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Women and Cultural Production: Fiestas, Families, and Foodways in San Rafael, New Mexico Stephanie M

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Women and Cultural Production: Fiestas, Families, and Foodways in San Rafael, New Mexico Stephanie M University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2014 Women and Cultural Production: Fiestas, Families, and Foodways in San Rafael, New Mexico Stephanie M. Sanchez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Sanchez, Stephanie M.. "Women and Cultural Production: Fiestas, Families, and Foodways in San Rafael, New Mexico." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/59 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stephanie M. Sanchez Candidate Anthropology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Louise Lamphere, Co-Chairperson Beverly Singer, Co-Chairperson Phillip B. Gonzales Enrique Lamadrid i WOMEN AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION: FIESTAS, FAMILIES, AND FOODWAYS IN SAN RAFAEL, NEW MEXICO By Stephanie M. Sanchez B.A., American Studies, University of New Mexico, 2004 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2007 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2014 ii ©2014, Stephanie M. Sanchez iii Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I cannot express enough gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Louise Lamphere, who read numerous revisions and provided me with invaluable guidance. Thank you to my committee members, Beverly Singer, Felipe Gonzales, and Enrique Lamadrid, who offered thoughtful critique and support throughout this process. Thank you to the Mellon Foundation at the University of New Mexico for providing funding for research and writing through a Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. I also wish to acknowledge professors who have taught and mentored me along the way: Charles M. Carrillo, Miguel Gandert, and Michael Trujillo. I would like to thank my dissertation writing committee for their dedication and feedback, my friends and colleagues from the University of New Mexico for giving me a sense of community, and my family for their unyielding love and support. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the wonderful people of San Rafael who opened their homes and lives to me. Thank you for your generosity, your kindness, and for teaching me about family, faith, and food. iv WOMEN AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION: FIESTAS, FAMILIES, AND FOODWAYS IN SAN RAFAEL, NEW MEXICO BY STEPHANIE M. SANCHEZ B.A., American Studies, University of New Mexico, 2004 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2007 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2014 ABSTRACT Historically, New Mexico scholars and folklorists have often omitted women’s roles in Hispanic cultural production and heritage maintenance. However, women make significant contributions to the retention, transmission, and adaptation of traditional Hispanic practices. In this dissertation, I examine how particular Hispanic women, who I refer to as “center women” (Brodkin Sacks 1988), from a small village named San Rafael, New Mexico mobilize their families and other community members in order to successfully perform traditional New Mexican events such as the annual fiesta in honor of the local patron saint, Las Posadas, a Christmas time novena, and Good Friday commemorations. These events not only illustrate women’s cultural competence and the work of kinship (di Leonardo 1987), they are also instances in which women demonstrate agency and innovation within traditional customs as they adapt heritage practices to attract participation from younger generations and disparate groups of family and community members. v Through communal and family cultural performances, I explore changes in Hispanic New Mexican cultural production, but also intergenerational changes in women’s beliefs about how traditional practices relate to their lived experiences, contemporary heritage expression and preservation, and social belonging. I argue that the women with cultural competence and social capital must reproduce themselves within the community in order to continue traditional Hispanic practices and to maintain a communal character for their increasingly dissimilar village. Older and younger generations of women have qualitatively different experiences with village life, and these differences have precipitated changes in how the annual fiesta is carried out, the importance of New Mexican Catholicism within events, and even how traditional foods are prepared and consumed. I demonstrate how younger generations of San Rafael women are more likely to participate when customs are flexible, or pick and choose the practices in which they engage and to what extent. vi Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xii Chapter One Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Context .......................................................................................................................... 1 Performance Framework ............................................................................................... 3 Performance and Symbolic Action ................................................................... 4 Contemporary Social Processes in Traditional Cultural Performances ............ 6 Fiestas, Las Posadas and Stations of the Cross .......................................................... 12 San Rafael Center Women .......................................................................................... 14 Women-centered Networks and Power in “Women’s Work” .................................... 15 Practices and Strategies in the Maintenance of Home and Community ..................... 18 Women and the Performance of Food ........................................................................ 20 The Past in the Present: The Process of Traditionalization ........................................ 22 Findings....................................................................................................................... 26 Summary of Chapters ................................................................................................. 27 Chapter Two Methodology and Fieldwork—Encountering Performance in San Rafael ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Encountering Performance in San Rafael ................................................................... 30 A Procession in the Rain at Night ............................................................................... 30 A Fiesta in the Sunlight at Day ................................................................................... 33 Returning to Reality in the Day-to-Day ...................................................................... 35 Beginning of Fieldwork .............................................................................................. 40 Making Connections ................................................................................................... 42 vii Research Participants .................................................................................................. 43 Pauline Chávez................................................................................................ 45 The Interviews ................................................................................................ 50 Field Notes and Data ................................................................................................... 52 My Own Transformation in the Village ...................................................................... 53 Chapter Three San Rafael History: The Relationship Between Resource Extraction Industries and Current Socio-economic Conditions .............................................. 55 The Establishment of San Rafael ................................................................................ 55 A History of Fluctuation ............................................................................................. 58 The Railroad and Grants, NM ......................................................................... 60 Expansion of San Rafael ................................................................................. 61 Zuni Mountain Timber and Early Mining ...................................................... 65 Carrot Capital of the World ............................................................................ 67 From Carrot Capital of the World to Uranium Capital of the World – The Third Boom and Bust .......................................................................... 68 The high price of uranium................................................................... 70 Uranium mining effects upon social and communal organization ..... 73 Traditional lifeways and uranium ....................................................... 75 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter Four Center Women and Organizing:
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