preemptive, prime-time I think so. I have a personal stake in my own reputa special May 13, 1966, "Crash Project--The . I am delighted the networks have raised tion and the re.putation of my CBS News Search for a Safer Car"-featurlng Ralph associates and he at least appears to be a Nader. If Commissioner Johnson's extremely the issue of censorship in America. I hope responsible, neutral Government official with they will permit us to discuss it fully. selective perception has excluded that broad the public interest at heart. So let us turn to cast from his mind, I call to his attention each of the sµecific charges of suppression this excerpt from a review in Variety, May 18, [From the TV Guide, Sept. 20, 1969] and avoidance which Commiss•ioner Johnson 1966: HE HAS EXERCISED· HIS RIGHT-TO BE WRONG advances to p.rove his general thesis. Taking them one at a time, the record shows he is "Of more significance, however, than the (By Richard S. Salant) wrong all along the line. His batting average arguments pro and con on car design was Federal Communications Commissioner turns out to be .000. At most, he proves him CBS's lack of inhibition in confronting one Nicholas Johnson's article in TV GUIDE self to be a pitcher with more speed than of the giants of advertising and letting the ("The Silent Screen," July 5, 1969) is shock control, rather than a hitter. chips fall where they may. Thus a direct ing, if true. It is just as shocking if it is not ITEM. Commissioner Johnson writes that comparison of two competitive makes was true. And as it relates to CBS News, it mostly "We have been shown miles of film from shown with a tester from Consumers Union certainly is not true. Vietnam, it is true. But how much has tele detailing the faults in one car and extolling Commissioner Johnson claims that, for vision told you about the multibillion-dollar the virtues of another while identifying both economic reasons, broadcasters withhold in corporate profits from that war?" by name. This is indeed strong stuff and formation and suppress discussion of issues Plenty. We have included in our' broadcasts certainly more than most of the newspapers vital to Americans. Therefore, he concludes, the stories of Vietnamese corruption, of the of the country would do under similar broadcasters are hypocritically concerned operations of American business firms in circumstances." about Government censorship, since the real Vietnam, and of war contractor costs. Ex And on auto safety, CBS News did not hit. evil is self-censorship arising out of broad ample: Congressman Pike's disclosure of the and run: we have gone back to the subject caster timidity and economic self-protection. sale to the Defense Department of $210 not only in our "National Drdvers' Test" Much of Commissioner Johnson's article worth of generator knobs for $33,000. Exam broadcasts but in 44 different reports in the relates to ·broadcast journalism. To the ex ple: a two-part report in June 1969 on Pen Morning News and the Evening News since tent that Commissioner Johnson deals with tagon waste and overruns. April 1965-dealing with the charges against entertainment, I will leave to those respon ITEM. Commissioner Johnson, stating that the automobile industry and with the call sible for that programming the task of ex cigarette advertising "provides the largest backs, including a demonstraition of exactly amining Commissioner Johnson's accuracy, single source of television's revenue," asks, what some of the defects leading to the call although the inaccuracy of his charges "Would it really surprise you to learn that backs were. against television journalism raises serious the broadcasting industry has been less than ITJl!M. Commission Johnson quotes Bryce questions about the rest of his charges. eager to tell you about the health hazards of Rucker as stating that "Networks generally But I can speak only in respect of broad cigarette smoking?" have underplayed or ignored events and cast journalism-and only for CBS News. "LONG BEFORE THE SURGEON GENERAL" statements unfavorable to food processors And for CBS News, I state flatly that Com Well, if it did surprise you, it would only and soap manufacturers. Recent examples missioner Johnson is totally completely, 100 be because you have not been watching CBS are the short shift given Senate subcommit percent wrong-on all counts. News. We have dealt continuously and in tee hearings on, and comments favorable to, Let me start with the most general aspect depth with the health hazards of cigarette the 1966 'truth in packaging' bill and the of Commissioner Johnson's frightening world smoking, long before the Surgeon General high cost of food processing." of fantasy. got around .to his report and long before Wrong again-in our news broadcasts, we In the 11 years I was a CBS corporate officer Commissioner Johnson publicly decided to covered those hearings and included state and in the six years, that I have been presi become concerned about the problem. We ments of consumer representatives and wit dent of CBS News, to my knowledge there started 14 years ago, in 1955, in a two-part See nesses in support of the bill. We have re ls no Issue, no topic, no story which CBS It Now report. We broadcast a CBS Reports: ported stories re.l·ating to alleged abuses in News has ever been forbidden, or Instructed "The Teen-Age Smoker" in 1962 and a special food processing. Just a few examples: On directly or indirectly, to cover or not to on Jan. 11, 1964, "On Smoking and Health," March 24, 1969, in the Evening News with cover, by corporate management. Corporate the day the Surgeon General's report was Walter Cronkite, we reported the FTC allega management at CBS has scrupulously ob issued. On April 15, 1964, we broadcast CBS tion that the Campbell Soup Company had served that vital doctrine of separation of Reports: "A Collision of Interests," a detailed been putting clear glass marbles in bowls to powers without which honest journalism review of the issues raised by cigarette smok make its soup look thicker in television com cannot thrive-the separation between the ing. In our national health tests broadcast mercials. And we reported the story of the corporation and an autonomous news or early in 1966, we again dealt with the haz dangers inv.olved in pesticides contaminating ganization. ards of smoking. We did another special cranberry sauce; the story about the dangers Second, the separation between CBS News hour-long broadcast in the beginning of of botulism in canned tuna fish and the mass and the sales departments of the CBS radio 1968, "National Smoking Test" (about which recall of canned tuna; the unfit meat story and television networks and their advertisers Newsday's television critic commented: "It as it developed; Ralph Nader's testimony at has been complete. CBS News has no sales took courage on CBS's part to show the way. tacking the standards of intrastate meat department. Its function ls to choose the Especially since, as the program mentioned, p-ackers; and the Government action against topics and stories and to prepare the broad the cigarette manufacturers are TV's largest the Colgate-Palmolive sandpaper commercial. casts; the sales departments and the adver advertisers. Viewers are in the network's ITEM. CoII1llUssloner Johnson asks, "What tisers play no part in that process. No topic debt") . We came back to the subject in The could .be more essential than information has ever been selected or omi:tted and no 21st Century series, in a broadcast entitled about potentially harmful ... drugs?" 36298 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 He just asks, he doesn't say that we didn't station game-and-prize practices; the dan which are inherent in the complex nature of cover it. He was lucky because if he had said gers of flammable toys and clothing; toy guns our method of transmission. Eric was con .it, he would have been wrong. Time and time and other warlike toys; the trading-stamp trasing this with the simplicity of a reporter a.gain, we have reported such stories as the story; lumber-industry activities in the for or a writer for print who can sit in a corner thalidomide story, the FTC allegations relat ests; the dangers of pesticides, automobile by himself, type out his story and send it in. ing to aspirin and Bufferin, the Government insurance practices involving racial discrimi All Commissioner Johnson haid to do was to action against drug price fixing, the hearings nation and arbitrary cancellation of policies; read Eric's statement. on the excessive cost of drugs, including retail-credit abuses; automobile-warranty "THE ULTIMATE ISSUES-ARE IMPORTANT Italian cut-rating and American profiteering abuses; the dangers of cholesterol as a cause INDEED" in Latin America, the charges rel·ating to of heart and other diseases, caused by meat dangerous side effects of the birth-control fats, butter fat, margarines and other short• The ultimate issues which Commissioner pill, the Fl'C action against Geritol and enings and vegetable spreads. Johnson raises are important indeed. They Tums--both heavy advertisers with CBS. On And, of course, implicit in Commissioner involve the independence and integrity of July 9, 1969 (after Commissioner Johnson's Johnson's thesis is the charge that about broadcast journalism, free of management article), we reported ·briefly on the recent the last thing we would ever do is report interference and advertising pressures-and reports of the National Academy of Sciences stories unfavora·ble to CBS or CBS News it free too from Government dictation or coer on the ineffectiveness of drugs and pharma self. But again, the facts are to the con cive suggestion. I happen to think that Com ceutic·aJs; we dealt with the subject in more trary: for example, we have reported the missioner Johnson has some esoteric and er detail two days later, on July 11. chairges against television for its alleged vio roneous notions about the First Amendment. ITEM. Commissioner Johnson states that lence and effect on juvenile delinquency. We (Incidentally, the credit he bestows upon television fails to report on corporate crimes, reported the charges that CBS "staged" himself and his associates as the champions and he makes specific reference, although a pot party. We reported former Secretary of the First Amendment in the Commission's not by name, to an important case of price of Agriculture Freeman's aittack on the ac handling of the complaints concerning our fixing. curacy of the CBS News documentary "Hun political-convention coverage is not quite If I can guess what price-fixing case Com ger in America." And as to Commissioner justified. The Commission's actions in that missioner Johnson is talking about, we most Johnson's favorite subject, the Smothers case were rather less noble and rather less certainly reported it. Brothers, it was CBS News which, last fall, sensitive to the First Amendment than its ITEM. CommisS'ioner Johnson writes about even before the storm broke, did a segment belated words. After all, the Commission "the inherent dangers in cyclamates (the ar of 60 Minutes with the Smothers Brothers transmitted every complaint that it received tificial sweeteners in soft drinks) " and im expressing their viewpoints about their role and required us to address ourselves to plies that television's failure to cover that in television and their relationship to OBS; them-including hundreds that, only months story results in the danger being "scarcely and it was OBS News which, on the day later, it announced were not within its per known to the average American." after their contract was canceled, included missible authority.) Wrong again. On the Morning News of the only network interview with Tommy I also happen to think that the spiri.t, if April 11, 1969, we did a piece, running 7V2 Smothers reacting to the CBS action. not the letter, of the First Amendment minutes, concerning cyclamates, and we also As Commissioner Johnson says in his arti would, at the very least, compel a man in his reported the story in the Evening News. cle, "One could go on and on." And the position-a Government agent who, through /acts-about which one could go on and his licensing power, has the power of life and "WE DID NOT IGNORE THE STORY" on-destroy the fantasy about which he goes death over broadcasters-to be exceedingly ITEM. Oommissioner Johnson seems to say on and on. careful and accurate when he undertakes (sometimes his pen is quicker than the eye) Others-perhaps more scholarly and care public statements about what broadcast that we ignored the "black lung" disease ful than Commissioner Johnson-have ex news does and does not do and what it ought story-the dangers to miners' lungs resulting amined the question of television news' in and ought not do. from coal dust. The pattern is familiar: he tegrity and independence, and have come But, as I have stated elsewhere, the First is wrong; we did not ignore the story. We to quite different conclusions. Th.us, Herbert Amendment includes the right to be wrong. covered it in reporting the hearings in Wash J. Gans, a sociologist who is making a long Commissioner Johnson has certainly exe.r ington and in West Virginia on the issue, and range study of the mass media, stated (New cised that right. in a special broadcast on Feb. 11, 1969, en Yorker, Aug. 3, 1968, page 55): titled "Danger! Mines." "Despite the old stereotype that media em [From the TV Guide, Sept. 27, 1969] ITEM. Commissioner Johnson refers to the ployees report the news as their owners and COMMISSIONER JOHNSON REPLIES face that "one current sampling showed that advertisers see fit, this is not true of na Let anyone who has watched prime time 20 percent of the color-TV sets studied were tional television and magazines, however true emitting excess X-ray radiation." Again, he network television decide for himself. As Mr. it may be of the local press. People who Salant ["He Has Exercised His Right--To Be doesn't say so, but the implication is that work in the media I have studied so far are we didn't cover it. Wrong," Sepit. 201 knows little of it is "news." surprisingly free from outside interference As for TV news, it's not that it's done noth Wrong again: we did-as long ago as Au on the part of nonprofessionals and business gust 1967, when we reported that the Sur ing; it's just too little too late. Walter CA-on executives, and can decide on their own kite says, "We have barely dipped our toe geon General called for action on such radia what to cover and how to cover it." tion. into i:r:ivestig·ative reporting." Ed Murrow said, It may well be that the Commissioner is "(Corporate management) makes the final ITEM. Commissioner Johnson states broadly too busy attending to his official duties, and that we avoid stories of "human death, dis and crncial decisions having to do with news making speeches, and writing articles, to and public affairs.'' Many former TV news ease, dismemberment or degradation." permit him to know what really goes over Let him drop into my office some time and men agree. [See, e.g., book by 8alant's pred the air. But Cmnmissioner Johnson shows ecessor in office: Fred Friendly, "Due to Cir see the viewers' mail that comes across my signs of not only that he has no time to desk complaining that that is all we ever cumstances Beyond Our Control."] Let's hope look, but he also has no time or inclina for equivalent candor from a future, non talk about, and criticizing us bitterly for not tion to read. For one of his lowest and emphasizing more good news. Was Commis corporate Dick Salant. most mistaken blows-comes in his invo NICHOLAS JOHNSON, sioner Johnson otherwise occupied during cation of Eric Sevareid as a witness to sup our almost nightly Vietnam coverage, or port his thesis. In a paragraph explicitly Federal Communications Commissioner. when we broadcast such documentaries as devoted to management and advertising in "Harvest of Shame," "The Silent Spring of terference and pressures, Commission John Is THERE A SALANT IN TV NEWS? Rachel Carson," "The Tenement," "Christ son states that Eric Sevareid "has said of (By Nicholas Johnson) mas in El Barrio," "The Poisoned Air," "Men the pressures involved in putting together I would like to address you as my friends in Cages," "Hunger in America"? And our a network news show: 'The ultimate sensa in this part of the business at least. continuing series on one street in a Wash tion is that of being bitten to death by The fact is, I've tried to be helpful to tele ington, D.C. ghetto, Columbia Road, on the duoks.'" CBS Morning News? vision in every way I can. Tommy Smothers Never underestimate the carelessness or came to Washington and wanted to talk to "HE IS WRONG ON EVERY ONE OF HIS the disingenuity of Commissioner Johnson. some public officials and I agreed to see him. SPECIFICS" Eric Sevareid indeed said exactly thait several By the time he got back to Hollywood, the Commissioner Johnson finds it easy to years ago. But Commissioner Johnson could "Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" had been make out a case by simply ignoring what we have seen from the Sevareid statement itself, cancelled. Dick Cavett asked me to come on have done. His implication is that, in defer or from checking with Eric directly, that Eric his show, and I did, and now it's been can ence to advertisers, we stay away from any (see his letter to TV GUIDE, July 19) simply celled. Then George Herman asked me to news unfavorable to consumer products. As was not talking about management or adver come on "Face the Nation," and after I did we have just seen, he is wrong on every one tising interference or pressures. Eric was that the Louisiana Association of Broaictcast of his specifics; we have covered each of talking about what plagues us all in tele ers asked for equal time and five other state the cases he mentions. And we have done vision journalism and for which not even associations asked President Nixon to im other consumer stories as well which in Commissioner Johnson can supply a solu peach me. So with such a demonstrated rec volved industry and network advertisers: for tion: the cumbersome apparatus of television ord as an adviser and performer in this busi example, the housewives' boycott of super journalism, with all its cameras and lights ness some are beginning to question my markets, protesting high prices; the gas- and technicians and layers of personnel qualifications as a critic as well. December 1, 1969 ~XTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36299 A few people think I've been critical of My ·thesis is a very modest and simple one. currently a built-in allergy to unpleasant or OBS news, but I haven't. If you look very Management has the power. If it wishes to disturbing information. Our mass media re carefully, I never said that they have a exercise it, to abuse the use of this medium flects this. But unless we get up off our fat "salant" to their news. Their TV Guide ar by serving its own economic interests and the surpluses and recognize that television in ticles maybe, but not their news. economic interests of its friends; it has the the main is being used to distract, delude, Actually I thought it was kind of amusing incentive to want to do this; and it has on amuse and insulate us, then television and that Big Television decided to send the presi occasion, done it. those who finance it, those who look at it dent of OBS News to answer my article in Because there has been some disagreement and those who work at it, may see a totally TV Guide. Johnson, "The Silent Screen," TV about this seemingly obvious proposition, different picture too late." Gulde, July 5, 1969, p. 6; Salant, "He Has however, it seemed to me worthwhile to lay This is Jim Kunen in The Strawberry Exercised His Right-To Be Wrong," TV my cards on the table once again on this Statement: "I am of the opinion that the Guide, September 20, 1969, p. 10; Johnson, occasion. United States is involved in a controversial "Letter to the Editor," TV Guide, September Let me first say a word about sources. I war in southeast Asia and 'that the country 27, 1969, p. A-2. I've always thought that didn't oome into the FCC knowing anything has other problems, too. I think people ought the news department is to television what about this business. I was the first to ac to at Least 'think about these things. But I the Senate Chaplain is to the Congress. And knowledge that. What I know about abuses have noticed that the radio medium is a having OBS News recite from its newscasts as in the news business I know because you have tremendous airy goofball, which anesthetizes an answer to my charge that Big Television told m.e, usually in confidence, sometimes in everyone who listens. I'm curious about the hasn't been doing its job teemed to me letteTS, more often in conversation. Some motivation of people whose 50,000 watt pump rather like sending out the Senate Chaplain who have left the business have written pours such crap into the already polluted to read from his opening prayers in answer books which I have read and quoted. There air." That's what one of the spokesmen for to a charge _that the Congress hasn't been are some Congressional and FCC hearings today's young people is saying about the in providing adequate moral leadership. and decisions. What other sources could I dustry. What's the answer? What is the I saJ.d that I consider myself a friend of have than the people within the industry? mo tiva tion? broadcast journalism. I would like to read So I'm not telling you what I think. To Let's look for the answer in this story told to you from a statement that I made to the emphasize that point I am going to do quite me by one of the leading black disc jockeys Violence Commission in Deceznber, 1968- a bi·t of quoting. in this country. In one of his early jobs, go because it wasn't very widely covered in Let's start off with some general observa ing into a black-oriented station, the man Broadcas·ting Magazine and you may very tions about the importance of what you do, ager handed him the top 40 records and said, well not have heard a.bout it. This was long because I have a commitment to the role of "Here, boy spin these." And he said, "Well, before Dick Salant and I started slinging ar journalism in a free society. I have great I'd like to put out a little news on the hour if ticles at each other and shortly after the confidence in the people of this country to you don't mind." And the manager turned Chicago Democratic Convention. govern themselves--once they are educated around and said: "You're not gonna educate "News and public affairs is, by common and informed. And I have seen the power the nigras of this community at my expense." agreement, American television's finest con that you have to inform the people. Maybe that's still management's motivation tribution. The men who run it are generally One instamree of this power that occw-s to in some instances. I would never say it was professional, able, honora.ble and hard-work me just now is the black lung problem. If in .all. But the point is that the effect is ing. To the extent the American people know you go into the coal mines and breathe coal precisely the same as if it were. what is going on in the world, much of the dust every day your lungs disintegrate, and Edward R. Murrow thought the American credit must go to the networks' news teams. you're not capable of doing much work by people were capable of taking a great deal It's a tough and often thankless job. Eril.c the time you reach your middle years. Coal more than television provided them. I think Severeid has said of trying to do network miners, by and large, didn't know what was so too. There are now some seven million news that the ultimaite sensation is that of the matter with them, and they weren't get young Americans in colleges and universities, being eaten to death by ducks. These men ting any workman's compensation benefits. nearly as many as all of the people in this have fought a good many battles for all of Programs had been offered to television sta country with college degrees. There are ten to us with network management, advertisers, tions in coal mining districts about black twenty million Americans taking adult edu government officials, and news sources gen lung which they refused to show. One sta cation courses. The federal government's own erally. We are thankful. And by and large tion did show one. It was cut off the cable program has increased tenfold over the past I think we ought to stay out of their busi television system carrying that station while five years. Book sales have doubled in the last ness-with the exception, perhaps, of pr<;> the program was being shown. I commented ten years, to $2.5 billion last year, equivalent viding them protection from physical as on these omissions during my testimony be to the revenue of the very profitable televi sault. I would not for a moment suggest that fore the Violence Commission. For whatever sion industry. either your Commission, or mine, ought to be reason within a month . or two thereafter, I have received hundreds of letters in the providing standards for what is reported as there was some coverage of the black lung last few years, commenting about television. 'news.'" problem on network television and local tele This is a handwritten letter from a lady in I stand behind that today. Let me just say vision. About two weeks after that coverage Kentucky: "I guess I'm what the TV com that 90 percent of what I am complaining some 30,000 coal miners came out of the panies might call the 'average housewlve.' about is that television is not news-at least ground and organized, for about the first I'm not an intellectual, I'm not rich, I have it's not when people watch, which is between time in their liv,es, because the Union had children. I do my own washing and cook 7:30 and 11:00 p.m.,.prime time. That's the not been doing as enthusiaistic a job as i·t ing. I suppose they feel that the kind of problem. That's the censorship. And that's might have in representing their interests in rubbish which is put out over the air is most of what I'm talking about. The rest of this regard. About a month after that the satisfying. It's repugnant for the most part." this is really shop talk about the problems West Virginia Legislature passed one of the Here is a letter from a couple out in Cali in news, and the interference from manage first workmen's compensation benefit pro fornia: "My husband and I ... keep ... ment that there has been. Remember that grams for miners who suffer from this disease. hoping that programming will become more the principal thing I'm talking about is that One of the networks bragged a little bit pub meaningful and worthwhile. We are not poli- there is virtually nothing on in the evening licly-and rightfully so, I think-about its . tical activists, fanatics, crusaders, or even that gives people the kind of information impact upon this piece of legislation. The avid letter writers. We are just responsible they need to understand what's going on in point is, that's the power you have. I've seen Americans trying to live a meaningful life their world and in their lives. policies in Washington ch~ge overnight be and do our best to raise the next generation Having put forth 90 percent of my case, cause of a 90-second item on the evening to do the same. We realize the potential of let's spend the rest of the time in shop talk news. You can take pride in what happens the airways to bring us important informa aibout electronic journalism. after you put such items on the air. But then tion about our country's political, social, and There are many difficulties that you con you must also assume responsibility for what international status, and also to bring our front in trying to do your jobs, but one of fails to happen when you omit such coverage children learning opportunities, but are woe the things I have been writing about is edi for months or years. fully disappointed with the efforts being torial and censorship control by manage Here's Lippmann writing in 1922: "It ls made in these directions." And that's a theme ment. This takes a variety of forms. The most because they [a self-governing people) are that runs through thousands of letters that important is the curtailment of the time that compelled to act without a reliable picture I have in my office. you're permitted to have. You simply can of the world, that governments, schools ... Now we've been told recently that man not discuss major issues adequately in terms and churches make such small headway agement has never involved itself in matters of minute-and-a-half clips on the evening against the more obvious failings of democ of news and public affairs. Let's see what news. And the question is: How much time racy, against violent prejudice, apathy, pref some of you have had to say about this: are you getting for documentaries during erence for the curious trivial as against the Again Edward R. Murrow: "The top manage the evening? How much time are you given dull important, and the hunge·r for sideshows ment of the networks, with a few notable ex to really probe the issues? Do you have and three-legged calves. This is the primary ceptions, has been trained in advertising, re enough men to really do the kind of job defect of popular government, a defect in search, sales or show business. But by the you'd like to do? And how much interfer herent in its tradition, and all of its other nature of the corporate· structure they also ence is there in the reporter's produc.t on the defects can, I believe, be traced to this one." make the final and crucial decisions having part of editors who may be thousands of This is Edward R. Murrow in his speech to do with news and public affairs. Fre miles away with no first-hand knowledge of to you in 19-58: "We are currently wealthy, quently they have neither the time nor com the story? fat, comfortable and complacent. We have petence to do this." I don "t know, but that's 36300 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 what Ed Murrow said. Howard K. Smith: other business corporations. The Columbia ment to the Cooperative League of the USA, "[I]f as many people listen to me on ABC Journalism Review subsequently reported: later published in the January 1965 issue of as used to edit my copy on CBS, we'll have a "ITT harassed reporters covering Washing Consumer Reports. Senator Hart told of the large audience to build on." H. V. Kalten ton hearings ·an the merger; ABC News often cancellation of his scheduled appearances on born: "Each time I criticized a Federal sounded as if its stories about the merger television to discuss truth-in-packaging leg Judge ... a labor leader (who supervised were dictated by management. Journalism islation. As he stated: "I was told aidver the company's labor contracts), or a Wash can be relieved that twd such managements tisers had objected." ington official (whose influence counted in did not get together." (Let me say I do not Professor Harry Skornia has alleged: "In the issue of a broadcasting license) , one of personally share this interpretation of the case after case it appears that the broadcast the vice-presidents became frightened and ABC News' stories, but we must all be im industry itself has firmly blocked release protested." pressed that it was the conclusion of this to the public of certain facts. Although Here's the Crosley case involving WLW very professional and prestigious journal.) this blockage sometimes has been on behalf Newsman Norman Corwin who was fired ulti There are a number of examples of in of the political party in power, or the mili mately over this instance. Thf.s is an internal stances in which radio and television have tary, with · which large corporations are management memorandum to him: "No ref not given fair treatment to issues involving closely allied, most of it seems related to the erence to strikes is to be made on any news management's own interests in matters such financial and profit interests of corporations bulletin broadcast over our stations." A as cable television and pay television. Ther& controlling broadcasting, either as station or couple of days late·r another one: "Our news was a fairness complaint in 1965 involving network opera tors, sponsors, or a part of the broadcasts ... will not include mention of a station's coverage of a local CATV issue, business community generally, as opposed to any strikes. This also includes student strikes and the "Fairness Primer" makes reference the over-all national interest." and school walkouts." H~ raised the question to unfair treatment of the pay television Here's another comment from Mr. Skornia: of whether this wasn't going to look a little issue on one of the networks. "The press might render ... a great serv funny to the people who read the news One of the things you have to recognize ice ... if it let the public know how things papers, knew what was happening, and knew is the economic value of being able to con stand between say, the copper companies and that radio wasn't mentioning it. They in trol the news. How do you put a price tag Central America. Or the oil companies and formed him at that point they could do with on it? One of the things you can look at is the Middle East. In the broadcast area, ques out his services, al though they had expressed how much people are willing to pay to kill tions might be raised regarding the pres great pleasure with him prior to that. stories. In 1871 Boss Tweed went to The New sures exerted on the United States govern Or, how about the R11.:hards case in Los York Times in an effort to suppress an ex ment by fruit, oil, sugar, tobacco, and other Angeles? The fellow who owned KMPC there, pose of the Tweed gang, and offered them companies with investments in Cuba since WJR in Detroit, and WGAR in Cleveland set $5 million to kill the story. Since then Castro's rise to power. Why are these enor out on an abortive effort to elect General there's been a little inflation. If it was worth mous problems so little discussed in view of Douglas MacArthur as President. He fired $5 million to kill a single story in 1871 it the overwhelming importance they have in Clete Roberts, his news direct o·r, because might very well be worth $20 million to buy making United States foreign policy?" he referred to the age of the General, whicih a single station now-particularly if it can Here's another confidential letter to me the owner f·elt might detract from his po return a 100 percent return on depreciated from a correspondent who is presently em litical appeal. The FOO was besieged there capital every year. ployed by a network: "My story on what after with a pruckage of affidavits from nu A network official on the news side has was then the largest operation of the war merous radio newsmen about Rtchard's in stated publicly, "We've gone after the com . . . came back to me minus references to structions to slant, to distort, and to faJsify mon denominator. There are many vital is evident ineffectiveness of bombing raids the news. At this time Chet Huntley was sues that we won't go near. We censor our [which were) later admitted by military heading the newsmen's organization out on selves." That was from an article. This is officials." the West Coast. from a confidential letter. I get a number This is from the Cornell Law Review: We learned quite a lesson from the ABC of these examples from you newsmen, com "Broadcasters, both individually and in ITI' hearing about the attitude of large cor plaining about what's happening to you in court, have traditionally avoided controver porate management toward the integrity of the business. I think that this letter is worth sial programming because sponsors are hesi the news. One of the questi·ons in that hear reading. After going through many, many tant to become even subliminally associated ing was: Would ITT ever try to interfere with examples of Vietnam coverage, coverage of with opinions disagreeable to potential pur ABC's news judgment? rrr professed great Nixon and other officials, this newsman con chasers." And the Review refers to "merce purity in this regard. And yet, while a hear cludes his three-page single-spaced letter: nary self-censorship by the broadcasting in ing was being conducted on this issue, the "These are but a few of the examples that dustry." Wall Street Journal broke the story of the I know of personally. There are many more. Here's an article by a man who's still in pressure that TI'T was putting on the re Some "Censorship" may, of course, result from the business: "I heard on the grapevine that porters covering that very hearing. An AP honest differences of opinion between cor producers at all three networks were work and UPI reporter testified to severaJ phone respondent and producer on what is news and ing up plans for a major series on "The caJls to their homes by ITT public relations the proper way to present it. But it would be Cities." Had the news department suddenly men asking them to change their stories and stretching credulity to the breaking point to gotten religion? Of course not. The Institute to make inquiries for ITT with regard to suggest that much of what we see (at least of Life Insurance, the public relations arm stories by other reporters, and to use their at [his network)) is not simply pusillani of the insurance companies in America influence as members of the press to obtain mous self-censorship aimed at keeping 'news' were--under pressure from President John confidenti:al information for ITT from the programs sufficiently bland so that no one is son-investing one billion dollars in the Department of Justice regarding its inten offended ... and certainly not disturbed." nation's slums. An excellent way to bring tions. A New Yo,rk Times reporter was asked This is the Chairman of the Senate Com this fact to the public, of course, was through by a senior vice president of ITI' whether merce Committee writing in 1956: "Broad sponsorship of a television documentary on she'd been following the stock prices of casting stations should not be simply house the problem. All three networks were asked ABC-IT!', and whether she did not feel a organs grinding out the tune of big business for 'treatments.'" responsibility to the shareholders who might interests which own them-and there is A current issue of Variety magazine told lose money as a result of what she wrote. He some evidence that this is a real danger to how one major sponsor was given the oppor also implied that she hoo an obligation to day." This is Edward P. Morgan: "It is one tunity of selecting which documentaries he pass information on to her mana gement be thing to mourn Yates' death in gallant pur would like to be associated with. A list of cause, since The New York Times owns radio suit of duty in the highest tradition of the 120 was made up and from that a list of 30 station WQXR they would, of course, want to fourt h estate. It is quitie another to admit was presented to him. A process of self-cen serve their own economic interests in the re how unkempt those traditions have become sorship ls at work even in the selection of the ports that she put in the paper. This was, through neglect, and the pursuit of pr.ofit titles presented to the cmppany involved. for me, a very unsettling experience. Such items as, "Revolution in Sex Educa more than the pursuit of truth. Ted Yates tion,'' and "Whatever Happened to Privacy?" All we had written in the first ABC-ITT did not duck and he lost his life. The freest dissenting opinion was that there was still had the potential of developing into forth and most profitable press in the world, every right controversial shows if given the chance a possibility that something like this might major facet of it, not only ducks, but pulls by the sponsors. Predictably, however, those happen. We never dreamed that it could its punches to save a supermarket of com happen in that very case. It seemed to me two were not to its taste. While the sponsor mercialism or shield an ugly prejudice and ts accepted the idea of a show on railroads, the ITT had demonstrated an abrasive self putting the life of the republic in jeopardy righteousness in dealing with the press, an title "Death of the Iron Horse" was changed thereby." because the sponsor did not want to take insensitivity to its independence and integ Another report from the Columbia Jour rity, a willingness to spread false stories in "a negative point of view." The new work nalism Review: "1n r.adio and televlsion there ing title was "Golden Age of Railroads," ex furtherance of self-interest, contempt for is even less candor on consumer topics than government officials as well as the press, and pressing the more positive approach desired in magazines." And I will say in credit to by the sponsor. And the sponsor not only an assumption that even as prestigious a CBS, they go on to say: "CBS ls far ahead of altered the title but the program concept news medium as The New York Times would, the field in tackling sensitive consumer as well by this change. as a matter of course, want to present the topics. But even the CBS list is not very Here's another quote !rem one of your news so as to serve its own economic inter long." members: "The television documentary pro ests as well as the economic interests of This is from Senator Phil Hart in a state- ducer must fight . . . the pressures from ad- December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36301 vertisers and sales departments. More often Salant mentioned with such pride in his TV non-controversial space for the full-page ads than not, he has been fighting a losing Guide article. Fred Friendly says that CBS and the singing commercials.'' battle." This is Jack Gould: "Television, to and the sponsor, Alcoa, became upset because Now we come to the question of what the be blunt about it, is basically a medium with the tobacco industry buys air time and industry does, what management does, what a mind closed to the swiftly moving currents aluminum foil, and that these controversies the Washington representatives do, to help of tomorrow. The networks and stations have as well as others were the cause of the death out the news people when they have prob erected an electronic wan around the status of "See It Now." lezns. Do they really fight the free speech quo." Alexander Kendrick: " ... [T)he tele Take some of these issues that are very battle? I say the answer to that is no. vision industry is more than a fortunate sec close to the television industry right now Alexander Kendrick: "There is nothing tor of the free enterprise system. Because it and ask yourself how many documentaries novel in the fact that networks should be deals in ideas and images as well as in you have seen or are likely to see on th6Se subject to pressures. What is distressing, as cosmetics and cigarettes, it is wittingly or subjects: The Pastore bill which would in Murrow found out in his time, is that they unwittingly an instrument of the Establish effect give lifetime .licenses to broadcasters; should so often yield to them.... [T]he ment, tha.t complex of governmental, politi the questions surrounding news staging; the networks have called wolf many times be cal, economic and psychological forces that, standards of broadcast programming that are fore, and have too often stigmatized as even when some enlightenment intrudes, is applied; the quality of the new fall shows; 'thought control' the attempts to get them dedicat~. to the preservation of the status the impact of television on children or adults; to redeem their public service obligations. quo.... documentaries about the quality of adver They have equated freedom of speech with More examples? This a.gain from Skornia. tising, and about deceptive advertising; doc freedom from criticism." Ed Murrow said: "In late 1963 the Amerdcan Civil Liberties umentaries on broadcast station license "One of the minor tragedies of television Union noted that CBS excluded a song satiriz challenges by public groups around the coun news and information is that the networks ing the John Birch Society from the Ed try; the importance of accurate reporting to will not even defend their vital interests." Sulllvan program because it would have a democratic society; the process of election For some examples, let's talk about the been, 'too controversial,' [a problem that was of public officials and the role of media and Pacifica cases. I think they're as good an recently echoed with the controversy over the the funds that are needed to make that illustration as any. When the license renewal Smothers show). In 1964, NBC vetoed a pro possible and therefore the political power of for the California stations came up, in FCC gram on venereal disease that had been care this industry; the process by which you put Chairman Henry's time, a real First Amend fully prepared for the Mr. Novak series to together a news program; or the TV set ra ment issue was posed because there were help the nation recognize this tragic and diation hazards. people who objected to the content of what dangerous threat to the youth of the world." Ed Morgan again: "Let's face it, we in the Pacifica was putting out. There was a real Edward R. Murrow: "I invite your attention trade use this power more frequently to fix question as to whether their licenses were to the television schedules of all networks a traffic ticket or to get a ticket to a ball game going to be renewed or revoked because of between the hours of 8:00 and 11:00 p.m. than to keep the doors of an open socdety that controversy. There was not a single voice Eastern time. Here you will find only :fleeting open and swinging, by encouraging honest raised on Pacifica's behalf. Not a single reso and spasmodic reference to the fact that this controversy, or, if you '11 pardon the term, lution from the state associations, not a nation is in mortal danger." And some com crusading for truth and justice. There is single speech, not a single amicus brief filed ments by Alexander Kendrick: "Gaugin in enough wrong in this republic to merit a full by counsel. Where were they? Tahiti, the re-creation of the voyages of scale expose daily, if not every hour on the Last December it came up again, and that Ulysses, or essays on women, doors and hour. But newspapers run prize contests to great spokesman for First Amendment free bridges--even drivdng, boating and science lure readers or keep the ones they have. dom, Broadcasting Magazine, ran a little item tests-merely underline the fact that com Broadcasting is driving thoughtful citizens pointing out that Pacifica's Los Angeles sta mercial television has f,ailed to treat ade away in droves by fertilizing the wastelands tion, KPFK, in the early morning had broad quately such questions as the Vietnam war, of the airwaves with the manure of utter cas:t a song that had an allegedly profane line America's policy in Asia, pacifism, the world mediocrity. The situation is so bad that the in it, and suggesting that the license really wide traffic in arms, Church versus State, the commercials, even in their saturation, are ought to be held up. And it was, while that right of dissent, the police use of force, Con often better than the programs they sup charge was investigated. Or how about the gressional ethics, the New Economics, stock port." protests in New York over ,the reading of an market speculation, or a dozen other im Here is an advertisement from a network. I alleged anti-Semitic poem over WBAI? Broad portant me;tters which would have been won't identify it. It's very proud of what it's casting Magazine this time editorialized standard operating procedure for Murrow and putting out next fall. Well in the back, as against WBAI. It had gone beyond its First Friendly with See It Now and OBS Reports. one would suspect, is the section on news Amendment protective freedom; it should be In the 1968 election year, the electoral sys specials. What are we promised as we look punished by ,the FCC. On the same page it tem itself, obviously in crisis, was discussed into the fall of 1969 and early 1970? What editorialized about the First Amendment in no serious way on any network." leadership, what information, are we going to rights of the broadcasters to run cigarette Alexander Kendrick further writes, "Dur get from this network? And remember, this commercials unrelieved of any information ing a two month period in 1967 ... the three was not written by Jack Gould. It was writ to the American people about the health commercial networks had three 'prime time' ten by the advertising agency servicing the hazards of cigarette smoking. That's how documentaries, An Essay on Women, The network. The West of Charles Russell's artis management stands behind the First Amend Royal Palaces of Britain, and Thoroughbred, tic genius, presented in all its rousing color, ment. It seems considerably more interested A Stud Farm Chronicle. In this same period, fury, grandeur, and simple humanity." You'll in profitable speech than free speech. newspapers and magazines dealt in depth have to wait until January 7th at 10:00 p.m. In the "Pot Party" case which CBS was with the fall of Congressman Adam Clayton for that one. "Eskimos: A Report on the involved in, I thought there was some lan Powell, the row about the Manchester book Eskimos Ancient Traditions." No date has yet guage in the FCC's opinion that befuddled about the assassination of President Ken been fixed for that one. Finally, the one they tather than helped in understanding and nedy, the conviction of Bobby Baker ... and lead with-that they are most proud of. Here dealing with the problem of staged news the dispute about new Federal safety rules in a way is television's attempt to report on events. I felt that you were entitled to a for manufacturers. Even prior publication in the "vast wasteland." It is called, simply, straighter and better statement of what was the New York Times provided no warranty "Sahara." "Shifting and changing yet con going on. I said in my opinion tha.t we're for such stories on television. They were stant and enduring-this is the vast, searing going to test right now how much the in kissed off with brief daily reports in the Sahara Desert. Journey along with us as a diustry cares, because if it cares, it can easily evening newscasts." modern-day caravan travels across these appeal this case. We'll watch and see if it This is from one of the judges of the Emmy ancient sands to discover the Sahara's many will. It didn't. Variety has written: "It has Awards who watched all of the news docu moods and intriguing secrets. 7:30 p .m., De been made clear here, in a number of ways mentaries that were presented by the net cember 19th." that the ordin~ry broadcaster-the publisher works. These were, presumably, the cream of I put lt to you. Do you really feel in your of the airways-is willing to surrender still the cream, the best that the networks were hearts that those are the three most im more of his First Amendment freedom for capable of -presenting. He watched them for portant issues that the American people need the promise of perpetual license to do busi two full days, and he wrote: "Yet for all the to know about this next year? If so, I really ness. At gunpoint, and given the choice of Vietnam films, the riots, the politics, how have made a big mistake and I'll go home. No, "your money or your life" the ordinary citizen little we had seen of the world in twenty I think you kind of feel with me that man promptly yields up his money. Not so the two hours. There was nothing about Ameri agement could have given you a little more broadcaster." can or foreign education, nothing about time to deal with a few other subjects than Dick Salant answered my charges of "cor de Gaulle or France, nothing about Franco's these. porate censorship" with a personal assault Spain, about gold and money, Cuba and Here's another comment from Ed Morgan, and a catalog of news items and documen South America, the Communist Bloc, Sino who seems to feel the same way, "The taries over the past decade or so. I was given Russian relations, nothing about drugs and h ~· nestly concerned citizens, right, left and about 100 words in which to answer his six sex. Everything was made with a high degree center are the nuclei, not of black power or page article. For once I really knew how of technical competence; nothing was bor white power but p ositive power which can television newsmen feel when they're told to ing; but how little we had learned, how in make representative government work. But describe the problems of the world i~ any frequently I had been moved." their power has n::>t been sufficiently turned thing up to forty-five seconds. Here's what And let's consider that early show on the on because the press has been too busy I wrote: hazards of cigarette smoking, which Mr. neuterizing the news to clear comfortable, "Let anyone who has watched prime time 36302 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 1, 1969 network television decide for himself. As sor of law at the University of Chicago about the premises and objectives involved in Mr. Salant ["He Has Exercised His Right- Law School. In an aticle entitled "Epi their exercise of discretion. To Be Wrong,'' Sept. 20] knows, little of it is logue to the Criminal Justice Survey," The ambitious goals of our criminal law "news." As for TV news, it's not that it's (including public security and private civil done nothing; it's just too little too late. Professor Hazard outlines the failures of liberty, uniformity and individualization, Walter Cronkite says, "We have barely dipped our criminal justice system, as deter bodily safety and purity of morals), raising our toe into investigative reporting." Ed mined by the American Bar Foundation's questions about community purpose. Murrow said, "(Corporate management) survey of the administration of criminal The autonomy of law enforcement agen makes the final and crucial decisions having justice. The foundation, located on the cies, raising questions about the identity and to do with news and public affairs." Many campus of the University of Chicago, has responsibility of law enforcement "authority" former TV newsmen agree. [See, e.g., book just completed an impressive review of itself. by Salant's predecessor in office: Fred Friend The fact that achieving a high conviction ly, "Due to Circumstances Beyond Our Con criminal law administration in three ma rate is not necessarily the central aim of trol."] Let's hope for equivalent candor from jor cities. criminal law administration, raising ques a future, noncorporate Dick Salant." One problem he cites is the lack of pro tions as to its other purposes. This statement is an effort to elaborate a fessional involvement in the average These findings generally oorrespond to bit on that letter. It is deliberately long, case, where total time spent by police of those made thirty-five years ago by the filled with examples, and dependent upon ficer, prosecutor, magistrate, and proba Wickersham Commission and two years ago the statements of those in broadcast jour tion officer is probably less than 5 by the President's Commission on Law En nalism who seemingly disagree with Mr. hours-and, the hearing in court less forcement and Administration of Justice, Salant. I think their observations, opinions than 5 minutes. which says how difficult it is to bring about and experiences are entitled to greater fundamental improvement in so important a weight than my own. Professor Hazard also makes sense out legal institution. The Floundation survey, These comments are not intended as a of the problem of "law and order," which however, made a special contribution in de criticism of television journalism. I repeat, he properly says "is not so much an an scribing the administration of criminal jus as I said at the beginning, that I believe archistic conspiracy as an accumulation tice as an interrelated system. However dis it to be televisions finest hour-or perhaps of public neglect. As soon as we can jointed, the various institutions that were I should say half hour. The principal prob abandon the search for a scapegoat- the subject of the survey have systemlike lem with "television" in America is that whether the police, the Supreme Court, attributes. Common to all of them is the of so little of it is devoted to news-or any youth unrest or the black man-we may fender-the man and his file that move thing else that matters-not that the little through the maze. Common also ts a recogni that deals with reality is done poorly. The get down to the serious business or orga tion by the official participants that their ac faults that I do find with television jour nizing a system for the prevention of vio tivities are interrelated. Every operative in nalism I believe to be more the responsibility lence that will work over the long pull." the system-policeman, prosecutor, judge, of management than of working newsmen. Mr. Speaker, the serious business of correction officer-one way or another takes But these faults do exist. And we can never safeguarding the community against the into account the probable response of others promote the improvements that we all seek allegedly dangerous accused is providing in the system to whatever action or decision in this profession-you as much or more speedy trials-not slowing down trials he Wldertakes. than I-so long as Big Television manage with preventive detention. The preven A SYSTEM COMPOSED OF BALKANIZED AGENCIES ment is unwilling to be candid enough to tion of violent crimes by the accused will Recognizing that the agencies of criminal acknowledge what those of you who work law are a system is one thing; putting the in this business have repeatedly said are be achieved by swiftly trying the accused the facts. and surely punishing the guilty-not by lesson into practice is another. The agencies incarcerating the accused and teaching of criminal justice are still balkanized, seailed off from each other by boundaries of legal him the tools of the criminal trade. jurisdiction, political allegiance and budget PREVENTIVE DETENTION I: OR Because Professor Hazard cuts ary responsibility. There is an almost com STANDING ROOM ONLY through much of the loose talk about plete lack of over-all management or oo criminal justice, I commend his article ordination.2 At the same time, performance to my colleagues. specifications are pursued or imposed in one HON. ABNER J. MIKVA The article, "Epilogue to the Criminal part of the system without reference to their OF ILLINOIS Justice Survey," which appeared in the impact on other parts. The due process ex IN TUE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES plosion emanating from the Supreme Court November 1969 issues of the American is a much-debated illustration-the police Monday, December 1, 1969 Bar Associta/tion Journal, follows: are required• to increase the procedural qual Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, the Honor EPILOGUE TO THE CRIMIN AL JUSTICE ity of their performance without being pro able Tim Murphy, Judge of the D.C. SURVEY vided the resources to do so. But the police (By Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.) insistence that the "clearance rate" is the court of general sessions, testified be relevant measure of their performance re fore the Judiciary Subcommittee consid The American Bar Foundation's Survey of flects a similarly incomplete analysis. The the Administration of Crimtnal Justice will ering preventive detention. He con be completed next month with the publica public is not served by a high solution rate simply on crimes that the police know about. tended that if full-scale pretrial hearings tion of Professor Frank Miller's Prosecution: were held in all cases involving "dan In broader perspective, the efforts to deal The Decision To Charge a Suspect with a with the problem of crime are hampered by gerous defendants," as provided for in Crime, to be publtshed by Little, Brown & Company. This VQlume and its four compan the tendency of each agency to pursue it.s the administration's preventive deten own ends oblivious of the interests of other ions 1 report and analyze information gath tion bill, even the D.C. court reform bill agencies and of the aggregate effect on might not provide enough judges to han ered in a field study of criminal law admin istration in three major cities. Although the criminal law administration. Now that Con dle the additional workload. I believe primary data are ten years old, continued gress at last has interested itself seriously that preventive detention will be no monitoring and more recent studies show in the problem of criminal law administra boon to justice-only a boon to the pop that the basic problems remain mostly un tion, we see it making the same kind of ulation of already overcrowded jails and changed. mistake. The Omnibus Crime Control and overloaded court dockets. No study of such a complex subject can Safe Streets Act of 1968 contemplates mas Judge Murphy's observation deserves be "definitive" in the sense of exhausting the sive augmentation of police resources with subject. The main findings of the survey, out corresponding increases in the capacity the attention of my colleagues. Preven of prosecution offices, criminal courts and tive detention is not something to nevertheless, are quite clear. These include: The wide discretion officials have in en corrections agencies to handle the new "busi blithely accept as a solution to pretrial forcing the criminal law, ra1s1ng questions ness" increased police forces presumably will crime control. The possibility that such generate. These kinks sooner or later may schemes would both vi'ol1ate the car be ironed out, but there will be a good deal 1 LA FAVE, ARREST: THE DECISION To TAKE of distress and confusion before that goal is dinal principle of Anglo-Saxon jurispru A SUSPECT INTO CUSTODY ( 1965) ; NEWMAN dence-innocent until proven guilty realized. CONVICTION: THE DETERMINATION OF GUILT OR The survey also permits us to see that the and overburden an already overburdened INNOCENCE WITHOUT TRIAL (1966); TIFFANY, administration of criminal justice is a "sys criminal court system should end the MCINTYRE & ROT'l'ENBERG, DETECTION OF tem" from the point of view of its "custom applause for preventive detention and CRIME: STOPPING AND QUESTIONING, SEARCH ers"-the criminal offender, the potential stimulate hard thinking. AND SEIZURE, ENCOURAGEMENT AND ENTRAP MENT (1967); and DAWSON, SENTENCING: THE One who has thought hard about DECISION AS TO TYPE, LENGTH AND CONDITIONS 2 In a few localities, specifically Los An criminal justice is Mr. Geoffrey C. Haz OF SENTENCE ( 1969) . All were published by geles, some real advances have been made ard, Jr., the executive director of the Little, Brown & Company, 34 Beacon Street, toward remedying this sttuation, but such American Bar Association and a profes- Boston, Massachusetts 02106. efforts are exceptional. December 1, 19 69 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 36303 criminal offender and the public-at-large. nHlcance of the criminal law is not so much summer sales seasons in years, lacking the The aim of the criminal law is to protect soci its doctrinal refinement but its "delivered normal sharp slump. U.S. Steel said its steel ety from serdous domestic evils. This goal is value"-its practical reality, day-on-day, mill shipments in the period totaled 5.5 mil achieved in part by the moral condemna year-on-year, at the level of enforcement.3 lion tons, up from 4.9 million tons in the tion implicit in criminal prohibitions and in In this perspective, the processes of statu 1968 quarter. part by punishing those who violate the pro tory reform and judicial law making appear U.S. Steel's third quarter profit increase hibitions. But beyond these measures there as guidelines for social action rather than topped those posted by major competitors. is an educational and demonstrative function action itself. Having propounded a criminal Fourth-larges·t National Steel Corp. scored a of the criminal law system. Law enforcement law to which we say we are cotnmitted, are we 25 % gain in September quarter earnings; officials are models-and in this sense teach prepared to take the public action that will No. 3-ranked Republic Steel Corp. had a 24% ers-of what proper behavior ought to be. make it a reality? It pleases us to moralize increase; Armco Steel Corp. registered a 17 % This is the simple, but profoundly impor through the medium of the criminal law. It advance and Inland Steel suffered a 32% de tant basis for responsible concern about "po may be more appropriate, however, for us to cline. J·ones & Laughlin Steel Corp., a unit lice brutality". Each unnecessary use Of the ask what kind of social protection is worth of Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., had a freakish billy-club, each racial slur, each instance of having. Let us hope the legal profession can six-fold profit increase from the extremely officiousness is a lesson of some kind to some help our society confront that question. depressed 1968 quarter. However, it stllJ. one. The lesson to be learned from this of termed its earnings poorer than earlier ex ficial miscreancy is surely not one that we pected. want taught. A HEALTHY STEEL INDUSTRY The indus·try's second-largest producer, At the time the survey data were collected, Bethlehem Steel Corp., is expected to report there seemed to be little overt official bru third quarter earnings today. tality in the communities studied, testimony HON. THOMAS M. REES The improved third quarter helped U.S. to the efforts of the agencies to do a pro Steel cut its year-to-year lag in profit for the fessiona.J. job. That probably was true in most OF CALIFORNIA nine-months. Nine-months net income was parts of the country at the time and, again IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES $150.9 million, or $2.79 a share, off 26.6% with some important qualifications, appears Monday, December 1, 1969 from the year-earlier restated $205.6 million, to be substantially true today. However, the or $3.80 a share. Nine-monith sales fe11 2.5% incidence of what might be called "psychic" Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, there has been to $3.52 billion from $3.61 billion. U.S. Steel's brutality is widespread. A good deal of this is a great deal of interest these past two first-half profit fell almost 40% from the attributable to the persona.J. and educational sessions 1n the legislating of a steel im 1968 half. characteristics of people who are drawn into port quota. Most of the speeches have Robert C. Tyson, chairman of the finance law enforcement work, and s·ome of the cal committee, said the lower nine-month earn lousness is no doubt the consequence of the discussed the terrible plight of the steel ings were due to reduced shipments; a "sub abrasions they suffer while performing tough industry-its sinking sales and profits, stantial increase" in hourly-em·ployment and exasperating jobs. But the survey indi and high unemployment. costs under the industry's labor contract; ca_ted something else for which society has I would like to have included in the higher prices on purchased goods and serv to take responsibility. At dozens Of points, RECORD the following statement concern ices; higher interest charges and increased with a repetitiveness that settled into monot ing United States Steel which reports the state and local taxes. ony, the system was ignorant, indifferent or best 3d quarter improvement, a record "Shortages of skilled labor in certain areas, abrupt with the people with whom it was compounded by the need for summer-vaca dealing simply because there were too many 41.6-percent profit gain on an 8.8-percent tion coverage, and the impact of our vast cases, involving too many people, being han advance in sales. facility modernization program moving dled by too few officia.ls with too little time My hope is that those who wish to leg through expected costly initial stages of pro to do a decent job. islate quotas will read the following re duction also were contributing factors,'' Mr. It is not merely that the police, the pros port carefully: Tyson added. ecutors and the magistrates have to make [From the Wall Street Journal, Oct. 29, 1969] The big steelmaker said its nine-month rapid decisions on the basis of inadequate production totaled 16.6 mUlion tons, down information and insufficient reflection. Even UNITED STATES STEEL NET SPURTED 41.6 PER from 17.8 million tons in the year-earlier when the objective circumstances would have . CENT IN THIRD PERion-IMPROVEMENT Is period. permitted some kind of pause, the resources BEST So FAR REPORTED BY MAJOR MILLS Giving evidence of a slowdown in capital were not available to make use of it. It is SALES HAD 8.8 PERCENT ADVANCE-POOR 1968 QUARTER NOTED spending, U.S. Steel said outlays for plant and now notorious that the policeman's arrest equipment in the September quarter were decision is a complicated choice made on the PITTSBURGH.-U.S. Steel Corp. turned in $153 million, down from $222 million a year spur of the moment. But the same problem the best third quarter earnings improvement earlier. Outlays in the nine months dropped exists in the prosecutor's office, where the so far reported by a major steelmaker, rack to $460 million from $504 million. As of Sept. files whiz by the hasty perusal of a junior ing up a 41.6% profit gain on an 8.8% ad 30, authorized projects yet to be completed deputy and go past a senior deputy at an vance in sales. totaled another $965 million. even faster rate. It repeats itself again in The nation's largest steel producer earned court, where the cases are served up to an $46.8 million, or 87 cents a share, in the overworked magistrate for drumhead treat September quarter, up from a restated $33 ment. What kind of a system of justice is it million, or 61 cents a share, a year earlier. BIG TRUCK BILL in which the aggregate professional involve Sales rose to $1.17 billion from $1.07 billion. ment in the average case, including police, The 1968 net income figure is restated to prosecutor, magistrate and probation officer, reflect the change to straight-line deprecia HON. FRED SCHWENGEL is probably less than five hours and the final tion accounting from accelerated account judgment that society makes-the hearing in ing. The change raised the figures from the OF IOWA court-takes less than five minutes? And earlier-reported $11 million, or 21 cents a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES share. what shall we say of antiriot procedures that Monday, December 1, 1969 pit police against crowds too large for them The steelmaker's third quarter resUits ben to handle with low-key techniques? efited from comparison with a 1968 quarter Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, my In light of these facts, the "breakdown of in which steel operations and sales plum editorial for today is from the Providence law and order" is not so much an anarchis meted following the 1968 labor contract Journal in the State of Rhode Island. tic conspiracy as an accumulation of public agreement of last August. Customers who had The editorial follows: neglect. As soon as we can abandon the built up steel stockpiles in anticipation of search for a scapegoat-whether the police, a strike, cut buying sharply in August and POTPOURRI the Supreme Court, youth unrest or the black September last year. The American Automobile Association and man-we may get down to the serious busi The earnings also benefited to some extent other passenger-car oriented groups are ness of organizing a system for the preven from the major price increases that U.S. voicing concern about efforts by the truck tion of violence that will work over the long Steel initiated and competitors followed ing industry to get wider, longer, and heavier pull. early in August this year. However, the com trucks on the nation's highways. A relaxa The Foundation survey has hel1ped the pany said the September quarter "for the tion of federal controls, it is felt, will lead to legal profession become more aware of the most part" didn't reflect those price in relaxation of state controls-with unhappy weaknesses in criminal justice-the law's creases. The company explained that the results for passenger car drivers. central institution. The criminal law is the price boosts weren't effective for the whole It's not our point to get into the merits pillar of the administration of justice, repre quarter and some, in fact, aren't eff·ective of the case for bigger trucks. But perhaps senting the most serious of society's legal yet. the AAA could kill two birds with one stone ·concerns and the most sensitive of its legal The third quarter results also reflected by urging Washington to pave the right-of processes. The legal profession has always what steel men say was one of the s.trongest ways of major railroads and give trucks of claimed a special responslb111ty !or it. What all sizes e~clusive use of the new road&- the survey has told the legal profession is a See Jackson, Criminal Justice: The Vital with the understa.nding that trucks would what Justice Jackson, who inspired the study, Problems of the Future, 39' A.B.A.J. 743 not use existing major highways. Anyone had suspected it would: th