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Euglenophyceae De Águas Continentais Do Estado De São Paulo: Gênero Lepocinclis Perty Emend

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Euglenophyceae De Águas Continentais Do Estado De São Paulo: Gênero Lepocinclis Perty Emend Hoehnea 44(2): 295-314, 42 fig., 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-56/2016 Euglenophyceae de águas continentais do Estado de São Paulo: gênero Lepocinclis Perty emend. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al. Gabrielle Joanne Medeiros Araujo1,2 e Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo1 Recebido: 12.7.2016; aceito: 28.04.2017 ABSTRACT - (Euglenophyceae of continental waters of the State of São Paulo: genus Lepocinclis Perty emend. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al.). The floristic survey of the genusLepocinclis was carried out through the analysis of 107 sample units and consulting the literature of the state of São Paulo. Twenty taxa were identified at species and/or infraspecific level and six of these had their names updated. The knowledge of the geographical distribution of the genus in the state was expanded more than eight times. L. acus (O.F. Müller) Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al. var. longissima (Deflandre) D.A. Kapustin was registered for the first time in the state of São Paulo andL. fusiformis (Carter) Lemmermann var. amphirhynchus Nygaard in the southeastern Brazil. Due to the marked phenotypic plasticity, it is recommended that the identification be performed at the population level. Keywords: nomenclatural changes, Phacaceae, southeastern Brazil, taxonomy RESUMO - (Euglenophyceae de águas continentais do Estado de São Paulo: gênero Lepocinclis Perty emend. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al.). Realizou-se o levantamento florístico do gênero Lepocinclis através da análise de 107 unidades amostrais e consulta a literatura especializada do Estado de São Paulo. Foram identificados 20 táxons específicos e infraespecíficos. Seis destes tiveram sua nomenclatura atualizada. O conhecimento da distribuição geográfica do gênero no Estado foi ampliado em mais de oito vezes. L. acus (O.F. Müller) Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al. var. longissima (Deflandre) D.A. Kapustin constituiu primeira citação de ocorrência no Estado de São Paulo e L. fusiformis (Carter) Lemmermann var. amphirhynchus Nygaard na região Sudeste do Brasil. Dada a acentuada plasticidade fenotípica observada, recomenda-se que a identificação sempre seja efetuada em nível populacional. Palavras-chave: mudanças nomenclaturais, Phacaceae, Sudeste do Brasil, taxonomia Introdução sobre a história evolutiva do grupo (Triemer & Farmer 2007). O uso de informação molecular A classe Euglenophyceae é constituída por gerada, sobretudo, de pequenas subunidades de rDNA microalgas flageladas, pigmentadas ou incolores e nuclear e o uso de métodos filogenéticos modernos unicelulares, exceto o gênero Colacium Ehrenberg (máxima verossemelhança e análise Bayesiana) que é colonial (Alves-da-Silva et al. 2016). Os marcaram o início de uma nova era na sistemática representantes deste grupo apresentam ampla das Euglenophyceae, denominada “era da sistemática distribuição em todo o mundo, notadamente em molecular dos euglenoides” (Linton et al. 2010). ecossistemas aquáticos continentais (Alves-da-Silva Como resultado, os euglenoides têm passado nas & Bridi 2004). Entretanto, a despeito da ocorrência últimas décadas por intensas transformações em sua comum, sua taxonomia ainda permanece sujeita a taxonomia e sistemática (Alves-da-Silva et al. 2013). bastante discussão (Alves-da-Silva & Bicudo 2009). Os resultados obtidos nos primeiros trabalhos Os estudos morfológicos e o reconhecimento sobre a biologia molecular puderam confirmar que os de que plastídios podem ser adquiridos através euglenoides constituem um clado monofilético (Linton de endosimbiose secundária revolucionaram o et al. 1999, 2000, Preisfeld et al. 2000, 2001, Leander entendimento sobre as afinidades filogenéticas dos et al. 2001, Busse & Preisfeld 2002, 2003, Busse et al. euglenoides e levantaram questões interessantes 2003). No entanto, eles também apontaram para o 1. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2. Autor para correspondência: [email protected] 296 Hoehnea 44(2): 295-314, 2017 fato de que alguns gêneros da linhagem fotossintética conhecimento do gênero Lepocinclis Perty emend. estavam incorretamente agrupados (Brosnan et al. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al. no Estado de São 2003), especialmente Euglena Ehrenberg, Lepocinclis Paulo abrange apenas 12 táxons específicos ou infra- Perty e Phacus Dujardin (Linton et al. 1999, 2000, específicos. No entanto, nas últimas décadas outros Leander & Farmer 2001, Milanowski et al. 2001, seis táxons descritos a partir de materiais do Estado Mülner et al. 2001, Nudelman et al. 2003). foram formalmente transferidos para este gênero. Entre estes, o gênero Lepocinclis foi estudado, Devido a alta riqueza taxonômica do grupo visto que várias espécies originalmente descritas em encontrada nos materiais, os resultados serão outros gêneros tem sido realocadas para o mesmo, subdivididos em algumas publicações. O presente como por exemplo: (1) espécies de Euglena do artigo tem os seguintes objetivos: (1) identificar, subgênero Rigidae ‘sensu’ Pringsheim 1956 (Marin descrever e ilustrar os materiais do gênero Lepocinclis et al. 2003); (2) Phacus helicoideus Bernard e Phacus Perty emend. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al.; (2) horridus Pochmann (Bennett & Triemer 2012); e incluir as mudanças de nomenclatura propostas nas (3) todas as espécies do gênero incolor Cyclidiopsis últimas décadas a partir de estudos filogenéticos na Koršikov (Bennett & Triemer 2014). taxonomia clássica das Euglenophyceae do Estado; e Marin et al. (2003) fizeram uma emenda do (3) ampliar o conhecimento da distribuição geográfica ponto de vista taxonômico a descrição original de do gênero no Estado de São Paulo e na região Sudeste Lepocinclis Perty, de modo a incluir as características do Brasil. morfológicas dos táxons que foram recentemente transferidos para este gênero. Atualmente, Lepocinclis Material e métodos Perty emend. Marin & Melkonian in Marin et al. é O estudo abrange amostras coletadas de diversos constituído principalmente por espécies pigmentadas, ecossistemas aquáticos do Estado de São Paulo, cuja mas também apresenta algumas incolores. Os área é de 248.808,8 km2, inclui 645 municípios e uma indivíduos possuem um flagelo emergente e são população de mais de 44 milhões de habitantes. No rígidos ou levemente flexíveis e torcidos. Em vista mesmo, foi iniciado em 1960 um programa de coleta taxonômica, a célula é ovada com um processo caudal de material de algas que almejou abranger a área total curto ou é fusiforme a linear (em forma de agulha) do Estado, além de ambientes lênticos, semilênticos com um processo caudal hialino conspícuo. Em vista e lóticos e hábitats planctônico, perifítico, bentônico, apical, são circulares, ligeiramente comprimidas subaéreo e metafítico. ou triangulares. A película é totalmente rígida ou Com o intuito de contemplar o maior número quase, com estrias helicoidais ou com orientação possível de municípios das 15 mesorregiões do mais ou menos longitudinal, especialmente nas Estado, foram analisadas unidades amostrais fixadas células alongadas. Os cloroplastídios são numerosos, provenientes desse programa que se encontram discoides, têm tamanhos similares e são desprovidos tombadas no Herbário Científico do Estado “Maria de pirenoide. Os grãos de paramido são dimórficos, os Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” (SP). As amostras maiores frequentemente bastoniformes (especialmente foram obtidas, na maioria das vezes, próximo à nas células alongadas), discoides ou em forma de anel margem (região litorânea do ecossistema), colocadas (Marin et al. 2003). Outros grãos de paramido menores em frascos de vidro e fixadas, ainda em campo, com encontram-se dispersos pelo citoplasma. solução de Transeau na proporção de 1:1 com a água Este trabalho faz parte do Programa BIOTA/ da amostra, conforme Bicudo & Bicudo (1970), ou FAPESP e, mais especificamente, do Projeto Temático com solução aquosa de formalina a 3-5%, conforme “Flora Ficológica do Estado de São Paulo” e teve por Bicudo & Menezes (2006). Deste modo, foram objetivo providenciar o levantamento taxonômico analisadas 107 unidades amostrais originárias de 106 das Euglenophyceae pigmentadas e incolores que municípios do Estado de São Paulo. ocorrem em águas continentais do Estado. Tanto dos Visto que não foi possível trabalhar com amostras materiais presentes em unidades amostrais tombadas vivas devido a inviabilidade de realização de novas no Herbário Científico “Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann coletas que abrangessem um número significativo de Fidalgo” (SP) como dos materiais observados em municípios distribuídos por todo o Estado. Foram trabalhos publicados previamente que incluam a preferencialmente selecionadas unidades amostrais possibilidade de reidentificação. Atualmente, o mais recentemente coletadas, no intuito de minimizar Araujo & Bicudo: Gênero Lepocinclis no Estado de São Paulo 297 as dificuldadesde identificação decorrentes do estado O sistema de classificação adotado é o de de degradação do material. Salvo os municípios Bourrelly (1970) por incluir quase todos os gêneros que apresentaram apenas materiais coletados há um conhecidos até o presente e classificá-los segundo período maior de tempo. No entanto, estas dificuldades critérios uniformemente aplicáveis à gama de gêneros puderam ser contornadas pela análise populacional nele contidos (Bicudo 2010). Foram incluídas, dos táxons e foram pouco expressivas para o gênero, entretanto, as adaptações demandadas pelos trabalhos considerando o fato de que a taxonomia de Lepocinclis de biologia molecular,
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