The Early Hans Suess von Kulmbach’s caricature (1508), “The Sinking Ship of the Catholic Church” Martin (1520) Luther’s “Here I Stand” speech at the Imperial (1521) Frederick the Wise, Luther’s Protector (1496 Duerer Portrait) Castle, “Luther’s hideout” Luther’s Room in Wartburg Castle “Junker Joerg” (by Lucas Cranach) Katherina “Katie” von Bora, Luther’s Wife by Cranach (1526) Luther’s House in Wittenberg Luther’s Main Ideas

• Salvation (or justification) by faith alone • The Bible is the only guide that Christians need; no need for the Papacy or its magisterium and traditions • Emphasis on the role of an individual’s conscience • The Bible needs to be translated into the vernacular • Marriage of clergy (ministers) is acceptable • Desire to return to the simplicity of the primitive early Church • Only TWO sacraments (Baptism and Holy Communion) instead of SEVEN (as with the Roman Catholic Church) Johann Eck, Luther’s principal Catholic opponent in debates Protestant propaganda – Luther’s opponents ridiculed Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), the Swiss Reformer Zwingli was a humanist and former army chaplain; some of his views resemble Luther’s, others are more radical; some of his ideas are listed below

• The Bible was the sole source of religious authority • Indulgences and pilgrimages were without value • Fasting and praying to saints were likewise worthless • Purgatory didn’t exist • Mass was merely symbolic, as was the (and thus not a literal recreation of the Last Supper or of Jesus’s sacrifice) • Images and pictures of saints should be destroyed so as to avoid idolatry • Priests and nuns can marry Zurich’s Great Minster (church), where Zwingli preached The Colloquy (1529) – an attempt by Luther, Zwingli and other reformers to reach a compromise among themselves, mostly about the Eucharist; this effort fails 12 Articles of the Swabian Peasants (during the Peasants War 1524- 1526)

John Calvin (1509-1564), Swiss Reformer Geneva, the “Protestant Rome” Predestination – one of Calvin’s key ideas Sebastian Castellio, defender of the right to freedom of conscience The Consistory in Geneva

-The Consistory was a means by which Calvin and his supporters could maintain order in Geneva -The Consistory regulated the behavior of its citizens in connection with marriage, divorce, children’s welfare, etc. -The Consistory was sometimes used to crack down on dissidents, esp. suspected heretics (e.g., Michael Servetus) Michel Servetus (1511-1553), a Spanish physician and Unitarian; burned as a heretic by Calvinists in Geneva