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NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE FOLDED-SLOT ANTENNA APPLICATIONS Thesis Submitted to the School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY of DAYTON

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NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE FOLDED-SLOT ANTENNA APPLICATIONS Thesis Submitted to the School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY of DAYTON NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE FOLDED-SLOT ANTENNA APPLICATIONS Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering By Jincheng Zhao, M.S. Dayton, Ohio May 2020 NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE FOLDED-SLOT ANTENNA APPLICATIONS Name: Zhao, Jincheng APPROVED BY: Hailing Yue Guru Subramanyam Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Assistant professor Professor Department of Engineering Management, Department of Electrical and Computer Systems, and Technology Engineering Robert Penno Committee Member Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Eddy M. Rojas, Ph.D., M.A., P.E. Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Dean, School of Engineering Professor School of Engineering ii © Copyright by Jincheng Zhao All rights reserved 2020 ABSTRACT NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE FOLDED-SLOT ANTENNA APPLICATIONS Name: Zhao, Jincheng University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Hailing Yue Demands for self-sustainable energy sources are rising as we become more and more reliable on electronic devices in our daily lives. Scientists and engineers have been exploring various novel methods to harvest energy from existing resources in order to eliminate or reduce the usage of battery and/or conventional power equipment. Solar, water, tide, wind, and terrestrial heat are renewable and green resources that have been widely adopted and commercialized[1]. With the rapid development of technology, more resources can be used for providing energy and compressing the size of devices. For example, piezoelectricity, vibration, and electromagnetic energy can also be used in the large-scale area[2]. Electromagnetic energy, especially in WIFI frequencies, is recently gaining more and more interest because of the wide signal coverage on campus and residential areas. An unique advantage of harvesting electromagnetic energy is its little dependence from weather related factors, unlike solar, water, tide, wind and terrestrial heat[3]. Given the circumstances, the interest in this work is to design a novel rectenna device to harvest energy from WIFI frequencies and to provide a parametric study in efficiency improvement. Our comfort and fast life in modern society roots in massive volumes of data exchange through wireless transmission. In modern communication systems, different iii radio spectrum’s only use is for single media to prevent interference between users and different devices. International telecommunication Union (ITU) established rules to allocate spectrums for various purposes; the chart [4] shows specific distributions for mobile, broadcast, satellite, and other devices. Since antenna is the only component worked as receiver and transmitter in a device, the main problem in communication systems are the versatility of antenna. So, antenna with reconfigurability is desired in today’s multi- band multi-mode communication system front end. The key solution is to widen the operating frequency band for antenna and, eventually, it can cover more radio spectrums. The target in this work is investigating a tunable wide band antenna which can cover more frequency range. In this thesis, there are two applications proposed and the CPW folded-slot antenna structure is served in both designs. The first one is a rectifying antenna system, or rectenna, which receives WIFI energy at both 2.45 GHz and 5.8GHz channels at a compact size of 2.475 10−32m . An efficient Schottky diode with low build-in voltage and high reverse breakdown voltage is implemented in a half-wave rectifier which converts RF power to DC power. A swept parametric study is performed to achieve an optimized conversion efficiency. The overall conversion efficiency is expected to reach around 30% at each resonance. Compared to similar designs from literature, this rectenna system is featured by its compact size from dual-band design and adjustable matching between receiving antenna and rectifying circuit, and ease of fabrication due to its single metal layer. Another design is a BST IDC based tunable wide band antenna which has predominant advantage in multiple wireless communication applications. The tunable antenna is designed to operate in K band with a bandwidth from 2.67GHz to 4.42GHz. iv Dedicated to my mother v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I really appreciate Professor Hailing Yue, my supervisor and chair of my graduation committee, who introduced me to RF design area, trained me using simulators and basic equipment, and gave me helps in all the possible angles. Her patient instructions, rich knowledge and experience in the industry always inspired me and developed my interests. I have to say that I cannot achieve such a big progress in these several months without her advice, encouragement, and efforts. My special thanks are also to Professor Guru Subramanyam for research direction guidance and equipment necessary for all the works I have made for this thesis. I also would like to thank to Professor Robert Penno, who become my committee member and trained me in course ECE 511 antenna. I also want to extend my thanks to my colleagues in microwave Lab: Jinjing Li and, Malia Harvey always supported me in courses and. Dr. Liangyu Li, who trained me operating Vector Network Analyzer. Finally, I thank my mother and all the family members for giving me courage and confidence through my studies in America these two years. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Energy harvesting ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Previous study about rectifying antenna .............................................................. 2 1.3 Reconfigurable wide-band antenna ...................................................................... 3 1.4 Significance of this work...................................................................................... 5 1.5 Outline of this thesis ............................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER II THEORY ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Scattering parameter ............................................................................................. 6 2.2 3dB bandwidth and antenna bandwidth ............................................................. 10 2.3 CPW structure .................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Antenna .............................................................................................................. 13 2.4.1 CPW centered folded-slot antenna model................................................... 16 2.4.2 CPW off-centered model ............................................................................ 17 2.4.3 Equivalent circuit extraction ....................................................................... 19 2.5 Ferroelectric varactor ......................................................................................... 23 2.5.1 BST material ............................................................................................... 23 2.5.2 IDC structure ............................................................................................... 24 2.6 Rectifier circuit ................................................................................................... 26 2.6.1. Diode selection............................................................................................ 26 2.6.2. Rectifier topologies ..................................................................................... 28 2.6.3. RF-DC conversion efficiency ..................................................................... 30 2.7 Simulation tool ................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER III DESIGN AND SIMULATION ................................................................ 32 3.1. Rectifying antenna.............................................................................................. 32 vii 3.1.1. Dual-band antenna design ........................................................................... 32 3.1.2. Rectifier circuit ........................................................................................... 37 3.2. Reconfigurable wide-band antenna .................................................................... 39 3.2.1. Wide band antenna ...................................................................................... 39 3.2.2. Interdigital capacitor (IDC)......................................................................... 41 CHAPTER IV MEASUREMENT .................................................................................... 47
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