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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Did king dirt and bumbledom defeat the objects of the public health act, 1848?: a case study of the political, social and cultural attitudes to publichealth reform in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland,1835-1858 Friswell, Caroline A. How to cite: Friswell, Caroline A. (1998) Did king dirt and bumbledom defeat the objects of the public health act, 1848?: a case study of the political, social and cultural attitudes to publichealth reform in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland,1835-1858, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4656/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Did "King Dirt" and "bumbledom" defeat the objects of the Public Health Act, 1848? A case study of the political, social and cultural attitudes to public health reform in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland, 1835-1858 2 vols Vol I Caroline A Friswell Thesis submitted for PhD, University of Durham, Department of History, 1998 ABSTRACT This thesis reinterprets the progress of social reform by assessing the variety of responses to the Public Health Act, 1848 that were expressed in three North-East towns. It seeks to challenge the idea that reform was necessarily imposed by a central body onto an unwilling community for Sunderland Corporation were engaged in a collaborative process with the General Board, not only co-operating with the Board's proposals but generating initiatives themselves. The idea that sanitary reform was resisted by local councils made up of tradesmen and shopkeepers is refiited on the grounds that Gateshead Corporation, which was made up of just this socio-economic group, did accept the Public Health Act whereas Newcastle Corporation, which had a wealthier socio-economic structure, resisted state intervention at all costs. It is argued that there was a range of political and cultural patterns of behaviour that determined the individual responses of the three towns to sanitary reform. Some of these are explored by examining the underlying attitudes associated with key words and catch phrases such as "economy", "self-help" and "Cleanliness is next to Godliness". Different groups played their part in shaping public opinion: religious men, medical practitioners, sanitary associations and the local press. The connection between these groups and the local Corporations is examined in some detail to help explain why it was that the three towns reacted so differently to the Public Health Act. It is argued that political, religious and medical factors were principally at work in shaping Sunderland's positive approach to sanitary reform. The environmental factors implicated in typhus, typhoid and pulmonary tuberculosis are considered to provide a context for discussions about specific environmental problems and their solutions. In highlighting the complexities that faced the early sanitary reformers and in describing both sanitarian and dearth models of disease, it is suggested that in the light of current health concerns we need to be less judgmental of the failures of the early Victorians to tackle their health problems. CONTENTS List of figures and tables 1 Acknowledgement 4 Copyright 4 Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 1: Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland 1835-1858 23 2: Disease and medical opinion 1835-1858 59 3: Sanitary conditions in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland during the 1840s and 1850s 85 4: Local politics, municipal government and local improvement acts 1835-1851 114 5: Mid-Victorian cultural attitudes and the ways in which these are reflected in middle-class responses to public health issues 147 6: Working-class attitudes to public health reform 180 7: Local government and public health 1835-1858 203 8: Local government oflBcials and developments in sewerage, 1851-1858 245 9: The attitudes of medical men in the three towns and their response to public health reform 272 10: The attitudes and contributions of religious groups, the local press and sanitary associations towards public health reform 299 Conclusion 335 Appendices 355 Bibliography 379 Datasets 401 CONTENTS - VOL H 7: Local government and public health 1835-1858 203 8; Local government officials and developments in sewerage, 1851-1858 245 9: The attitudes of medical men in the three towns and their response to public health reform 272 10: The attitudes and contributions of religious groups, the local press and sanitary associations towards public health reform 299 Conclusion 335 Appendices 355 Bibliography 379 Datasets 401 1 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, CHARTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Figure 1.1 Map of North-East England showing the location of Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland 23 Figure 1:2 Maps of Newcastle, c.1836 showing Parliamentary and Municipal Boundaries 26 Figure 1:3 Extract from Thomas Oliver's map of Newcastle showing the overcrowded riverside and the location of Sangate to the east of the town 29 Figure 1:4 Maps of Sunderland, c. 1836 showing Parliamentary and Municipal Boundaries 30 Figure 1:5 Extract from Thomas Robson's Map of Sunderland, 1827 showing the crowded district of the parish of Sunderland 31 Figure 1:6 Maps of Gateshead, c. 1832 showing Pariiamentary and Municipal Boundaries 32 Figure 2:1 Showing the seasonal fluctuations in "typhus" deaths in Sunderland, Newcastle and Gateshead during 1840, 1841 and 1842 68 Tables Table 1:1 Showing percentage decadal growth in the municipal boroughs of Sunderland, Gateshead and Newcastle from 1801-1861 34 Table 1:2 Showing a comparison of female employees in Newcastle, Sunderland and Gateshead with some other industrial towns in 1841 35 Table 1:3 Showing relative proportions of Scottish and Irish immigrants in Newcastle and Sunderland in 1841 37 Table 1:4 Showing relative proportions of Scottish and Irish immigrants in Newcastle and Sunderland in 1851 37 Table 1:5 Showing numbers of people per house in Sunderland, Gateshead and Newcastle, 1831 and 1851 43 Table 1:6 Showing mortality rates per thousand in Newcastle and Gateshead during the period from 1839-1853 51 Table 3:1 Showing the percentage of houses supplied with water in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland, c. 1843 96 Charts Chart 1:1 Showing average persons per house in the different parishes and townships of Sunderland Municipal Borough and the four parishes of the ancient borough of Newcastle in 1831 and 1851 45 Chart 1:2 Distribution of key occupational groups in St Andrew's Parish, Newcastle, 1831 48 Chart 1:3 Distribution of key occupational groups in All Saints' Parish, Newcastle, 1831 48 Chart 1:4 Showing deaths from all causes in Newcastle, 1840-42, and deaths from some specified causes 54 Chart 1:5 Showing deaths from all causes in Gateshead, 1840-42, and deaths from some specified causes 54 Chart 1:6 Showing deaths from all causes in Sunderland, 1840-42, and deaths from some specified causes 55 Chart 1:7 Showing a comparison between total deaths from Zymotic diseases in Sunderiand, Newcastle and Gateshead with the total number of deaths from Phthisis from 1838-1842 57 Chart 4:1 Showing the socio-economic structure of Sunderland Town Council in 1836 131 Chart 4:2 Showing the socio-economic structure of NewcastleTown Council in 1836 131 Chart 4:3 Showing the socio-economic structure of Gateshead Town Council in 1836 132 Chart 4:4 Showing the socio-economic structure of Sunderland Town Council in 1849 134 Chart 4:5 Showing the socio-economic structure of Newcastle Town Council in 1849 134 Chart 4:6 Showing the socio-economic structure of Gateshead Town Council in 1849 135 Chart 10.1 Showing denominational distribution of church attenders in Newcastle on Census Sunday, 1851 301 Chart 10.2 Showing denominational distribution of church attenders in Sxmderland on Census Sunday, 1851 302 Chart 10 .3 Showing denominational distribution of church attenders in Gateshead on Census Sunday, 1851 303 Chart 10.4 Showing Nonconformist denominational distribution of church attenders in Newcastle on Census Sunday, 1851 305 Chart 10.5 Showing Nonconformist denominational distribution of church attenders in Sunderland on Census Sunday, 1851 306 Illustrations Photograph of Sellars Entry, Sandgate, 1895, from Armstrong's photographs relating to Public Health, p.7, Newcastle Public Library Photograph Collection, Ac. No. 49003 28 Photograph of Sellar's Entry showing rear view, c.1935, Newcastle Public Library Photograph Collection, Ac No. 36121 28 Photograph of Sandgate/Sandhill, Newcastle, c.1900, Newcastle Public Library Photograph Collection, Ac. No. 44516 42 Drawing of Sandgate from the Milk Market by Sheriton Hobnes, 1881, Newcastle Public Library 43 "A Drop of London Water", Punch 18 (1850), p.l88 83 "The Alderman and the Apothecary", Punch 15 (1848), p.173 275 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Alan Heesom, of Durham University, for his help and advice. I would also like to thank Dr Don MacRaild, of the University of Sunderland, for drawing my attention to a number of usefiil sources and for his encouragement. Above all I would like to thank Antony, Claire, Verity and Rebecca for being supportive and long-suffering whilst this work has been in progress and for accepting the inevitable disruptions to family life.
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