Land at Castle Grounds Devizes Wiltshire

Heritage Assessment

Report prepared for: Mathewson Waters Architects LLP

On behalf of: Mr and Mrs R Smart

CA Project: 6251

CA Report: 17242

May 2017

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire

Heritage Assessment

CA Project: 6251

CA Report: 17242

prepared by Rebecca Wills, Heritage Consultant

date May 2017

checked by Alan Ford, Senior Heritage Consultant

date May 2017

approved by Julia Sulikowska, Senior Heritage Consultant

signed

date May 2017

issue 1

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Exeter Building 11 41 Burners Lane South Stanley House Unit 53 Kemble Enterprise Park Kiln Farm Walworth Road Basepoint Business Centre Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Yeoford Way Gloucestershire Buckinghamshire Hampshire Marsh Barton Trading GL7 6BQ MK11 3HA SP10 5LH Estate Exeter EX2 8LB t. 01285 771022 f. 01285 771033 t. 01908 564660 t. 01264 347630 t. 01392 826185 e. [email protected]

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. METHODOLOGY ...... 8

3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 13

4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL EFFECTS ...... 26

5. THE SETTING OF HERITAGE ASSETS ...... 30

6. CONCLUSIONS ...... 53

7. REFERENCES ...... 55

Land at Castle Ground, Devizes, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan Fig. 2 Previous investigations and recorded prehistoric, Roman and medieval archaeological remains Fig. 3 Recorded post-medieval, modern and unknown archaeological remains Fig. 4 Extract from Dores 1759 Map of Devizes Fig. 5 Extract from 1839 Devizes St John Tithe Map Fig. 6 Extract from 1886 Ordnance Survey Town Plans Fig. 7 Extract from 1869 Map of Devizes Fig. 8 Extract from 1923 Ordnance Survey map Fig. 9 Designated heritage assets

PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph 1 View across the Site from the south-west Photograph 2 View across the Site from the east Photograph 3 Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument and Grade I Listed Building, as viewed from the south-west along Snail Lane Photograph 4 View of the Site from outside the Grade II Listed walls encircling the Scheduled castle mound Photograph 5 Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist, viewed from the west from within the churchyard Photograph 6 Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist, as viewed from Long Street Photograph 7 View towards the Site and Devizes Castle from within the churchyard of St John the Baptist church Photograph 8 Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, as viewed from the south from within churchyard of St John the Baptist church Photograph 9 View of the Site from outside Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage Photograph 10 Rear elevation of Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, as viewed from within the Site Photograph 11 Grade II* Listed The Ark, viewed from the east

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. In April 2017, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) was commissioned by Mr and Mrs R Smart, through their agent Mathewson Waters Architects LLP, to undertake a Heritage Assessment in respect of land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire (NGR: 400337 161252; hereafter referred to as ‘the Site’, Figure 1).

1.2. The Site is situated at the western margin of the historic town of Devizes, immediately to the south-east of the medieval castle. It comprises an irregular parcel of land of approximately 0.5ha, which forms the grounds to Trinity Cottage, located at the southern edge of the Site. The Site is at present laid to grass, with tree belts in the south surrounding Trinity Cottage. Several sections of brick retaining wall partly enclose the central part of the Site, which contains two disused greenhouses (Photographs 1 and 2).

Photograph 1 View across the Site from the south-west

1.3. The Site is proposed for residential development, comprising a single split-level dwelling with associated access and landscaping. The proposed dwelling would be constructed on the site of the present greenhouses, in the central part of the Site. This assessment will inform the planning application, which is to be submitted to Wiltshire Council, the Local Planning Authority.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Photograph 2 View across the Site from the east

Objectives and professional standards 1.4. Cotswold Archaeology (CA) is a Registered Organisation (RO) with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). This report has been prepared in accordance with the ‘Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment’ published by the Chartered Institute (2014).

1.5. The composition and development of the historic environment within the Site and wider landscape are discussed. A determination of the significance of any heritage assets located within the Site, and any heritage assets beyond the Site boundary that may potentially be affected by the development proposals, is presented. Any potential development effects upon the significance of these heritage assets (both adverse and/or beneficial) are then described.

1.6. This approach is consistent with the Chartered Institute’s ‘Standard and Guidance for Heritage Desk-Based Assessment’, which provides that, insofar as they relate to the determination of planning applications, heritage desk-based assessments should:

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

‘…enable reasoned proposals and decisions to be made [as to] whether to mitigate, offset or accept without further intervention [any identified heritage] impact’ (CIfA 2014, 4).

1.7. The ‘Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2: Decision- Taking in the Historic Environment’ (Historic England 2014), further clarifies that a desk-based assessment should:

‘…determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area, and the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the historic environment, or will identify the need for further evaluation’ (Historic England 2014, 3).

Statute, policy and guidance context 1.8. This assessment has been undertaken within the key statute, policy and guidance context presented within the table overleaf (Table 1.1). The applicable provisions contained within these statute, policy and guidance documents are referred to, and discussed, as relevant, throughout the text. Fuller detail is provided in Appendix 1.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

400000 402000

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N Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 OXFORDSHIRE Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660

SOUTH w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk GLOUCESTERSHIRE e [email protected]

WEST PROJECT TITLE BOUROUGH OF BERKSHIRE SWINDON Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, BATH AND NE SOMERSET Wiltshire WILTSHIRE FIGURE TITLE HAMPSHIRE SOMERSET Site location plan 0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 6251 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller CHECKED BY AO DATE 10-05-2017 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY RW SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 POOLE

Statute Description

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Act of Parliament providing for the maintenance of a schedule of archaeological remains of the highest Areas Act (1979) significance, affording them statutory protection.

Act of Parliament placing a duty upon the Local Planning Authority (or, as the case may be, the Secretary of Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation State) to afford due consideration to the preservation of Listed buildings and their settings (under Section Areas) Act (1990) 66(1)), and Conservation Areas (under Section 72(2)), in determining planning applications.

One of four Acts of Parliament providing for the protection and management of the historic environment, National Heritage Act 1983 (amended 2002) including the establishment of the Historic Monuments & Buildings Commission, now Historic England.

Conservation Principles (Historic England Guidance for assessing heritage significance, with reference to contributing heritage values, in particular: 2008) evidential (archaeological), historical (illustrative and associative), aesthetic, and communal.

National Planning Policy Framework (2012) Provides the English government’s national planning policies and describes how these are expected to be (‘The Framework’) applied within the planning system. Heritage is subject of Chapter 12 (page 30).

Good Practice Advice in Planning: Note 2 Provides useful information on assessing the significance of heritage assets, using appropriate expertise, (GPA2): Managing Significance in Decision- historic environment records, recording and furthering understanding, neglect and unauthorised works, Taking in the Historic Environment (Historic marketing and design and distinctiveness. England, 2015a)

Good Practice Advice in Planning: Note 3 Provides guidance on managing change within the settings of heritage assets, including archaeological (GPA3): The Setting of Heritage Assets remains and historic buildings, sites, areas, and landscapes. (Historic England, 2015b)

Comprises the local development plan (local plan), as required to be compiled, published and maintained by the local authority, consistent with the requirements of he Framework (2012). Intended to be the primary Wiltshire Core Strategy (2015) planning policy document against which planning proposals within that local authority jurisdiction are assessed. Where the development plan is found to be inadequate, primacy reverts to the NPPF (2012).

Table 1.1 Key statute, policy and guidance

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2. METHODOLOGY

Data collection, analysis and presentation 2.1. This assessment has been informed by a proportionate level of information sufficient to understand the archaeological potential of the Site, the significance of identified heritage assets, and any potential development effects. This approach is in accordance with the provisions of the NPPF (2012) and the guidance issued by CIfA (2014). The data has been collected from a wide variety of sources, summarised in the table overleaf (Table 2.1).

2.2. Prior to obtaining data from these sources, an initial analysis was undertaken in order to identify a relevant and proportionate study area. On this basis a 250m study area, centred on the Site, was considered sufficient to capture the relevant HER data, and provide the necessary context for understanding archaeological potential and heritage significance in respect of the Site. All of the spatial data held by the HER – the primary historic data repository – for the land within the study area, was requested. All of the records returned have been considered and were analysed and further refined in order to narrow the research focus onto those of relevance to the present assessment. Not all HER records are therefore referred to, discussed or illustrated further within the body of this report, only those that are relevant.

2.3. A site visit was also undertaken as part of this assessment. The primary objectives of the site visit were to assess the Site’s historic landscape context, including its association with any known or potential heritage assets, and to identify any evidence for previous truncation of the on-site stratigraphy. The site visit also allowed for the identification of any previously unknown heritage assets within the Site, and assessment of their nature, condition, significance and potential susceptibility to impact. The wider townscape was examined, as relevant, from accessible public rights of way.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Source Data

Historic England National Heritage List Current information relating to designated heritage assets, and heritage assets considered to be ‘at risk’. (NHL)

Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Heritage sites and events records, Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) data, and other spatial data Record (HER) supplied in digital format (shapefiles) and hardcopy.

Historic England Archives (EHA) Additional sites and events records, supplied in digital and hardcopy formats.

Wiltshire and Swindon Archives Historic mapping, historic documentation, and relevant published and grey literature.

Wiltshire Local Studies Library Additional publications, grey literature and other materials specific to the locality.

Old-Maps, National Library of Scotland & Historic (Ordnance Survey and Tithe) mapping in digital format. other cartographic websites

British Geological Survey (BGS) website UK geological mapping (bedrock & superficial deposits) & borehole data.

Cranfield University’s LandIS Soil Portal UK soil mapping.

Table 2.1 Key data sources

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Assessment of heritage significance 2.4. The significance of known and potential heritage assets within the Site, and any beyond the Site which may be affected by the proposed development, has been assessed and described, in accordance with paragraph 128 of the NPPF (2012), the guidance issued by CIfA (2014) and ‘Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2’ (Historic England 2014). Determination of significance has been undertaken according to the industry-standard guidance on assessing heritage value provided within ‘Conservation Principles’ (Historic England 2008). This approach considers heritage significance to derive from a combination of discrete heritage values, principal amongst which are: i) evidential (archaeological) value, ii) historic (illustrative and associative) value, iii) aesthetic value, iv) communal value, amongst others. Further detail of this approach, including the detailed definition of those aforementioned values, as set out, and advocated, by Historic England, is provided in Appendix 1 of this report.

Assessment of potential development effects (benefit and harm) 2.5. The present report sets out, in detail, the ways in which identified susceptible heritage assets might be affected by the proposals, as well as the anticipated extent of any such effects. Both physical effects, i.e. resulting from the direct truncation of archaeological remains, and non-physical effects, i.e. resulting from changes to the setting of heritage assets, have been assessed. In regards to non-physical effects or ‘settings assessment’, the five-step assessment methodology advocated by Historic England, and set out in GPA3 (Historic England, 2015b), has been adhered to (presented in greater detail in Appendix 1).

2.6. Identified effects upon designated heritage assets have been defined within broad ‘level of effect’ categories (Table 2.2 below). These are consistent with key national heritage policy and guidance terminology, particularly that of the NPPF (2012). This has been done in order to improve the intelligibility of the assessment results for purposes of quick reference and ready comprehension. These broad determinations of level of effect should be viewed within the context of the qualifying discussions of significance and impact presented in Chapter 5.

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Level of effect Description Applicable statute & policy Enhancing or better revealing the significance of a designated heritage The proposals would better enhance or reveal the heritage asset is a desirable development outcome in respect of heritage. It is Heritage benefit significance of the designated heritage asset. consistent with key policy and guidance, including the NPPF (2012) paragraphs 126 and 137.

Preserving a Listed building and its setting is consistent with s66 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990). Preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of a Conservation The proposals would preserve the significance of the designated No harm Area is consistent with s72 of the Act. heritage asset. Sustaining the significance of a designated heritage asset is consistent with paragraph 126 of the NPPF, and should be at the core of any material local planning policies in respect of heritage.

In determining an application, this level of harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposals, as per paragraph 134 of the NPPF (2012). The proposals would be anticipated to result in a restricted level Proposals involving change to a Listed building or its setting, or any Less than substantial of harm to the significance of the designated heritage asset, features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses, harm (lower end) such that the asset’s contributing heritage values would be or change to the character or appearance of Conservation Areas, must largely preserved. also be considered within the context of Sections 7, 66(1) and 72(2) of the 1990 Act. The provisions of the Act do not apply to the setting of Conservation Areas. Proposals with the potential to physically affect a Scheduled Monument The proposals would lead to a notable level of harm to the (including the ground beneath that monument) will be subject to the Less than substantial significance of the designated heritage asset. A reduced, but provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act harm (upper end) appreciable, degree of its heritage significance would remain. (1979); these provisions do not apply to proposals involving changes to the setting of Scheduled Monuments.

Paragraphs 132 and 133 of the NPPF (2012) would apply. Sections 7, The proposals would very much reduce the designated heritage Substantial harm 66(1) and 72(2) of the Planning Act (1990), and the Ancient Monuments asset’s significance or vitiate that significance altogether. and Archaeological Areas Act (1979), may also apply.

Table 2.2 Summary of level of effect categories (benefit and harm) referred to in this report in relation to designated heritage assets, and the applicable statute and policy.

11 Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

2.7. It should be noted that the overall effect of development proposals upon the designated heritage asset are judged, bearing in mind both any specific harms or benefits (an approach consistent with the Court of Appeal judgement Palmer v. Herefordshire Council & ANR Neutral Citation Number [2016] EWCA Civ 1061).

2.8. In relation to non-designated heritage assets, the key applicable policy is paragraph 135 of the NPPF (2012), which states that:

‘The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non-designated heritage assets, a balanced judgment will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset’ [our emphasis].

2.9. Thus with regard to non-designated heritage assets, this report seeks to identify the significance of the heritage asset(s) which may be affected, and the scale of any harm or loss to that significance.

Limitations of the assessment 2.10. This assessment is principally a desk-based study and has utilised secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purpose of this assessment. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other documentary sources, is reasonably accurate. The records held by the HER and HEA are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

2.11. A walkover survey was conducted within the Site, which was undertaken in favourable weather conditions. While access to the site itself was sufficient, it should be noted that there was limited to no access of certain heritage assets within the wider landscape, whose value may potentially be affected through changes to their setting.

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3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Landscape context 3.1. The town of Devizes is situated on a ridge of Upper Greensand that defines the western limit of the Vale of Pewsey. The Site itself occupies the south-east facing slope of a small promontory at the western edge of the Greensand escarpment, with the land rising from an elevation of around 114m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) in the south, to 127m aOD along its north-western boundary. The built-up area of Devizes surrounds the Site to the north, east and south, while to the west the landscape is primarily open and rural in character, comprising rolling, lowland agricultural fields.

3.2. The underlying geology of the Site is mapped as Glauconitic Sandstone of the Upper Greensand Formation, a sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 94 to 112 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period (British Geological Survey). No superficial deposits are recorded.

3.3. Two borehole samples have previously been taken along the south-eastern boundary of the Site (BGS refs. SU06SW23 and SU06SW51), in association with sewage improvement works. Both borehole logs record deposits of made-ground to depths of between 1m and 1.5m below the present ground surface, and directly overlying the natural greensand. Such a sequence is indicative of considerable ground disturbance within this area. An archaeological evaluation conducted immediately to the south-east of the Site also recorded substantial made-ground deposits, extending to depths of 1.5m to 1.85m below present ground level, although these were considered to have derived from localised landscaping associated with the former use of this site as a tennis court (Cotswold Archaeology 2004; Figure 2, 15).

Summary of designated heritage assets 3.4. There are no World Heritage Sites, sites included on the Tentative List of Future Nominations for World Heritage Sites (July 2014) List, Registered Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields within the Site or the study area.

3.5. Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument lies immediately to the north-west of the Site, with its south-eastern limit lying along the Site boundary (Figure 9, A). Originally constructed as a Norman motte and bailey, the existing castle structure represents a 19th century folly (designated as a Grade I Listed Building), although remains of

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

the earlier medieval keep and other structures are still visible, along with the surrounding moat. The remains of the original castle are designated as a Grade II Listed Building, along with the Victorian curtain walls and gate house.

3.6. Devizes Conservation Area, encompassing the historic core of the town, is situated immediately to the east of the Site, and falls partly within the Site’s south-eastern corner. The Conservation Area incorporates the Scheduled Devizes Castle, and contains a total of 296 Listed Buildings, of which 128 are located within the study area. Those Listed Buildings that are closest to the Site include the Grade II* Listed Sexton’s Cottage, immediately to the south-east (Figure 9, D), the Grade I Listed Church of St John, situated c. 60m to the east (Figure 9, B), and a Grade II Listed obelisk within the churchyard, c. 50m to the east (Figure 9, C). The Grade II Listed The Ark also lies c. 95m to the south-east of the Site (Figure 9, E).

3.7. .

3.8. Designated heritage assets within the study area are discussed in further detail in the settings assessment presented in Section 5.

Previous archaeological investigations 3.9. There is no record of any previous intrusive archaeological investigations taking place within the Site, although a number have been carried out within the wider study area (Figure 2). A single trench evaluation was conducted at St John’s Court, immediately to the south-east (Figure 2, 15; Cotswold Archaeology 2004). Two post-medieval pits were identified, along with a further feature of unknown function.

3.10. The remaining investigations within the study area have largely focused on the historic core of Devizes, and include small scale excavations, evaluations and watching briefs. The results of these works are discussed in the appropriate sections below, as relevant to the present assessment.

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Site boundary Study area Mesolithic 10 Neolithic

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3 Medieval 4 1 Previous archaeological works projected line of medieval defences, based on Russell, 1993

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Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 161500 14 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, 1 Wiltshire FIGURE TITLE Previous investigations and recorded prehistoric, Roman and medieval archaeological remains 0 1:10,000 500m DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 6251 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY AO DATE 10-05-2017 APPROVED BY RW SCALE@A3 1:3000 2 400000 400500 N

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Site boundary Study area Post-medieval 10 undated 12 Former Berks and Hants Extension Railway

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Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 161500 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire FIGURE TITLE Recorded post-medieval, modern and unknown archaeological remains

DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 6251 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY AO DATE 10-05-2017 APPROVED BY RW SCALE@A3 1:3000 3

Prehistoric 3.11. No evidence for Palaeolithic activity is recorded within the study area, although this is generally consistent of the wider Wiltshire area as a whole. With the notable exception of Salisbury, the Palaeolithic record in the region is relatively impoverished compared to the rich assemblages recorded within Hampshire and Dorset to the south, and the Thames Valley to the east (Wymer 1999). Where recorded, remains of this period are dominated by Lower Palaeolithic handaxes recovered from gravel deposits associated with the region’s rivers (Webster 2008). Such deposits do not exist within the vicinity of the Site, and is therefore extremely unlikely that any Palaeolithic material would be present.

3.12. In the case of the Mesolithic period, Wiltshire has a relatively rich record, including severable sizeable assemblages from sites such as Cherhill, near Calne, located approximately 8km north of the Site. Within the more immediate environs of the Site, a findspot of a Mesolithic bladelet is recorded at Hillworth Park, immediately south of the study area (Figure 2, 1). Mesolithic archaeology in the region is, however, typically found in association with rivers (Webster 2008); as with the Palaeolithic period, therefore, the geography and geology of the area around the Site suggests it is unlikely that any remains of this period would be present

3.13. The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age period in Wiltshire witnessed significant deforestation, with environmental evidence from a range of sites indicating the development of widespread open grasslands by the end of the Neolithic period (Webster 2008). This period is also characterised by the building of ritual and funerary monuments such as Stonehenge, Avebury and the hundreds of barrows of various types that are found across the Chalk downlands.

3.14. Neolithic activity within the study area is represented by findspots of flint tools, including two hammerstones and a flake recovered c. 160m to the south-east of the Site (Figure 2, 2), and a single large flake found c. 90m to the north-west (Figure 2, 3). Such finds are typical of the Neolithic evidence base within the wider surroundings of Devizes, which generally comprises isolated finds, with a distribution bias towards topographically high areas (Webster 2008).

3.15. Bronze Age remains within the local landscape consist predominantly of finds and features associated with settlement and funerary activity, including a series of round barrow monuments on Roundway Down, c. 3.5km to the north of the Site, and a

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large midden identified at Potterne, approximately 2.9km to the south (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004). No remains of this period are recorded within the study area, however.

3.16. The later Bronze Age and early Iron Age of southern England is characterised by the widespread appearance of organised field systems, droveways and enclosures, indicating a shift to an economy based on agriculture. The Iron Age is also characterised by the emergence of defended hillforts, which constitute the most prominent surviving features of the period in the landscape, displaying a variety of styles and functional adaptation. Oliver’s Camp on Roundway Down, c. 3.5m to the north of the Site, is a slight univallate hillfort which would have served as a local centre for the surrounding hinterland of outlying, enclosed and unenclosed farms and settlements. While evidence relating to Iron Age occupation has also been identified elsewhere within the wider landscape surrounding Devizes, including at Nursteed Farm, c. 1.6km to the east of the Site, none is recorded within the study area. It has been suggested that an Iron Age hillfort may have existed on the site of the medieval castle, immediately north of the Site, however no definitive evidence has yet been identified in support of this hypothesis (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004; Kennet District Council 2005).

Romano-British 3.17. Evidence for Romano-British activity is relatively widespread within the wider landscape surrounding the study area, with the recorded remains including a villa site at Roundway Down, to the north, and a probable farm complex at Wayside Farm, 1.5km to the south-east (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004). Within the more immediate Site environs, two 4th century coins depicting the Emperor Constantine were recovered near St John’s Street, c. 70m to the north-east (Figure 2, 4).

Early medieval 3.18. There are no recorded remains relating to early medieval activity within the study area. A small number of early medieval finds have been recovered elsewhere in and around Devizes, including pottery sherds from Jackson Close and Brickley Lane (1.2km and 1.5km to the south-east of the Site, respectively), but there is no clear evidence to suggest the existence of a Saxon settlement on the site of the present town (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service). No reference to Devizes is

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made in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, or in the Domesday Survey of 1086, implying that the town has its origins in the post-Conquest period.

Medieval 3.19. The medieval settlement of Devizes (Figure 2, 5) developed around the Norman Castle (Figure 9, A), which was constructed in around AD 1080 by Bishop Osmound of Salisbury. This early structure would have comprised a motte and bailey fortification, as is typical of this period, with a timber-built keep and surrounding palisade situated on a large mound (motte). The castle occupied a naturally defendable position on a small promontory at the western edge of a plateau of high ground, overlooking and controlling the western end of the Vale of Pewsey and the main road at the junction with the road to Potterne. The town’s name, derived from the Norman le Diveses (meaning ‘at the boundaries’; Mills 2003), refers to the castle’s position on the division between the Bishop of Salisbury’s manors of Potterne, Rowde and Bishop Cannings, and on the boundary between the Hundreds of Potterne and Canning (Gover et. al. 1939).

3.20. The original timber castle burnt down in AD 1113. No remains of this early structure survive, although a section of ditch identified during a watching brief at the Corn Exchange, c. 160m to the north of the Site (Figure 2, 8), was thought to potentially represent part of the inner bailey defences. Between AD 1113 and AD 1121, a replacement castle was erected on the site of the earlier fortification by Osmound’s successor, Bishop Roger of Salisbury. Described by contemporary sources as ‘the finest and most splendid in Europe’, this subsequent castle structure was constructed in stone, and included a keep, five towers, and a large aisled hall. The stone keep is believed to have been situated on the south-east part of the motte, with the hall located to its west. Surrounding the castle was a series of four concentric ditches (Figure 2) comprising the inner defences (which were topped by a stone curtain wall), the inner bailey, the outer bailey, and the town defences (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004).

3.21. The precise alignments and extent of the bailey defences are uncertain, but can to some degree be inferred from archaeological evidence obtained from several investigations throughout the town. The inner bailey defences, which are thought to have enclosed an area of around 2.5ha located at the foot of the motte, were identified during at test pit and trial trench evaluation at Castle Lane, c. 120m to the north of the Site; here substantial made-ground deposits, which were interpreted as

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the truncated remains of the defensive rampart, were identified (Figure 2, 9; Wessex Archaeology 1995). Immediately north of this, at the site of the Former Salvation Army Citadel, a linear ditch revealed during a watching brief was thought to represent part of the inner bailey ditch (Figure 2, 7). Further remains thought to relate to the inner bailey defences were identified by a watching brief at the former Devizes Snooker Club, c. 200m to the north of the Site, where a section of a large, east-west aligned ditch was observed (Figure 2, 6).

3.22. The outer bailey defences are less well-understood, though are believed to have comprised a substantial ditch and bank encompassing a large kidney-shaped area. This is reflected in the delineation of the existing New Park Street and Monday Market Street, beyond the study area to the east. This has been suggested to be evidence for the presence of a relatively typical crescentic town-castle where urban development sprang up (potentially in two phases) within the outer bailey after a contraction of the castle defences (Butler 1976). The main access into the outer bailey is thought to have been from the east, via a gate at the Brittox. The southern extent of the outer bailey defences was investigated during the excavation of three trenches at Estcourt Hill, c. 40m to the south-east of the Site (Figure 2, 11; Russell 1991). These revealed a substantial ditch of over 12m in width, with pottery sherds within the lower fills indicating a construction date in the 12th or 13th century. An extrapolation of the alignment of the castle defences, based on the above results, places the majority of the proposed development Site just outside the outer bailey, with the projected line of the outer bailey defences intersecting its eastern boundary (Russell 1991; Figure 2).

3.23. The medieval castle provided a focus for the development of a civilian settlement, which grew up outside the main castle gates. The layout of the early settlement, later known as ‘Old Port’, is thought to have been organic rather than planned, and was probably focused on a small area (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004). The town defences were constructed to protect the settlement, and comprised a bank and ditch enclosing a large area outside the outer bailey defences. The exact alignment of the town defences has, again, not been fully defined, but they are generally believed to have formed a kidney shape, turning inwards at the north and south with the natural topography augmenting the western edge; although they have alternatively been plotted encircling the castle entirely (Russell 1991; Figure 2), the lack of identified earthworks within the valley floor to

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the west suggests that this is unlikely. Instead a deer park was created to the west of the castle comprising a carefully contrived landscape of nested spaces with the castle located at the interface between this private pleasure ground and the town community (Creighton 2002). The Site lies within the south-eastern edge of the former deer park (ibid). The presumed line of the town defences, as mapped by the WSHER, crosses the south-eastern corner of the Site (Figure 2).

3.24. In 1141, the town was granted borough status by the Empress Maud, and by 1218 had received a market charter. The settlement continued to grow, expanding into the area of the outer bailey in the early 14th century. With the establishment of a new market and planned area of settlement (known as ‘New Port’), the emphasis had clearly shifted away from defences; the outer bailey defences fell out use and are thought to have been at least been partially levelled at the end of the 14th century (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004). The Church of St John the Baptist, located c. 60m to the east of the Site (Figure 9, B), became a parish church at around this time, having originally been constructed in the 12th century as the garrison church for the castle.

3.25. Evidence relating to medieval domestic activity has been identified at a small number of sites within the study area, including Vales Lane, c. 250 to the east of the Site (Figure 2, 10), where a series of investigations revealed medieval pits and post-holes, along with the remains of walling and a hearth. An evaluation at Castle Road, c. 50m to the north of the Site (Figure 2, 12), encountered part of a substantial wall foundation which was thought to represent the remains of a medieval structure, potentially associated with the castle. The remaining evidence for medieval occupation within the study area predominantly comprises findspots, such as an arrow tip (Figure 2, 13) and a lead token (Figure 2, 14), recovered c. 120m and c. 215m to the south of the Site, respectively.

Post-medieval and modern 3.26. By the 16th century, the castle was in a ruinous state and the town defences redundant, although re-used briefly during the Civil War, when Devizes was held in turn by both the Royalists and the Parliamentarians, but were slighted after a Parliamentarian siege in 1648 (Haycock 1993). A 1723 illustration of the town by Stukeley depicts the castle motte and ramparts as still extant, although a pair of windmills are the only structures shown within the inner defences. In 1842, the existing castle building was constructed on the mound by the Bath architect Henry

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Goodridge, on behalf of the Leach family. This new structure was constructed in the Victorian Gothic style, and comprised an ashlar-faced keep and turret, which was subsequently extended to the north in several phases between the 1860s and 1880s.

3.27. The town itself remained little changed in the early post-medieval period, with the exception of some restructuring in the market place and the development of a suburban settlement to the east of the town, around The Green (Wiltshire County Archaeology Service 2004). In the 18th century the town witnessed a period of prosperity with the expansion of the cloth manufacture industry, alongside a variety of other industries and trades.

3.28. Post-medieval remains have been recorded during several investigations within the study area. An evaluation at Castle Lane, c. 120m to the north of the Site (Figure 2, 9) revealed the foundations of a post-medieval wall, while further structural remains, comprising a timber-built building of probable 17th century date, were identified during archaeological works at Vales Lane, at the eastern edge of the study area (Figure 2, 10).

3.29. In the mid-19th century, the town underwent a phase of increased industrial and commercial activity, generated by the arrival of the railway. The first phase of the railway, a branch line from Holt Junction to Patney and Chirton, first opened in 1857 at the northern edge of the town, with the station located to the north-west of the castle. The line was later extended to the east to create a link to London. This new line, known as the Kennet Valley Line – Berks and Hants Extension, was opened in 1862 and, due to the steep gradient of Caen Hill, passed under the castle. The railway fell into decline during the 20th century, and was eventually closed in 1966. The line of the former railway extends southeast-northwest through the eastern part of the Site, where it is visible as a slight cutting, deepening towards the north at the entrance of the tunnel beneath the castle.

Development within the Site 3.30. The earliest detailed cartographic depiction of the Site consulted for this study is the 1759 Dores ‘map of Devizes with gardens and nurseries’ (Figure 4). This illustrates the approximate location of the Site within what appear to be gardens, at the southern edge of the castle mound. No structures or other notable features are

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shown within the Site. The inner defences of the castle motte are clearly depicted, as are the two windmills previously recorded by Stuekeley within the interior.

Figure 4 Extract from Dores 1759 Map of Devizes

3.31. A more detailed depiction is provided on the 1839 Devizes St John Parish Tithe Map (Figure 5). The Site is shown to be occupied by six plots of varying size and form, nearly all of which are recorded as gardens within the accompanying Tithe Apportionment. Trinity Cottage is depicted in its present location within the south- west of the Site, while a single structure depicted in the north-west is recorded as a shed within the Tithe Apportionment. The outermost rampart of the castle’s inner defences is shown along the northern boundary of the Site.

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Figure5 Extract from 1839 Devizes St John Tithe Map

3.32. The next available depiction of the Site is on the 1886 Ordnance Survey Town Plans (Figure 6). This depicts the Site within a series of plots annotated as ‘nurseries’, with the boundaries within the western part of the Site remaining relatively unchanged from those depicted on the preceding Tithe Map. At least two of these plots appear to be bounded by walls, sections of which remain extant within the western and central parts of the Site. A number of greenhouses are recorded across the central part of the Site, along with a tank. The shed previously recorded in the north-west of the Site appears to have been removed. The most significant recorded change, however, is the construction of the railway line in the eastern part of the Site, which is shown within a cutting with the tunnel entrance at the northern edge of the Site. To the north of the Site, the newly constructed castle building is depicted within the castle mound, along with the remains of the medieval structures. The curtain walls to the new castle are shown along their present alignments at the northern edge of the Site.

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Figure 6 Extract from 1886 Ordnance Survey Town Plans

Figure 7 Extract from 1869 Map of Devizes

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3.33. The 1869 map of Devizes (Figure 7) records relatively little change within the Site, although two of the greenhouses previously depicted in the west of the Site seem to have been removed, while an additional structure is shown within the group of greenhouses located near the centre.

Figure 8 Extract from 1923 Ordnance Survey map

3.34. The land-use and general layout of the Site is, again, shown as largely unchanged on the 1923 Edition Ordnance Survey map (Figure 8); the only recorded alteration comprises the amalgamation of two plots in the north-west of the Site, with the dividing wall having apparently been removed, and the removal of the group of greenhouses and tank previously shown in the central part of the Site. Subsequent Ordnance Survey maps (1938-9; 1961; 1970-2; 1983-4) indicate that the Site remained in use as gardens/nurseries throughout the remainder of the 20th century. The dismantled railway line is first recorded on the 1970-2 edition, while the extant greenhouses in the central part of the Site appear to have been constructed at some point in the 1970s/80s.

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4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Previous ground disturbance within the Site 4.1. The most substantial previous disturbance to occur within the Site was the construction of the Berks and Hants Extension railway in the 1860s. Excavation of the railway cutting, which passes through the eastern part of the Site, is likely to have severely truncated, or entirely removed, any earlier features present within its footprint. Two borehole samples previously taken within the south-east of the Site, within, or close to, the railway cutting, indicated considerable ground disturbance within this area, with extensive deposits of made ground recorded directly above the (probably truncated) natural greensand (see para. 3.3).

4.2. A higher degree of survival may be expected within the central and western parts of the Site, outside the footprint of the railway. Here, previous impacts are likely to be primarily associated with the present and former use of the Site as gardens/nurseries, as recorded on historical mapping from the mid-18th century onwards. Ground disturbances associated with such land-use are expected to have included the excavation of drainage ditches and gullies, tree planting and limited ploughing; this may have caused some localised disturbance to the upper horizons of any archaeological deposits. The construction and removal of existing and former greenhouses and other garden structures depicted on historical mapping may also have impacted upon any underlying archaeological remains; however, such structures are expected to have had only shallow foundations, with correspondingly limited associated impacts.

The significance of known and potential archaeological remains within the Site 4.3. The Site is situated immediately south-east of Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument, occupying the southern slopes of the medieval castle mound. While the south-eastern limit of the designation lies along the Site’s northern boundary, no designated archaeological remains are situated within the remainder of the Site. The proposed development would be confined within the central part of the Site, and no designated archaeological remains are therefore anticipated to be adversely affected by the proposals.

4.4. Recorded and potential archaeological remains within the Site comprise:

• outer bailey defences to medieval castle; • medieval town defences;

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• potential, as yet unrecorded medieval remains; • features relating to post-medieval and modern cultivation; and • modern greenhouses.

4.5. The significance of these assets is discussed below.

The castle outer bailey defences (Figure 2) 4.6. The projected line of the defences to the outer bailey of the medieval castle has been mapped within the south-east of the Site (Figure 2; Russell 1991), and remains of the defensive ditch were identified by trial trench evaluation immediately to the south-east. Any remains of these features would be of considerable evidential and historical value in view of their potential to inform the layout and nature of the castle defences and their relationship with the medieval town, but are likely to have been subject to considerable disturbance, and/or total or partial removal, as a result of the later 19th century railway construction within the Site. Owing to their likely truncation, any remains that may survive are not anticipated to be of sufficient significance (i.e. of significance equivalent to Scheduled Monuments) to necessitate preservation in situ.

The medieval town defences (Figure 2) 4.7. The presumed line of the medieval town defences, comprising a bank with an external ditch, is recorded by the WSHER as extending through the west of the Site (Figure 2). Any remains associated with the defences would be likely to retain a considerable degree of evidential and historical value, on account of their potential to inform on the nature and layout of the medieval settlement of Devizes.

Potential (as yet unrecorded) medieval remains 4.8. The majority of the Site is thought to have been located just outside the historic core of the town, and thus the likelihood that any highly significant settlement-related remains should be present is considered to be comparatively low. Nevertheless, the potential for the presence of remains associated with peripheral occupation and/or agricultural activity should not be discounted, particularly in view of the proximity of the Site to the medieval castle. There may be a greater potential for settlement related features to be present within the easternmost part of the Site, which is believed to have been located within the outer bailey. Any remains of relating to medieval settlement or other activity would be of heritage significance on the basis of their evidential and historical value relating to the understanding of medieval development of the town and its environs.

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Potential post-medieval and modern cultivation remains 4.9. Historical mapping indicates that the Site was occupied by gardens and nurseries from the mid-18th century onwards. Below-ground remains associated with cultivation, such as garden soils, drainage ditches and gullies and former garden structures, would not be of sufficient evidential or historical value as to be considered heritage assets.

Extant structures within the Site 4.10. The extant greenhouses within the Site are of modern origin, and of no heritage significance. The existing sections of former boundary walls, constructed in the 19th century, may of some limited historical illustrative value as remnants of former land use, but due to their relatively modern date and commonality, would not be considered heritage assets.

Potential development effects 4.11. Any truncation (physical development effects) upon those less significant non- designated archaeological remains identified within the Site would primarily result from groundworks associated with preparatory works and construction. Such groundworks might include:

• pre-construction impacts associated with demolition and ground investigation works; • any stripping or levelling that may be required to facilitate the creation of surfaces and access paths. • construction ground works, including building foundation trench excavations and the excavation of service trenches; • excavation of new site drainage channels (including soakaways), as required; and • landscaping and planting.

4.12. Depending upon the final construction strategy, the abovementioned ground works and excavations could result in the disturbance to or loss of any buried archaeological features that may be present within their footprint, resulting in total or partial loss of significance of these assets. Such impacts would be permanent and irreversible in nature.

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4.13. It should be noted that the proposed dwelling would be located towards the centre of the Site, with no intrusive groundworks expected to occur in the eastern and westernmost parts, within the presumed locations of the castle outer bailey defences and the town defences. As such, no adverse impacts are anticipated to occur in relation to these potential remains, as based on their current projected alignments. Likewise, any potential settlement related remains that may be present within the bailey are expected to be located outside the anticipated footprint of the development groundworks.

4.14. The proposals entail the removal of the extant greenhouses within the central part of the Site. These structures are not considered to constitute heritage assets, and their removal (to ground level) would not result in harm to the heritage resource. It should be noted, however, that the removal of any foundations or flooring could potentially affect the integrity of any associated below-ground remains.

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5. THE SETTING OF HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1. This section considers potential non-physical effects upon the significance of susceptible heritage assets within the Site environs. Non-physical effects are those that derive from changes to the setting of heritage assets as a result of new development. All heritage assets included within the settings assessment are summarised in the gazetteer in Appendix 2, and are mapped on Figure 9. Those assets identified as potentially susceptible to non-physical impact, and thus subject to more detailed assessment, are discussed in greater detail within the remainder of this section.

Step 1: Identification of heritage assets potentially affected 5.2. Step 1 of Historic England’s ‘Good Practice Advice in Planning: Note 3’ (GPA3) is to identify ‘the heritage assets affected and their settings’ (see Appendix 1). GPA3 notes that Step 1 should focus on those heritage assets for which ‘the development is capable of affecting the contribution of [their] setting to [their] significance or the appreciation of [their] significance’ (GPA3, page 7).

5.3. The heritage assets summarised in Table 5.1 below are those that have been identified, as part of Step 1, as potentially susceptible to impact as a result of changes to their setting. These assets have been identified using a combination of GIS analysis and field examination, which has considered, amongst other factors, the surrounding topographic and environmental conditions, built form, vegetation cover, and lines of sight, within the context of the assets’ heritage significance.

Heritage Asset Description Setting

Devizes Castle Scheduled Devizes Castle is situated on a Monument is situated immediately promontory at the western edge of north of the Site, and comprises a a high plateau, and is protected medieval motte and bailey, with a on three sides by the natural surrounding defensive dry moat. topography. To the west, the Devizes Castle Traces of the medieval structures, castle overlooks a narrow valley Scheduled including the keep and aisled hall, containing small watercourses, Monument and are visible as foundations and which formerly comprised a associated Listed bases of walls. medieval deer park. The historic Buildings (Figure 9, The existing castle building is of core of Devizes surrounds the A) 19th century construction, and is asset to the north and east. The not included in the scheduling, castle mound is encircled on its though is designated alongside west and south sides by Snail the glass house and west garden Lane, along which a small number walls as a Grade I Listed Building. of detached residential properties

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Heritage Asset Description Setting

The structure is highly are located. The wider setting to asymmetrical, consisting of a the south is characterised by Gothic style ashlar-faced keep modern suburban development. and turret and a rock-faced late 19th century enlargement Extensive belts of mature trees featuring a crenallated parapet, surround the castle and motte buttresses and superimposed within and without the curtain bays. walls. Encircling the castle mound are Grade II Listed partly crenellated, curtain walls, faced in rock. A 19th century gate house to eth north- east of the castle is also Grade II Listed.

Devizes Conservation Area lies The Conservation Area is immediately to the east of the surrounded to the north, east and Site, although partially within the south by modern suburban eastern Site boundary. First development associated with the Devizes designated in 1970 the 19th and 20th century expansion Conservation Area Conservation incorporates the of the town. The surrounding (Figure 9) historic core of the town, including landscape to the west is largely the Scheduled remains of the open and rural in character, castle, and contains a total of 296 comprising rolling agricultural Listed Buildings. fields within a low lying valley.

The Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist is situated c. 60m The Church of St John the Baptist to the south-east of the Site. The is situated within a sub- church dates to the 12th century, rectangular churchyard, set-back having originally been constructed slightly from Long Street, on the to serve the garrison to Devizes western edge of the historic town Castle. The body of the church is core. The Grade II Listed obelisk Perpendicular style, with a lies within the churchyard, to the number of Norman features north-west of the church. The including a substantial crossing Grade I Listed boundaries of the churchyard are tower and windows with decorated Church of St John defined to the north by a stone arches. The chancel is flanked by the Baptist (Figure wall, to the east by a wrought iron chapels, the southernmost of 9, B) and Grade II fence and the rear aspects of which is highly ornate, featuring obelisk in properties lining Long Street, and densely decorated battlements churchyard (Figure to the south and west by hedges and pinnacles. The interior of the 9, C) and trees. A walkway leading church retains a number of eastwards from Estcourt Hill runs Norman and later medieval through the north of the features, including a corbel table churchyard, towards the town. A in the south chapel, and rib small number of historic buildings vaulting to the chancel ceiling. are situated along the walkway,

including the Grade II Listed The Grade II Listed obelisk within Sexton’s Cottage, at the north- the churchyard dates to the mid- west corner of the churchyard. 18th century, and is constructed of ashlar set on an inscribed plinth.

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Heritage Asset Description Setting

The Grade II Listed Sexton’s Sexton’s Cottage is situated at the Cottage is located immediately to north-west corner of the the south of the Site. The building churchyard of the Church of St is of 17th century origin, and John the Baptist, with its principal originally functioned as an alms- elevation facing south, directly house. It is two storeys in height, Grade II Listed towards the churchyard. A and constructed of dressed stone Sexton’s Cottage walkway leading eastwards with a stone tile roof, featuring (Figure 9, D) through the churchyard from flanking brick chimneys. The Estcourt Hill passes immediately south elevation features gabled, south of the building. To the half dormer windows at first floor immediate north of the building is level, and a central gabled porch a rear garden, enclosed behind a with a stone tiled roof and brick wall. archway.

The Ark is set-back from Long The Grade II* Listed The Ark is Street and accessed by a private located c. 95m to the south-east lane. To the south, the principal of the Site. Constructed in the elevation overlooks the large early 18th century, with 19th private gardens, which are Grade II* Listed The century modifications, it comprises bounded by mature trees and Ark (Figure 9, E) a three-storey former house, now vegetation. A car park and occupied by retirement associated bungalows are located apartments. It is built in red-brick, to the north, with the churchyard with a slate-covered hipped roof of St John the Baptist church and sash windows. beyond.

Table 5.1 Heritage Assets identified as part of Step 1

Steps 2 – 4: Assessment of setting and potential effects of the development 5.4. This section presents the results of Steps 2 to 4 of the settings assessment, which have been undertaken in regards to those potentially susceptible heritage assets identified in Table 5.1. Step 2 considers the contribution that setting makes to the significance of potentially susceptible heritage assets. Step 3 then considers how, if at all, and to what extent any anticipated changes to the setting of those assets, as a result of development within the Site, might affect their significance. Finally, Step 4 considers if/how any identified heritage enhancements might be maximised and if/how any identified harm to heritage significance might be minimised.

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Site boundary Study area Conservation Area Scheduled Monument Grade II Listed Building Grade II* Listed Building Grade I Listed Building

0 1:3000 150m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire FIGURE TITLE Designated heritage assets

DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 6251 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY AO DATE 10-05-2017 APPROVED BY RW SCALE@A3 1:3000 9

Devizes Castle - Scheduled Monument and associated Listed Buildings (Figure 9, A) 5.5. The significance of Devizes Castle is principally derived from a combination of evidential, historical and aesthetic heritage values. The evidential value of the medieval castle relates to the potential for its physical remains, both upstanding and buried, to yield archaeological evidence which could further inform the understanding of its construction, form and chronology, in addition to wider interpretations regarding the nature of Norman and later medieval defences. Through providing a legible impression of the castle’s form and intended function as a defensive feature, and later as relatively high-status 19th century dwelling exhibiting the design fashions of the time, the surviving medieval remains and later structures also retain important historical illustrative values; together, these individual elements have an important group value relating to the changing history and use of the castle site. Historical associative value derives from the connections with the Norman Conquest and with numerous historical figures, including King Stephen, Empress Maude, and King John. Owing to its imposing form and architectural detailing, the extant Victorian building and associated 19th century structures also possesses aesthetic value.

The asset’s physical surrounds

5.6. Devizes Castle occupies a locally prominent topographic location, overlooking an expanse of the surrounding landscape to the west and south-west. This strategic position would have dictated the original siting of the motte, and would have been crucial to its intended function as a Norman stronghold. The presence of the natural ridge, incorporated into the northern, southern and western defences of the mound, would also have aided a rapid and economical construction. The Grade I Listed Victorian castle building was also constructed to take advantage of this landscape context, which would have added to its sense of exclusivity as a high-status private dwelling.

5.7. A further important aspect of the asset’s setting is its relationship with the adjacent town of Devizes, which developed in the medieval period as a civilian settlement located outside the castle defences. The castle functioned as both a defensive feature and, later, an administrative centre for the town, and this key relationship remains apparent in the existing spatial layout of the castle and town, with the alignments of the castle defences partially preserved in the existing street pattern. An additional associative relationship exists with the Grade I Listed Church of St

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John the Baptist, located to the south-east of the castle (Figure 9, B), which was constructed in the 12th century to serve the castle garrison.

5.8. The castle interior and immediate surroundings are heavily planted with trees and vegetation. These represent a 19th century addition, intended to preserve the privacy of the residents and provide a landscaped grounds to the Victorian castle, but do not reflect the original, likely open, setting of the Norman stronghold. These modern plantings therefore do not contribute to the significance of the medieval Scheduled Monument, though are of importance to the later Grade I Listed Victorian castle as part of its designed setting. Modern developments within both the immediate and wider surroundings of the castle, including those along Snail Lane, immediately to the south, do not contribute to the significance of the assets, but can be considered representative of the continually evolving urban environment that has defined the monument’s immediate setting since the medieval period.

5.9. The proposed development Site occupies the southern slopes of the castle mound, outside the Scheduled area. The projected line of the medieval castle’s outer bailey defences cross the south-east corner of the Site, although no earthworks associated with these defences were observed during the site visit to confirm this historical association. In its present state, occupied by modern greenhouses and garden features, the Site is considered to provide minimal contribution to the significance of the Scheduled Monument.

The experience of the asset

5.10. Both the medieval remains and the later Victorian castle building are best experienced from within the confines of the enclosed motte. It is from this perspective that the scale, layout and form of the surviving earthworks and structural remains can be most fully appreciated and understood, along with the aesthetic qualities of the Grade I Listed Victorian castle building. Beyond this immediate setting, the castle mound and existing structure are most readily apparent in views from the south and west, including from Snail Lane (Photograph 3), Estcourt Hill and Hillworth Road. While the majority of the castle structure is concealed behind the extensive tree plantings, the turrets can be clearly identified, with parts of the Grade II Listed curtain walls also visible in places. These views from within the wider landscape surroundings of the castle enable an appreciation of its scale and prominence, and make legible its historical function as an imposing

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defensive feature and subsequent high-status residence. Owing to the presence of surrounding trees and vegetation, the proposed development Site cannot be easily discerned within these views, although the existing greenhouses can just be seen in the foreground of the castle, behind Trinity Cottage. Where visible, the modern dwellings along Snail Lane are not considered to detract from the view of the castle, which clearly forms the main focal point.

5.11. Due to its historical defensive function, the availability of views over the wider landscape is likely to have been an important consideration in the construction of the Norman castle. As a private property with restricted access, it was not possible to ascertain the nature of the existing views, however it is likely that they are heavily restricted by the dense vegetation screening within and around the castle mound, which gives a sense of seclusion and enclosure to the Grade I Listed Victorian house. Where afforded, views of the wider landscape setting of the monument are expected to be of a predominantly modern, altered character, incorporating numerous modern features such as the sprawling 20th century housing developments to the south and south-west. As such, it is the sense of prominence derived from these views, enabling an understanding of the monument’s naturally defensive topographic position, that is important, rather than their actual content. Views directly to the west of the castle, overlooking a former medieval deer park which still retains elements of parkland, are however considered to make a larger contribution to significance, on account of this direct historical association.

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Photograph 3 Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument and Grade I Listed Building, as viewed from the south-west along Snail Lane

5.12. As noted above, views from within the castle mound towards the Site could not be assessed during the site visit. It is anticipated however that any such views would be extremely limited. While views of the Site are available from the Grade II Listed curtain walls enclosing the south side of the motte (Photograph 4), these embrace a relatively modern landscape, with the Site featuring alongside isolated modern residential properties lining the northern edge of Snail Road, and with the town of Devizes forming the backdrop to the east.

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Photograph 4 View of the Site from outside the Grade II Listed walls encircling the Scheduled castle mound

Summary of development effects

5.13. The proposed development would slightly increase the amount of modern built-form present within the immediate surroundings of the Scheduled castle mound. However, the development is of a limited scale and massing, comprising a single, split-level dwelling, and would therefore not appreciably alter the character of the surrounding landscape, or the contribution made by landscape setting to the significance of Devizes Castle. While the development would be visible within southward views from the Grade II Listed curtain walls, and potentially within limited views from the Scheduled castle mound and Grade I Listed castle building, the proposed dwelling is designed to be relatively visually discrete, occupying only a small proportion of the overall view available. The development would moreover be viewed within the context of its modern, urban surroundings to the east and south.

5.14. Within views of the castle from the wider landscape, the proposed development would not be readily visible, being largely screened by the existing vegetation. Where any visibility may be possible, the proposed dwelling would feature as a relatively low lying structure that would in no way detract from the prominence or intelligibility of the castle mound and building. The proposed dwelling would feature

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alongside other modern developments within the castle foreground, including those along Snail Lane, on the lower slopes of the castle mound, and would add to this modern element of the landscape rather than fundamentally changing the character of the views. The current ability to appreciate the topographic siting of the asset would not be affected, and nor would there be any alteration to any other important aspects of its setting, including the important relationship with the historic town of Devizes and the Grade I Listed Church of St John. As such, the minimal degree of change within the setting of the asset would not result in any harm to the significance of Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument and associated Listed Buildings.

Devizes Conservation Area (Figure 9) 5.15. The proposed development would be confined to the part of the Site that lies outside the boundary of the Conservation Area. As such, the Conservation Area is assessed in terms of the potential impact on significance arising from changes to its setting, rather than its character and appearance.

5.16. A detailed assessment of the special character and appearance of Devizes Conservation Area is provided in the Devizes Conservation Area Statement, produced by Kennet District Council (2005). Within this document, the key characteristics of the Conservation Area are defined as:

• Its unique town plan, based on the layout of the Castle and the Norman origins of Devizes; • A remarkable collection of historic buildings dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries with a number of especially high quality 18th century buildings; • A town market place almost entirely surrounded by Listed Buildings and including historic monuments; • Attractive vistas along historic streets frequently terminated by buildings of high quality; • Two especially fine churches of Romanesque origin, St. John originally located within the confines of the Castle to serve the garrison and St. Mary outside to serve the townsfolk; • Public open space in the form of Devizes Green together with The Crammer; • A small section of the Kennet and Avon Canal including the Wharf.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

5.17. These key characteristics, physical elements, and the physical fabric of its constituent buildings and monuments (both designated and non-designated) represent the primary contributors towards the significance of the Conservation Area, defining the local vernacular and collectively providing a visual illustration of the historical development of the town. The close relationship between the Norman castle and the town is also a vital aspect of the Conservation Area’s significance, with their histories being inextricably linked.

The asset’s physical surroundings

5.18. The topographic location of the town of Devizes, on a high plateau at the western margin of the Vale of Pewsey, is a key aspect of the setting of the Conservation Area, with this strategic and naturally defendable position having dictated the siting of the castle around which the town developed. The wider landscape surrounds to the west of the town are also of some importance, consisting of rolling countryside that reflects its historically rural setting. In particular, the low lying valley beneath the castle promontory has a discernible historical association with the town, having formerly comprised a medieval deer park of which elements still survive and for which the castle acted as gateway (Creighton 2002). Modern developments within the surroundings of the Conservation Area, including suburban expansion to the north, east and south, as well as smaller-scale and more localised residential developments such as those along Snails Lane (immediately to the west), are not considered to contribute to the significance of the Conservation Area, although they can be seen to reflect the dynamic nature of the townscape and its environs.

The experience of the asset

5.19. The character and appearance of the Conservation Area can be best experienced from within the limits of the designated area, as it from this perspective that the significance of its historic monuments and buildings, forming a vital aspect of the character of the historic settlement, can be appreciated, and the historic layout, inter-relationships and origins of the town discerned and understood. The key views identified within the Conservation Area Statement are almost exclusively inward- focused, encompassing historic streets, such as St John’s Street and Bridewell Street, as well as important buildings, including the churches of St John and St Mary, and occasional glimpses of the castle behind surrounding vegetation and built-form. More distant views, incorporating the wider landscape beyond the town and Conservation Area, are identified to the east of the town, looking across The

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Green to the hills beyond (Kennet District Council 2005: 16). The proposed development Site does not feature within any of the key views referenced within the Conservation Area Statement.

Summary of development effects

5.20. The Site lies at the western edge of the Conservation Area, the boundary of which is defined by the dismantled railway line that extends through the eastern part of the Site. The Site is not considered to represent an aspect that contributes to the special character or appearance of the Conservation Area, as specified within the Conservation Area Statement, and the proposed development would be confined within that part of the Site located outside the designation boundary. The proposed development, comprising the construction of a single dwelling, would result in change to the setting of the Conservation Area, by way of slightly increasing the amount of built form present within its immediate surroundings, but this would represent a very limited change to a small and peripheral part of its overall landscape setting. The character of this part of the surrounding landscape would not be appreciably altered, and any views of the proposed development from within the bounds of the Conservation Area would largely be limited to those attained form the rear elevations and gardens of properties immediately to the east of the Site, with visibility from remaining directions effectively screened by surrounding vegetation. Overall, the degree of change would be minimal, and would not affect the appreciation of the special character, and hence significance, of the Conservation Area, which would remain unharmed.

Church of St John the Baptist – Grade I Listed Building (Figure 9, B) 5.21. The significance of the Church of St John the Baptist is derived from a combination of evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal heritage values. The physical architecture and historic fabric of the church retain some potential to provide valuable information regarding its historical use and development, while also allowing for an appreciation of the design and craftsmanship of its construction. Historically and communally, the church formed a key part of the history and development of the medieval town of Devizes, serving as a garrison church for the Norman castle, and subsequently as a parish church and focal point for the local community. The association with the Norman castle further adds to the historical value of the building.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

5.22. The Grade II Listed obelisk within the churchyard derives its significance from its historical illustrative and associative value as a memorial to a locally important historical event, and also to a lesser degree from the evidential values inherent in its physical fabric.

Photograph 5 Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist, viewed from the west from within the churchyard

The asset’s physical surroundings

5.23. The surrounding churchyard (Photograph 5) forms an integral setting to the church, enabling the building to be appreciated within its distinctive historical and functional context. Within the churchyard are a number of memorial and religious monuments, including the Grade II Listed obelisk (Figure 9, C), which share important associative relationships with the church that contribute strongly towards its intelligibility, and thus historical value. As a verdant and quiet space set-back from the principal streets, the churchyard also forms a tranquil and attractive surrounding to the church building, as befits its function as a place for religious worship and contemplation. These immediate physical surrounding therefore represents the aspect of setting which contributes most highly towards the significance of the assets.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

5.24. Beyond the churchyard, the wider surroundings of the church are characterised predominantly by the historic core of Devizes, with the adjacent Long Street and St John’s Street having both been laid out in the medieval period. The town, and in particular the surviving medieval elements as exhibited in the existing street pattern and historic buildings, has an important contextual relationship with the church which makes a strong contribution towards its historical value. A further crucial relationship exists with the castle, located to the north-west of the church, which the church was originally constructed to serve. This associative relationship is strongly illustrative of the close associations of religious and temporal authority in the medieval period, while together the two structures reveal the early history of the town.

5.25. Modern elements within the wider surroundings of the church, including 20th century housing to the south-west and north-west, are not considered to contribute to the significance of the church, but are reflective of the dynamic character of the surrounding townscape.

The experience of the asset

5.26. The architectural and historic interest of the church is best appreciated from the within the interior of the building, and in proximity externally from within the surrounding churchyard. The imposing architectural style of the church and its tower can also be experienced at key points from nearby streets, including on the northern approach along Long Street (Photograph 6), and in southward views from St John Street in which it forms a focal point, framed by other historic structures. In offering an appreciation of the historic fabric and architectural detailing of the church, as well as an understanding of its historical context formed by the churchyard and surrounding medieval streets, these experiences add to the significance of the asset.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Photograph 6 Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist, as viewed from Long Street

5.27. Visibility of the church from within the wider surrounding area would also have been an important aspect of its design and function, with the prominent tower providing an easily recognisable marker at relatively long distances. The tower can be discerned in several views from the Site, appearing behind intervening buildings and vegetation (Photographs 1 and 10). These views, while representative of the intended visibility of the church, are in themselves incidental, and the Site itself does not offer a unique vantage point from which to to appreciate the historical and architectural qualities of the structure

5.28. Owing to its relatively enclosed nature, outward views from the churchyard are restricted. Where afforded, such views are mainly focused towards the town, such as the views towards Long Street from near the eastern entrance to the churchyard. The historical relationship with castle can, however, be discerned within limited views from the north-west of the churchyard, where the castle mound and Victorian tower are just visible to the west of Sexton’s Cottage (Photograph 7). The proposed development Site can be partially seen in the castle foreground, appearing as a grassed area partly surrounded by trees. While this view does, to some degree, facilitate an understanding of the historical association and spatial relationship between the church and the castle, it has changed considerably since the medieval

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

period; the more modern character of the view does not, however, affect the intelligibility of this key associative relationship. No views of the Site are available from ground level at other points within the churchyard, including immediately outside the church.

Photograph 7 View towards the Site and Devizes Castle from within the churchyard of St John the Baptist church

Summary of development effects

5.29. The proposed development, comprising a single residential dwelling, would potentially be visible within limited views towards Devizes Castle afforded from the north-west corner of the churchyard, although is likely to be almost entirely screened by existing mature trees. The development is of a limited scale, and would not appreciably alter the, predominantly modern, character of these views or the surrounding landscape. Moreover, the development is not of a form or height that would visually compete with the church tower as viewed from within its wider surroundings, and nor would it interrupt the visual relationship between the church and the castle. The principal contributors to the significance of the church, namely the heritage values embodied within its physical fabric, would remain unaffected, as would the key elements of its setting detailed above. Any slight alteration to the existing, limited views from the churchyard would not harm the significance of the

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Grade I Listed church, or the associated Grade II Listed obelisk within its churchyard.

Sexton’s Cottage – Grade II Listed Building (Figure 9, D) 5.30. The significance of Sexton’s Cottage is derived primarily from its physical fabric, which holds evidential value relating its construction, development and use, as well as 17th century vernacular architectural styles. The cottage also has historical value, relating to its former function as an alms-house and its status as an illustrative component of the post-medieval townscape.

The asset’s physical surroundings

5.31. Sexton’s Cottage is situated at the north-west corner of the churchyard of St John the Baptist, with its principal elevation facing south, directly towards the churchyard (Photograph 8). The close physical relationship with the church and churchyard would have been an intentional feature of its original construction, with the cottage having formerly served as an alms-house associated with the church. This aspect of the asset’s physical surroundings can therefore be seen to contribute to its significance, by way of enhancing its intelligibility as a historical building with a former religious purpose. The relatively secluded and quiet surroundings of the churchyard also provide a sense of tranquillity that gives an added aesthetic value to the building.

5.32. To the north of the building, the rear garden makes a minor contribution to the significance of the asset, with historic mapping indicating that the plot boundaries have remained unchanged since at least the mid-19th century. The proposed development Site, lying immediately beyond the garden, comprises a relatively open area of land that makes a minor contribution in terms of fortuitous aesthetic value, but has no identifiable historical relationship with the building.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Photograph 8 Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, as viewed from the south from within churchyard of St John the Baptist church

The experience of the asset

5.33. The best appreciation of Sexton’s Cottage is afforded from within the churchyard, from where the historic and architectural interest of the building, displayed most prominently in its principal elevation, can be readily appreciated. When viewed from this perspective, the northernmost part of the proposed development Site can just be seen immediately beneath the curtain walls of Devizes Castle. Owing to the nature of the topography however, together with intervening vegetation, the majority of the Site is screened from view.

5.34. Due to the clear focus of the building upon the churchyard, it is the views from the south elevation of Sexton’s Cottage that are of importance, enabling an appreciation of its immediate historical context. Views from and toward the rear elevation are relatively easily afforded owing to the topographic position of the building on a raised ridge of ground, however such views are unlikely to have been an intentional feature of the building’s original design. While the Site is clearly visible from the rear of the Sexton’s Cottage (Photograph 8), it has no discernible historical relationship with the asset and such views are not considered to contribute towards the asset’s significance, beyond a small degree of incidental

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

aesthetic value provided by the present character of the Site as relatively open ground.

Photograph 9 View of the Site from outside Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage

Photograph 10 Rear elevation of Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, as viewed from within the Site

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

5.35. The rear elevation of Sexton’s Cottage is, likewise, readily visible from within the Site (Photograph 10). However, such views do not offer a uniquely favorable vantage point from which to appreciate the building, with the Site being situated on private land, and with only the rear elevation of the building visible.

Summary of development effects

5.36. The proposed development would introduce a new modern built element into the surroundings of the Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, and would potentially alter the northerly views available from the rear elevation and garden of the building. However, the proposed development, comprising a single residential dwelling occupying the central part of the Site, is of a limited scale and low visual dominance. The proposed dwelling would be situated at a remove of approximately 40m from the Listed Building, and is expected to be largely screened by the existing mature trees within this area. Any visibility of the development within views from Sexton’s Cottage would in no way affect the key components of the asset’s architectural and historic interest, inherent within its physical fabric, and would not impinge upon its important historical relationship with the churchyard to the south. The asset would remain intelligible as a historic building, and no harm to its significance is expected to occur.

The Ark – Grade II* Listed Building (Figure 9, E) 5.37. The Grade II* Listed The Ark derives its significance primarily from the evidential and historical illustrative value embodied within its physical remains, as an example of an early 18th century house, with 19th century modifications. The building also possesses aesthetic value, relating to its consciously designed attractive front.

The asset’s physical surroundings

5.38. The immediate surroundings to the south of The Ark comprise informal gardens and lawns surrounded by, and containing, mature trees and vegetation (Photograph 11). These grounds are an important feature of the design of the building, creating a private and tranquil space which complements the front of the house. Accordingly, this aspect of the asset’s setting makes a large contribution towards its significance, through enhancing the building’s intelligibility as a private dwelling of some apparent local status.

5.39. The wider surroundings to the east and north of the building are characterised by the historic core of Devizes. As a surviving built element of the 18th century

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

development of town, the building has a historical association with this surrounding townscape.

Photograph 11 Grade II* Listed The Ark, viewed from the east

The experience of the asset

5.40. Due to its relative seclusion, set-back from the main streets and within private grounds, The Ark is best experienced from within its immediate surroundings. From within the gardens at the front, the architectural detailing of the designed front can be appreciated, and the historical status and context of the building as a private house understood. The experience from within this immediate setting of the building defined by its sense of privacy and quiet.

5.41. The principal elevation of the building are focused towards the gardens to the south, with views to the north, now incorporating a car park and modern bungalows, being of considerably lesser importance. Owing to the nature of the local topography, along with the presence of intervening built-form and vegetation, no intervisibility is thought to exist between The Ark and the proposed development Site.

Summary of development effects

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

5.42. The proposed development would introduce a new built element into the wider surroundings of the Grade II* Listed The Ark. However, as described above, any views of the proposed development Site are limited by a combination of topography, built-form and vegetation. The proposed development is limited in scale, and is expected to be almost entirely screened by the existing trees present on the Site. Any visibility of the completed development would be attained within views from the rear (north) elevation which make a comparatively limited contribution to the building’s significance. The key experience of the building, from within the gardens to the south, would be in no way affected, and nor would any of the principal contributors towards its significance, as embodied in its physical form. The proposed development would therefore not result in any harm to the significance of the Grade II* Listed The Ark.

Summary of potential non-physical development effects

Heritage Asset Summary of development effect Level of effect

Limited, filtered views of built form within the immediate surrounding of the castle motte, Devizes Castle consistent with existing urban surrounds. The Scheduled Monument proposed development would occupy only a small No harm and associated Listed proportion of the overall available views, and Buildings (Figure 9, A) would not detract from the intelligibility of the monument or its important topographic setting.

The proposed development would be located outside the Conservation Area boundary, occupying a very small and peripheral part of its landscape surroundings to the west, The Devizes Conservation character of this landscape setting would not be No harm Area appreciably altered, and the development would not affect any of the essential elements that contribute to the special character and appearance, and therefore significance, of the Conservation Area.

Limited views of built form within views from north-west corner of the churchyard. The development is likely to be almost entirely screened by vegetation, and is not of a scale or Grade I Listed Church form that would interrupt the visual relationship of St John and Grade II between the church and Devizes Castle. The No harm Listed obelisk in ability to appreciate the historical and churchyard architectural quality of the church, and its contextual and historical relationships with the surrounding churchyard and monuments, as well as with the town, would be in no way affected.

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

Heritage Asset Summary of development effect Level of effect

Limited views of built form within views from rear elevation. The development is likely to be largely screened by vegetation, and is of a limited scale Grade II Listed Sexton’s and relatively low visual dominance. The ability to No harm Cottage appreciate the historical and architectural interest of the building would be in no way affected, and nor would the historical and contextual relationship with the churchyard.

Limited (if any) views of built form from rear elevation. Any existing intervisibility with the Site is extremely limited, and the development is likely Grade II* Listed The Ark No harm to be almost entirely screened by vegetation. The key experience of the building from its surrounding gardens would be in no way affected.

Table 5.2 Summary of potential non-physical development effects

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA © Cotswold Archaeology

6. CONCLUSIONS

6.1. This assessment has included a review of a comprehensive range of available sources, in accordance with key industry guidance, in order to identify known and potential heritage assets located within the Site, and its environs, which may be affected by the proposed development. The significance of the identified known and potential heritage assets has been determined, as far as possible, on the basis of available evidence. The potential effects of the proposed development on the significance of identified heritage assets, including any potential physical effects upon buried archaeological remains and built heritage, and potential non-physical effects resulting from the anticipated changes to the settings of heritage assets, have been assessed. Any physical or non-physical effects of the proposed development upon the significance of the heritage resource will be a material consideration in the determination of the planning application for the proposed development.

Physical effects 6.2. The Site is situated immediately south-east of Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument, occupying the southern slopes of the medieval castle mound. Owing to this proximity to the medieval castle, and to the Site’s location just outside the medieval core of the town, there is identified potential for the presence of associated archaeological remains. The castle’s outer bailey defences are projected to run through the eastern part of the Site, however these are likely to have partially or wholly removed during the construction of the Berks and Hants extension railway in the 1860s. The medieval town defences are also presumed to intersect the western part of the Site. It is noted that the current proposals indicate that intrusive ground works are likely to be confined to the central part of the Site, outside the presumed alignments of the town and castle defences, although the potential for encountering archaeologically significant medieval remains is nevertheless recognised.

6.3. Historical mapping indicates that the Site was occupied by gardens and nurseries from at least the mid-18th century. Any remains associated with post-medieval and modern cultivation would not be of a sufficient level of significance to be considered heritage assets.

Non-physical effects 6.4. This assessment has considered the potential effects upon designated heritage assets located within the environs of the Site. The key heritage assets considered as part of this report include Devizes Castle Scheduled Monument, the Grade I Listed Church of St John the Baptist, the Grade II Listed Sexton’s Cottage, the Grade II* Listed the Ark, and Devizes Conservation Area. This assessment has established that, while the proposed development is likely to be visible within limited views from these designated assets, it would not affect any of the principal contributors to their significance, inherent in their physical remains, built form, important interrelationships and historical associations, and would not alter any part of their setting that contributes to their intelligibility as heritage assets. As such, no harm has been identified in relation to designated heritage assets as a result of the development proposals, in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework. In line with the 1990 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act (Part 1, Chapter VI, Sections 66 and 72), the architectural and historic interest of Listed Buildings would be preserved, as would the special character and appearance of Devizes Conservation Area. The proposals are also consistent with Core Policy 58 of the Wiltshire Core Strategy, regarding the need to conserve designated heritage assets and their settings.

7. REFERENCES

Bradby, E. 1985. The Book of Devizes: The Life Story of an Ancient Borough. Barracuda Books, Buckingham.

British Geological Survey, 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer, 1:50,000 geological mapping, solid and superficial. http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.ht ml (accessed 8 May 2017)

Butler, L A S 1976. The Evolution of Towns: Planted Towns after 1066. In M W Barley (Ed.) The Plans and Topography of Medieval Towns in England and Wales. B.A.R. (Brit. Ser.) No. 14. pp 32-48.

Chandler, J. (ed.), 1998. Printed maps of Wiltshire 1787 –1844. Wiltshire Record Society Vol. 52

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment.

Cotswold Archaeology, 2004. Land at St John’s Court, Devizes, Wiltshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA report ref. 04130, http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscape s/ (accessed 8 May 2017)

Creighton, O 2002. Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. Equinox Publishing ltd.

Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

Gover, J, Mawer, A and Stenton, F, 1939. The Place Names of Wiltshire

Haycock, L. 1993. Devizes: a history and guide. Alan Sutton Publishing.

Historic England, 2015a. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2: Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment.

Historic England, 2015b. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets.

Historic England, 2016. Historic England Advice Note 1: Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management.

Kennet District Council, 2005. Devizes Conservation Area Statement – Committee Draft (August 2005). https://cms.wiltshire.gov.uk/Data/Planning%20Polic

ies%20Executive%20Committee%20(KDC)/20050908/Agenda/$DEVIZES%20-%20 Committee%20Draft.doc.pdf (accessed 11 May 2017)

Mills, A.D. 2003. A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990). Act of UK Parliament.

Pugh, R.B. and Crittal, E. (eds), 1953. A history of the county of Wiltshire.

Russell, M. 1991. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Norman Outer Bailey Defences at Escourt Hill, Devizes. Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Russel, M. 1993. Excavations at New Park Street, Devizes, 1990. Wilthshire Archaeology and Natural History Magazine, vol. 86 (pp. 88-101)

Webster, C. J. (Ed.) 2008. The Archaeology of South West England, South West Archaeological Research Framework

Wessex Archaeology, 1995. Castle Lane, Devizes: Archaeological Evaluation. Report ref. 41125/1

Wiltshire Council, 2015. Wiltshire Core Strategy

Wiltshire County Archaeology Service, 2004. The Archaeology of Wiltshire’s Towns: An Extensive Urban Survey – Devizes, http://archaeologydataservice.ac. uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-906-1/dissemination/pdf/EUS_Texts/Devize s.pdf (accessed 8 May 2017)

Wymer, J. 1999. The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain

Cartographic sources 1654 Map of Old Park, May (Wiltshire and Swindon Archives ref. 1553/86/H) 1759 Dores Map of Devizes (Wiltshire and Swindon Archives ref. X6/26) 1787 A map of Wiltshire, Cary (Chandler 1998) 1811 Map of Devizes (Wiltshire and Swindon Archives ref. 594/80) 1839 Devizes Parish of St John the Baptist Tithe Map and Apportionment (Wiltshire and Swindon Archives) 1869 Plan of the borough and district of Devizes in the county of Wiltshire (Wiltshire and Swindon Archives ref. G20/700/1H)

1886 Ordnance Survey Town Plans: Devizes, 1:500 scale (sheet 34:13:15) 1900 Second Edition Ordnance Survey map, 1:2,500 scale (sheet 34/13) 1923 Third Edition Ordnance Survey map, 1:2,500 scale (sheet 34/13)

Subsequent Ordnance Survey maps viewed online on 11/05/2017 at: https://www.old-maps.co.uk

APPENDIX 1: HERITAGE STATUTE POLICY & GUIDANCE

Heritage Statute: Listed buildings Listed buildings are buildings of ‘special architectural or historic interest’ and are subject to the provisions of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (‘the Act’). Under Section 7 of the Act ‘no person shall execute or cause to be executed any works for the demolition of a listed building or for its alteration or extension in any manner which would affect its character as a building of special architectural or historic interest, unless the works are authorised.’ Such works are authorised under Listed Building Consent. Under Section 66 of the Act ‘In considering whether to grant planning permission for development which affects a listed building or its setting, the local planning authority or, as the case may be, the Secretary of State shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any feature of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’.

Note on the extent of a Listed building Under Section 1(5) of the Act, a structure may be deemed part of a Listed building if it is:

(a) fixed to the building, or (b) within the curtilage of the building, which, although not fixed to the building, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July 1948

The inclusion of a structure deemed to be within the ‘curtilage’ of a building thus means that it is subject to the same statutory controls as the principal Listed building. Inclusion within this duty is not, however, an automatic indicator of ‘heritage significance’ both as defined within the Framework and within Conservation Principles (see Section 3 above). In such cases, the establishment of the significance of the structure needs to be assessed both in its own right and in the contribution it makes to the significance and character of the principal Listed building. The practical effect of the inclusion in the listing of ancillary structures is limited by the requirement that Listed Building Consent is only needed for works to the ‘Listed building’ (to include the building in the list and all the ancillary items) where they affect the special character of the Listed building as a whole.

Guidance is provided by Historic England on ‘Listed Buildings and Curtilage: A Historic England Advice Note’ (Historic England 2016).

Heritage Statute: Conservation Areas

The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 also states that, with regard to development affecting Conservation Areas, Local Planning Authorities should pay special attention to ‘the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of that area’ (Part II, Section 72). However, as has been made clear by Historic England, ‘in primary legislation, the setting of Conservation Areas is not a statutory duty’ (2015b).

Heritage Statute: Scheduled Monuments Scheduled Monuments are subject to the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The Act sets out the controls of works affecting Scheduled Monuments and other related matters. Contrary to the requirements of the Planning Act 1990 regarding Listed buildings, the 1979 Act does not include provision for the ‘setting’ of Scheduled Monuments.

National heritage policy: the National Planning Policy Framework

Heritage assets and heritage significance Heritage assets comprise ‘a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest’ (the Framework Annex 2). Designated heritage assets include Scheduled Monuments and Listed buildings. The Framework (Annex 2) states that the significance of a heritage asset may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Historic England’s ‘Conservation Principles’ looks at significance as a series of ‘values’ which include ‘evidential’. ‘historical’, ‘aesthetic’ and ‘communal’.

The setting of heritage assets The ‘setting’ of a heritage asset comprises ‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’ Thus it is important to note that ‘setting’ is not a heritage asset: it may contribute to the value of a heritage asset.

Guidance on assessing the effects of change upon the setting and significance of heritage assets is provided in ‘Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets’, which has been utilised for the present assessment (see below).

Levels of information to support planning applications

Paragraph 128 of the National Planning Policy Framework (‘the Framework’) identifies that ‘In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance.’

Designated heritage assets Paragraph 126 of the Framework notes that local planning authorities ‘should recognise that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource and conserve them in a manner appropriate to their significance.’ Paragraph 132 notes that ‘when considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be.’ It goes on to note that ‘substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building…should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments……should be wholly exceptional.’

Paragraph 134 clarifies that ‘Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use.’

Development Plan Local planning policy is contained within the Wiltshire Council Core Strategy, which was formally adopted in January 2015. Within this document, heritage-related matters are covered under Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment, which states:

‘Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment.

Designated heritage assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance, including:

i. nationally significant archaeological remains

ii. World Heritage Sites within and adjacent to Wiltshire

iii. buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest

iv. the special character or appearance of conservation areas

v. historic park and gardens

vi. important landscapes, including registered battlefields and townscapes.

Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, including non-designated heritage assets, which contribute to a sense of local character and identity will be conserved, and where possible enhanced. The potential contribution of these heritage assets towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will also be utilised where this can be delivered in a sensitive and appropriate manner in accordance with Core Policy 57 (Ensuring High Quality Design and Place shaping).’

Good Practice Advice 1-3 Historic England has issued three Good Practice Advice notes (‘GPA1-3’) which support the NPPF. The GPAs note that they do not constitute a statement of Government policy, nor do they seek to prescribe a single methodology: their purpose is to assist local authorities, planners, heritage consultants, and other stakeholders in the implementation of policy set out in the NPPF. This report has been produced in the context of this advice, particularly ‘GPA2 – Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment’ and ‘GPA3 – The Setting of Heritage Assets’.

GPA2 - Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment GPA2 sets out the requirement for assessing ‘heritage significance’ as past of the application process. Paragraph 8 notes ‘understanding the nature of the significance is important to understanding the need for and best means of conservation.’ This includes assessing the extent and level of significance, including the contribution made by its ‘setting’ (see GPA3 below). GPA2 notes that ‘a desk-based assessment will determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area, and the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the historic environment, or will identify the need for further evaluation to do so’ (Page 3).

GPA3 – The Setting of Heritage Assets Step 1 requires heritage assets which may be affected by development to be identified. Historic England notes that for the purposes of Step 1 this will comprise heritage assets

where ‘the development is capable of affecting the contribution of a heritage asset’s setting to its significance or the appreciation of its significance’.

Step 2 of the settings process requires ‘assessing whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s)’, with regard to its physical surrounds; relationship with other heritage assets; the way it is appreciated; and its associations and patterns of use. Step 3 requires ‘assessing the effect of the proposed development on the significance of the asset(s)’, with regard to the location and siting of the development; its form and appearance; additional effects; and its permanence.

Step 4 of GPA3 provides commentary on ‘maximising enhancement and minimising harm’. It notes (Paragraph 26) that ‘Maximum advantage can be secured if any effects on the significance of a heritage asset arising from development liable to affect its setting are considered from the project’s inception.’ It goes on to note (Paragraph 28) that ‘good design may reduce or remove the harm, or provide enhancement’.

Heritage significance Discussion of heritage significance within this assessment report makes reference to several key documents. With regard to Listed buildings and Conservation Areas it primarily discusses ‘architectural and historic interest’, which comprises the special interest for which they are designated.

The NPPF provides a definition of ‘significance’ for heritage policy (Annex 2). This states that heritage significance comprises ‘The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic’.

Regarding ‘levels’ of significance the Framework provides a distinction between: designated heritage assets of the highest significance; designated heritage assets not of the highest significance; and non-designated heritage assets.

Historic England’s ‘Conservation Principles’ expresses ‘heritage significance’ as comprising a combination of one or more of: evidential value; historical value; aesthetic value; and communal value.

Effects upon heritage assets

Heritage benefit

The NPPF clarifies that change in the setting of heritage assets may lead to heritage benefit. Paragraph 137 of the Framework notes that ‘Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably’.

GPA3 notes that ‘good design may reduce or remove the harm, or provide enhancement’ (Paragraph 28). Historic England’s ‘Conservation Principles’ states that ‘Change to a significant place is inevitable, if only as a result of the passage of time, but can be neutral or beneficial in its effects on heritage values. It is only harmful if (and to the extent that) significance is reduced’ (Paragraph 84).

Specific heritage benefits may be presented through activities such as repair or restoration, as set out in Conservation Principles.

Heritage harm to designated heritage assets The Framework does not define what constitutes ‘substantial harm’. The High Court of Justice does provide a definition of this level of harm, as set out by Mr Justice Jay in Bedford Borough Council v SoS for CLG and Nuon UK Ltd. Paragraph 25 clarifies that, with regard to ‘substantial harm’: ‘Plainly in the context of physical harm, this would apply in the case of demolition or destruction, being a case of total loss. It would also apply to a case of serious damage to the structure of the building. In the context of non-physical or indirect harm, the yardstick was effectively the same. One was looking for an impact which would have such a serious impact on the significance of the asset that its significance was either vitiated altogether or very much reduced’.

Effects upon non-designated heritage assets The Framework paragraph 135 guides that ‘The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgment will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset’.

APPENDIX 2: GAZETTEER

Designated Heritage Assets

HER. Ref. Figure Ref. No. Description Status HE Ref.

Devizes Conservation Area. Incorporates - CA/E/69 Scheduled remains of castle and 296 Listed Conservation Area Buildings.

DWI14165 1021375 DWI223 Devizes Castle: Scheduled Monument and Grade I Scheduled 1249366 Listed Building. Also includes Grade II Listed Monument; Grade I DWI2191 A remains of original castle, Grade II Listed walls Listed Building; 1249362 encircling top of castle mound, and Grade II Listed Grade II Listed DWI2190 Gate House. Building 1263774 DWI2189 1249360

DWI2432 Grade I Listed B Church of St John the Baptist 1262359 Building

DWI2433 Grade II Listed C Obelisk in St John’s churchyard 1252285 Building

DWI2437 Grade II Listed D Sexton’s Cottage 1252291 Building

DWI2292 Grade II* Listed E The Ark 1250355 Building

Archaeological records

Figure Ref. No. HER Ref. Description Period

1 MWI8643 Findspot of a Mesolithic bladelet. Mesolithic

Findspot of Neolithic flint implements, comprising 2 MWI8661 Neolithic two hammerstones and a flake.

3 MWI8669 Findspot of a large Neolithic flint flake. Neolithic

Findspot of two 4th century Roman coins and a MWI8767 4 medieval lead bulla of Raymond de Puy master of Roman/medieval MWI8704 the Knights Hospitalers.

5 MWI8748 Medieval settlement of Devizes. Medieval

A watching brief at the former Devizes Snooker MWI8794 Club revealed a section of a linear feauture which 6 Medieval EWI6304 was thought to represent part of the castle inner bailey ditch.

Previous 7 EWI6373 A watching Brief at the Former Salvation Army investigation;

Citadel revealed a linear ditch, which was thought medieval to be the remains of part of the castle defences. Station Road, Devizes - A northwest/southeast linear ditch was located that probably represents the truncated remains of the castle ditch.

A watching brief at the Corn Exchange uncovered a MWI8785 large linear feature, which was thought to be the 8 Medieval EWI3776 remains of the inner bailey ditch to the medieval castle.

A test pit and trial trench evaluation at Castle Lane Previous MWI8780 revealed substantial made-ground deposits, which investigation; 9 EWI3773 were thought to be the truncated remains of the medieval; EWI4384 castle defences. Foundations of a post-medieval post-medieval wall were also identified.

MWI8805 A programme of archaeological works, comprising MWI8782 evaluation, excavation and watching brief at Vales Previous EWI3774 investigation; 10 Lane identified a series of medieval pits and post- EWI7283 medieval; EWI7284 holes, along with walling, a hearth and the remains post-medieval EWI3764 of a timber structure of probable 17th century date.

Evaluation at Escourt Hill uncovered a section of the outer bailey ditch to the castle. Pottery Previous 11 EWI3763 investigation; recovered from the lowest level suggested a pre- medieval 12th/13th century date for its construction.

An evaluation at the Beeches, Castle Road, uncovered extensive made-ground deposits dating Previous to the 18th or 19th centuries, beneath which was investigation; 12 EWI7957 part of substantial wall foundation, possibly relating medieval; to medieval structures associated with Devizes post-medieval Castle.

13 MWI8773 Findspot of a medieval arrow tip. Medieval

14 MWI8756 Findspot of a medieval lead token. Medieval

An evaluation at St John’s Court uncovered two pits Previous 15 EWI7282 and a further feature of unknown function. All were investigation; thought to date to the 17th-18th century. post-medieval

An evaluation at the market place recovered two Previous 16 EWI3778 undated shafts, possibly representing disused wells investigation; or ice houses. unknown

Large undated pit excavated at 41 Long Street in 17 MWI8821 Unknown 1969.

A linear bank of uncertain date and function, 18 MWI72905 Unknown identified as earthworks on aerial photographs.

Non-illustrated heritage assets

HER Ref. Description Period

MWI8816 Hillworth Park post-medieval Quaker burial ground Post-medieval

MWI8808 Findspot of post-medieval coins. Post-medieval

MWI8799 Site of the former gaol. Post-medieval

MWI8800 Findspot of post-medieval coin and lead token. Post-medieval

Post-medieval finds from the castle site recovered Post-medieval MWI8814 during an evaluation excavation in 2004.

Remains of a post-medieval building revealed Post-medieval MWI8806 during an evaluation at the Corn Exchange.

MWI8802 Post-medieval ice house excavated in 1994. Post-medieval

Remains of a Second World War emergency water MWI64109 supply. Modern

MWI31914 Site of a roadblock on Hillworth Road. Modern

MWI31925 Second World War air raid shelter. Modern

MWI31929 Site of a Second World War anti-tank ditch. Modern

MWI31930 Site of a Second World War roadblock. Modern

Four brick-lined wells revealed during construction Post-medieval/ MWI64445 of a house extension. modern

Post-medieval rubbish pit revealed during MWI64446 construction of a house extension. Post-medieval

MWI41939 Second World War air raid shelter. Modern

Foundations of the original back wall of No. 42 Market Place were identified during construction of Post-medieval/ MWI41615 a new extension. modern

Banked features, probably representing a hollow way and field boundaries, identified on aerial Medieval/ MWI72904 photographs. post-medieval

Land at Castle Grounds, Devizes, Wiltshire, Heritage DBA