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Review Paper Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Review Concerning Dietary Tyramine and Drug Interactions
PsychoTropical Commentaries (2016) 1:1 – 90 © Fernwell Publications Review Paper Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Review Concerning Dietary Tyramine and Drug Interactions PK Gillman PsychoTropical Research, Bucasia, Queensland, Australia Abstract This comprehensive monograph surveys original data on the subject of both dietary tyramine and drug interactions relevant to Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), about which there is much outdated, incorrect and incomplete information in the medical literature and elsewhere. Fewer foods than previously supposed have problematically high tyramine levels because international food hygiene regulations have improved both production and handling. Cheese is the only food that has, in the past, been associated with documented fatalities from hypertension, and now almost all ‘supermarket’ cheeses are perfectly safe in healthy-sized portions. The variability of sensitivity to tyramine between individuals, and the sometimes unpredictable amount of tyramine content in foods, means a little knowledge and care are still advised. The interactions between MAOIs and other drugs are now well understood, are quite straightforward, and are briefly summarized here (by a recognised expert). MAOIs have no apparently clinically relevant pharmaco-kinetic interactions, and the only significant pharmaco-dynamic interaction, other than the ‘cheese reaction’ (caused by indirect sympatho-mimetic activity [ISA], is serotonin toxicity ST (aka serotonin syndrome) which is now well defined and straightforward to avoid by not co-administering any drug with serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SRI) potency. There are no therapeutically used drugs, other than SRIs, that are capable of inducing serious ST with MAOIs. Anaesthesia is not contra- indicated if a patient is taking MAOIs. Most of the previously held concerns about MAOIs turn out to be mythical: they are either incorrect, or over-rated in importance, or stem from apprehensions born out of insufficient knowledge. -
Download Product Insert (PDF)
PRODUCT INFORMATION Tyramine Item No. 18601 CAS Registry No.: 51-67-2 Formal Name: 4-(2-aminoethyl)-phenol Synonyms: 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine, NSC 249188, p-Tyramine, NH2 Uteramine MF: C8H11NO FW: 137.2 HO Purity: ≥98% UV/Vis.: λmax: 224, 278 nm Supplied as: A crystalline solid Storage: -20°C Stability: ≥2 years Information represents the product specifications. Batch specific analytical results are provided on each certificate of analysis. Laboratory Procedures Tyramine is supplied as a crystalline solid. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the tyramine in the solvent of choice. Tyramine is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide (DMF), which should be purged with an inert gas. The solubility of tyramine in these solvents is approximately 5, 20, and 25 mg/ml, respectively. Tyramine is sparingly soluble in aqueous buffers. For maximum solubility in aqueous buffers, tyramine should first be dissolved in DMF and then diluted with the aqueous buffer of choice. Tyramine has a solubility of approximately 0.5 mg/ml in a 1:1 solution of DMF:PBS (pH 7.2) using this method. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Description Tyramine is a tyrosine-derived endogenous and dietary monoamine and trace amine-associated receptor 1-3 1 (TAAR1) agonist. It activates TAAR1 (EC50s = 0.08, 0.69, and 2.26 µM for rat, mouse, and human-rat chimera receptors, respectively).1 Tyramine also inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in 4 isolated rat caudate nucleus (IC50s = 40.6 and 119 nM, respectively). -
Ayahuasca: Spiritual Pharmacology & Drug Interactions
Ayahuasca: Spiritual Pharmacology & Drug Interactions BENJAMIN MALCOLM, PHARMD, MPH [email protected] MARCH 28 TH 2017 AWARE PROJECT Can Science be Spiritual? “Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality. When we recognize our place in an immensity of light years and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty and subtlety of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined, is surely spiritual. The notion that science and spirituality are somehow mutually exclusive does a disservice to both.” – Carl Sagan Disclosures & Disclaimers No conflicts of interest to disclose – I don’t get paid by pharma and have no potential to profit directly from ayahuasca This presentation is for information purposes only, none of the information presented should be used in replacement of medical advice or be considered medical advice This presentation is not an endorsement of illicit activity Presentation Outline & Objectives Describe what is known regarding ayahuasca’s pharmacology Outline adverse food and drug combinations with ayahuasca as well as strategies for risk management Provide an overview of spiritual pharmacology and current clinical data supporting potential of ayahuasca for treatment of mental illness Pharmacology Terms Drug ◦ Term used synonymously with substance or medicine in this presentation and in pharmacology ◦ No offense intended if I call your medicine or madre a drug! Bioavailability ◦ The amount of a drug that enters the body and is able to have an active effect ◦ Route specific: bioavailability is different between oral, intranasal, inhalation (smoked), and injected routes of administration (IV, IM, SC) Half-life (T ½) ◦ The amount of time it takes the body to metabolize/eliminate 50% of a drug ◦ E.g. -
Is TAAR1 a Potential Therapeutic Target for Immune Dysregulation In
Graduate Physical and Life Sciences PhD Pharmacology Abstract ID# 1081 Is TAAR1 a Potential Therapeutic Target for Immune Dysregulation in Drug Abuse? Fleischer, Lisa M; Tamashunas, Nina and Miller, Gregory M Addiction Sciences Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston MA 02115 Abstract Discovered in 2001, Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a direct target of Data and Results amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA. It is expressed in the brain reward circuity and modulates dopamine transporter function and dopamine neuron firing rates. Newly-developed compounds that specifically target TAAR1 have recently been investigated in animal models In addition to brain, TAAR1 is expressed in immune cells METH promotes PKA and PKC Phosphorylation through TAAR1 as candidate therapeutics for methamphetamine, cocaine and alcohol abuse. These studies • We treated HEK/TAAR1 cells and HEK293 involving classic behavioral measures of drug response, as well as drug self-administration, Rhesus and Human cells with vehicle or METH, with and without strongly implicate TAAR1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of addiction. In activators and inhibitors of PKA and PKC. addition to its central actions, we demonstrated that TAAR1 is upregulated in peripheral blood Cells Lines mononuclear cells (PBMC) and B cells following immune activation, and that subsequent • We performed Western blotting experiments to activation of TAAR1 by methamphetamine stimulates cAMP, similar to the function of measure levels of phospho-PKA and phospho- adenosine A2 receptors which are also present in immune cells and play a critical role in the PKC. immune response. Here, we are investigating the relationship between TAAR1 and the • We found that specific activators of PKA and adenosine A2 receptor at the level of cellular signaling and receptor dimerization. -
Tachyphylaxis of Indirectly Acting Sympathomimetic Amines
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 19, No. 1, 1972 TACHYPHYLAXIS OF INDIRECTLY ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES II RECOVERY OF TYRAMINE TACHYPHYLAXIS AND CROSSED TACHYPHYLAXIS BETWEEN TYRAMINE AND OTHER INDI- RECTLY ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES IN DOGS KOICHIRO TAKASAKI, MASANOBU URABE AND RYUICHI YAMAMOTO Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan (Received for publication September 21, 1971) The changes of blood pressure response produced by repeated adminis- tration of tyramine was investigated in morphine and pentobarbital anes- thetized and atropinized dogs. Tyramine causes gradual attenuation of the pressor effect with repeated administration of doses of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg. A definite tachyphylaxis was obtained only with repeated administration of a large dose of tyramine in total doses averaging about 60 mg/kg. The tendency to cause tachyphylaxis of tyramine was more mild than that of ephedrine-like drugs (ephedrine, methamphetamine and pheniprazine). When the pressor effect was some- what attenuated through repeated administration of tyramine, the pressor effect action of ephedrine-like drugs was slightly reduced. After the defi- nite tachyphylaxis produced by tyramine, administration of ephedrine-like drugs caused a very small or no pressor effect. Sometimes only a slight fall of blood pressure was observed. On the other hand, after tachyphylaxis due to ephedrine-like drugs, the pressor effect in response to tyramine was suppressed considerably. The attenuated pressor effect after repeated dose of tyramine was restored to some extent towards the control pressor effect after about 1 / 2 to 1 hr intervals injections or norepinephrine infusion following the last administration of tyramine. However, if some dose of ephedrine-like drugs was administered during repeated administration of tyramine, the attenuated pressor effect of tyramine was not restored after the above-mentioned intervals. -
Effects of the Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 Agonist RO5263397 On
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015, 1–7 doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu060 Research Article research article Effects of the Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 Agonist RO5263397 on Abuse-Related Behavioral Indices of Methamphetamine in Rats Li Jing, PhD; Yanan Zhang, PhD; Jun-Xu Li, PhD Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (Drs Jing and Li); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Dr Jing); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Zhang). Correspondence: Jun-Xu Li, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY ([email protected]). Abstract Background: Methamphetamine is a major drug of abuse with no effective pharmacotherapy available. Trace amine associated receptor 1 is implicated in cocaine addiction and represents a potential therapeutic target. However, the effects of trace amine associated receptor 1 agonists on addiction-related behavioral effects of methamphetamine are unknown. Methods: This study examined the effects of a trace amine associated receptor 1 agonist RO5263397 on methamphetamine- induced behavioral sensitization, methamphetamine self-administration, cue- and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, and cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behaviors in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to examine the effects of methamphetamine alone and in combination with the trace amine associated receptor 1 agonist RO5263397 (3.2–10 mg/kg). Results: RO5263397 dose-dependently attenuated the expression of behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine, reduced methamphetamine self-administration, and decreased both cue- and a priming dose of methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviors. -
TYRAMINE-RESTRICTED DIET (Sheet 1 of 2) PURPOSE: This Diet Is Intended for Use by Patients Who Are Taking Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors
TYRAMINE-RESTRICTED DIET (Sheet 1 of 2) PURPOSE: This diet is intended for use by patients who are taking monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Its purpose is to pre- vent a hypertensive crisis. DESCRIPTION: This diet avoids the use of foods which contain large amounts of tyramine and other pressor amines. Failure to com- ply with dietary restrictions may result in symptoms such as headaches, nausea, tachycardia or bradycardia. Tyramine is present in many common foods. In the body, tyramine's pharmacologic action is to raise the blood pres- sure; however, enzymes present in many body tissues neutralize this action. Drugs that prevent this neutralizing process, such as the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, allow the tyramine to reenter the blood. As a result blood vessels are constricted causing the blood pressure to elevate. BASIC INFORMATION: • The tyramine content varies from product to product and even between samples of the same product. The portion of cheese closer to the rind has a much higher tyramine content than the portion farthest away. Consumption of 6 mg of tyramine may produce some degree of hypertension while 10-25 mg can lead to a more severe crisis. The amount a person eats will determine the total dose of tyramine consumed, e.g., as little as 1 oz of cheddar cheese yielding 15-45 mg could cause a moderate to severe hypertensive action. • Use care when eating out: Choose plainer dishes rather than casseroles or dishes with sauces. • Caffeine, a weak pressor agent, in excessive amounts could possibly produce symptoms unrelated to tyramine content. • Patients have been known to eat tyramine-containing foods on occasion without adverse effect, but there is no guarantee that the same foods will not produce a severe reaction in the future. -
Tyramine and Amyloid Beta 42: a Toxic Synergy
biomedicines Article Tyramine and Amyloid Beta 42: A Toxic Synergy Sudip Dhakal and Ian Macreadie * School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9925-6627 Received: 5 May 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 30 May 2020 Abstract: Implicated in various diseases including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, migraines, schizophrenia and increased blood pressure, tyramine plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by reducing serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling through a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR1). There appear to be no studies investigating a connection of tyramine to Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to examine whether tyramine could be involved in AD pathology by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Aβ42. S. cerevisiae cells producing native Aβ42 were treated with different concentrations of tyramine, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using flow cytometric cell analysis. There was dose-dependent ROS generation in wild-type yeast cells with tyramine. In yeast producing Aβ42, ROS levels generated were significantly higher than in controls, suggesting a synergistic toxicity of Aβ42 and tyramine. The addition of exogenous reduced glutathione (GSH) was found to rescue the cells with increased ROS, indicating depletion of intracellular GSH due to tyramine and Aβ42. Additionally, tyramine inhibited the respiratory growth of yeast cells producing GFP-Aβ42, while there was no growth inhibition when cells were producing GFP. Tyramine was also demonstrated to cause increased mitochondrial DNA damage, resulting in the formation of petite mutants that lack respiratory function. -
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Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord Elizabeth A. Gozal, Emory University Brannan E. O'Neill, Emory University Michael A. Sawchuk, Emory University Hong Zhu, Emory University Mallika Halder, Emory University Chou Ching-Chieh , Emory University Shawn Hochman, Emory University Journal Title: Frontiers in Neural Circuits Volume: Volume 8 Publisher: Frontiers | 2014-11-07, Pages 134-134 Type of Work: Article | Final Publisher PDF Publisher DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00134 Permanent URL: https://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/mr95r Final published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2014.00134 Copyright information: © 2014 Gozal, O'Neill, Sawchuk, Zhu, Halder, Chou and Hochman. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits distribution of derivative works, making multiple copies, distribution, public display, and publicly performance, provided the original work is properly cited. This license requires credit be given to copyright holder and/or author, copyright and license notices be kept intact. Accessed September 27, 2021 11:18 AM EDT ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 07 November 2014 NEURAL CIRCUITS doi: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00134 Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord Elizabeth A. Gozal , Brannan E. O’Neill , Michael A. Sawchuk , Hong Zhu , Mallika Halder , Ching-Chieh Chou and Shawn Hochman* Physiology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Edited by: The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized Brian R. -
Food Sources and Biomolecular Targets of Tyramine
Special Article Food sources and biomolecular targets of tyramine Gaby Andersen, Patrick Marcinek, Nicole Sulzinger, Peter Schieberle, and Dietmar Krautwurst Tyramine is a biogenic trace amine that is generated via the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. At pico- to nanomolar concentrations, it can influence a multi- tude of physiological mechanisms, exhibiting neuromodulatory properties as well as cardiovascular and immunological effects. In humans, the diet is the primary Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/77/2/107/5084469 by guest on 24 September 2021 source of physiologically relevant tyramine concentrations, which are influenced by a large number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among these factors are the avail- ability of tyrosine in food, the presence of tyramine-producing bacteria, the environ- mental pH, and the salt content of food. The process of fermentation provides a particularly good source of tyramine in human nutrition. Here, the potential impact of dietary tyramine on human health was assessed by compiling quantitative data on the tyramine content in a variety of foods and then conducting a brief review of the literature on the physiological, cellular, and systemic effects of tyramine. Together, the data sets presented here may allow both the assessment of tyramine concentrations in food and the extrapolation of these concentrations to gauge the physiological and systemic effects in the context of human nutrition. INTRODUCTION presence of tyramine in a variety of foods, (2) the post- prandial physiological and adverse effects of tyramine, Tyramine is a biogenic amine generated via the decar- and (3) the biomolecular targets of tyramine. It is not boxylation of the amino acid tyrosine in animals, plants, intended to be a systematic or comprehensive review of and microorganisms. -
Low Tyramine Diet for Migraine Tyramine Is Produced in Foods from the Natural Breakdown of the Amino Acid Tyrosine
Low Tyramine Diet for Migraine Tyramine is produced in foods from the natural breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is not added to foods. Tyramine levels increases in foods when they are aged, fermented, stored for long periods of time, or are not fresh. Food Group Allowed Use With Caution Avoid If on MAOI Meat, Fish, Freshly purchased and Any with nitrates or nitrites added i Fermel1ted'sausages: pepperoni, Poultry, Eggs prepared' meats, fish, salami, mortCldella, summer or Meat and poultry EggsAny sausage, etc. Non-fresh or Substitutes allowed items that are improperly stored meat, fish, oanned or frozen poultry or pickled herring Limit processed meats to 4 ounces per meal ** Limit tofu or tempen to 10 ounces per day Dairy Milk: whole, 2% or Aged cheeses Cheddar cheese Limit other aged skim Fresh cheese: cheeses to 4 ounces per meal e.g, American, cottage, Blue, Brick, Brie, Cheddar, Swiss, farmer, rlcotta, cream Roquefort, Stilton, Parmesan, cheese, mozzarella, Provolone, Emmentaler, Velveeta or other etc **Limit any combination of processed cheese, aged cheese and processed meats etc Soy milk, soy cheese to TOTALof 4 ounces per meal. Breads, All breads, biscuits, Cereals, Pasta pancakes, coffee cakes, etc All cooked and dry cereals All pasta: spaghetti, rotini, ravioli, (with allowed ingredients), macaroni, , and egg noodles ~ Vegetables All except on caution Raw onion Fava or broad beans, sauerkraut section(including all Limit fermented soy products like dried beans except fava mlso, soy sauce, and teriyaki or broad beans) -
Myths Vs. Truths Regarding Dietary and Drug Interactions
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Myths vs. Truths Regarding Dietary and Drug Interactions The Tyramine Reaction The Tricyclic Interaction The Psychotropic Medication Interaction (cont.) The Anesthetic Interaction The Myth The Myth Switching from a Serotonergic Drug to an MAOI The Myth If you’re taking an MAOI, you can’t eat cheese, drink wine or beer, or have many If you’re taking an MAOI, you can’t have a tricyclic antidepressant or anything that If you’re taking an MAOI, you can’t have a local or a general anesthetic, so patients other foods that contain tyramine, or else you will develop hypertensive crisis. resembles them, including carbamazepine and cyclobenzaprine. who need dental work, stitches, or surgery cannot take an MAOI. Half-Lives* The Truth The Truth The Truth 5-HT Drug MAOI** There are a few things to avoid (which are easy to remember), but in practice, diet is Other than clomipramine, tricyclic antidepressants and related agents can be used Be careful using local anesthetics that contain epinephrine and using general not really a problem… with caution in patients taking MAO inhibitors. anesthesia, as it can cause blood pressure changes. …unless you plan to eat more than 25 pieces of pizza or drink more than 25 cans of Using Tricyclic Antidepressants With MAO Inhibitors Use of Anesthetics With MAOIs beer or 25 glasses of wine. Contraindicated Use with caution Local anesthetic Elective surgery Urgent or elective surgery where patient is still taking Recommended Dietary Restrictions for MAOIs (not necessary for 6 mg transdermal