GHG emission factors, carbon content and heating value of Indian coals Introduction

➢ The total production of energy from commercial sources in India was 13767.83 peta joules during 2015-16.

➢ Energy production in PJ by commercial sources shows that coal was the major source of energy during 2015-16:

• Coal - 70.25%

• Crude Petroleum - 11.24%

• Natural Gas - 9.02%

• Electricity (Hydro, Nucl., Others) - 5.87%

• Lignite - 3.62%

Source: Energy Statistics 2017, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India Occurrence of coal in India

Indian Coal occurs in two stratigraphic horizons Gondwana coalfields Permian sediments (c. 290Ma) 500 0 500kmKilom eters 80° 84° 88° m m m 26 Luc know mostly deposited in %

Patna 22 Intracratonic Gondwana basins. % 27 32 51 47 44 34 31 24° 43 30 28 m 24m° 41 33 49 48 46 39 35 29 52 55 50 45 38 Tertiary coalfields 42 40 37 Bhopa l 53 56 36 % 54 57 59 58 78 62 92° 96° 63 64 Calcutta m m 77 61 % 60 66 100 0 100 k m 65 76 75 67 51. Singrauli 74 52. Korar 53. U m aria 54. J ohila 68 55. Sihagpur 73 28° 56. Sonhat-J hilim ili 23 m 72 57. Bisram pur Bhuba ne swar 58. Lakhanpur 20° % 20° 1 m 71 59. Panc hbahini m 60. D ham am unda 61. Koreagarh 28°m 2 Itanagar 3 62. C hirim iri 63. Sendurgarh Gangtok % 4 64. H asdo-Arand % 25 24 65. Korba 66. M and-R aigarh 5 6 35. R aniganj 67. Ib R iv er 36. Barjora 68. T alcher 7 69 37. J haria 69. G odav ari 8 38. Eas t Bokaro 70. Yellendu 39. W est Bok aro 71. W ardha Dispur 72. Bander % Hydera ba d 22. Singrimari 40. R am garh 9 % 26. D arjeeling 41. N orth Karanpura 73. U m rer 10 Tertiary Coalfields 70 27. R ajm ahal 42. South Karanpura 74. Kam ptee Kohima 28. Birbhum 43. C hope 75. Penc h-Kanhan % 1. Miao-bum 22 20 Shillong 29. T angs uli 44. Itk hori 76. Pathakhera 11 2. Namchik-Namphuk 30. Kundait Kariah 45. Auranga 77. T awa % 19 15 14 S12hillong 3. Makum 31. Saharjuri 46. H utar 78. M ohpani 4. Dilli-Jeypore 21 17 32. J ainti 47. D altonganj 13 5. Tiju 33,34. Giridih 48,49,50. Tatapani-Ram k ola 16° 18 Imphal 6. Borjan 1m6° m 16 % 7. Tuen Sang m m m 8. Jhanzi-Disai 80° 84° 88° 9. Koilajan 10. Diphu 11. Bapung 12. Pynursla m24° 13. Cherrapunji 14. Laitryngew 15. Mawsynram Aizawl 16. Mawlong Shella 24° %Agartala % Early Tertiary (c. 60Ma) near- m 17. Langrin 18. Balphakram-Pendenggru 19. West Darangiri 20. Rongrenggri 21. Siju

Gondwana Coalfields shore peri-cratonic basins Calcutta 22. Singrimari % 23. Abor Hills 24. Daphla Hills 25. Aka Hills m m m 84° 88° 92° and shelves. Geological Provinces Occurrence

Gondwana coal

Occurrence Eastern and central part of Peninsular India Rank Bituminous to sub-bituminous Character Moderate to High in Ash and Low in Sulphur Tertiary coal

Occurrence Northeastern India Rank Meta and Ortholignitous Character High in Sulphur; Strongly caking to non-caking

Lignite

Occurrence Western and southern India Character High in moisture and volatile matter Gondwana Coal

Coal bearing strata

RANIGANJ/KAMTHI FORMATION (Late Permian)– ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITABLE IN RANIGANJ, JHARIA EASTERN PART OF SINGRAULI BASIN AND GODAVARI

BARAKAR FORMATION (Early Permian)– MAJOR STOREHOUSE OF COAL IN ALL THE BASINS

KARHARBARI FORMATION (Early Permian)– RESTRICTED TO FEW COALFIELDS OF EASTERN INDIA Tertiary Coal

Coal bearing strata Oligocene sediments • Tikak Parbat Formation in Upper Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh Eocene sediments • Tura Sandstone, Lakadong Sandstone in Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya • Sylhet Limestone in Mikir hills of Assam • Lower Subathu Group in Jammu Types of Indian Coal

Coking

Prime – Low volatile bituminous coals , Coke type G7 or better, Ro(mean) = 1.2. Upper Barakar seams in Jharia coalfield.

Medium - Low to high volatile bituminous coals, Coke type F-G6, Ro(mean) = 1.1-1.4. Lower Barakar & Raniganj seams in Jharia, Barakar seams in Raniganj, Bokaro, parts of Ramgarh, Karanpura, Sohagpur and Pench- Kanhan coalfields

Semi – High volatile, Coke type D-F, Ro(mean) = 0.7. Lower Raniganj seams in Raniganj, Barakar seams in parts of Ramgarh and Sonhat coalfields Non-coking Superior – High volatile bituminous B-C coals. Mainly in Raniganj seams of Raniganj coalfield Inferior – High volatile sub-bituminous coals. All coalfields High Sulphur Tertiary coalfields of Northeastern Region General Characters of Karharbari Coal

❖ Low moisture, low ash and low to medium volatile ❖ Comparatively cleaner than Barakar coals ❖ Generally non-coking except in parts of Giridih and North Karanpura General Characters of Barakar Coal

❖Moisture < 2% to 6% ❖ Volatile - <18 to 35% ❖ Carbon - 85 to 90% (on dmmf basis) ❖ Ash - 15 to 30% (excluding dirt bands) ❖ Coking properties (eastern CFs of Damodar Valley basins)

❖ Coke type - D to G6 or better General Characters of Raniganj Coal

❖ High moisture ❖ High Volatile ❖ Coal seams thinner than those of Barakar ❖ Best developed in Raniganj coalfield Resources classified as

CATEGORY : (Based on degree of confidence) • PROVED (>80%) THROUGH DETAILED EXPLORATION • INDICATED (>50 to 80%) THROUGH REGIONAL EXPLORATION • INFERRED (<50 %)

DEPTH : 0-300 m, 300-600 m and 600-1200 m

GRADE : Medium Coking : SG-I, SG-II, W-I, W-II, W-III, W-IV Semi Coking : Grade-I and grade-II Non Coking : Superior (Gr.A – C) and Power grade (Gr.D-G) Depth-wise and Category-wise Resource of Indian coal (As on 1.4.2017) Total Resource 315.15 bt 700 Measured Indicated609.18 600 565.77 539.95 556.4 551.73Inferred 504.82 508.95 500 488.29

400

300

Billion tonnes Billion 200

100 51.66 51.58 56.82 57.45

0 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Depth range Prevalent Quality Classification System

Coking coal Grade Ash Sp.Gr Steel Grade -I < 15% 1.42 Steel Grade -II 15% - 18% 1.44 Washery Grade - I 18% - 21% 1.46 Washery Grade - II 21% - 24% 1.50 Washery Grade - III 24% - 28% 1.53 Washery Grade – IV 28% - 35% 1.58 Semi-coking & weakly coking coal Grade Ash + Moisture Sp.Gr Semi-Coking -I < 19% 1.44 Semi-Coking -II 19% - 24% 1.46 Quality Classification (Contd…) (Department of Coal, Ministry of Energy, 1979)

Non-coking coal Grade Useful Heat Value (k.cal/kg) Sp.Gr A > 6200 1.42 B 5600 - 6200 1.45 C 4940 - 5600 1.50 D 4200 - 4940 1.55 E 3360 - 4200 1.60 F 2400 - 3360 1.68 G 1300 - 2400 1.76 Useful Heat Value = 8900 – 138 (Ash + Moisture) (At 60% R.H & 400C Temperature) New GCV based classification system of non-coking coal (Gazette Notification, Ministry of Coal, 30th December 2011) Old UHV based grading New GCV based grading GCV Range (KCal/kg) G1 ➢ 7000 A G2 6701 - 7000 G3 6401 - 6700 G4 6101 – 6400 B G5 5801 – 6100 G6 5501 - 5800 C G7 5201 - 5500 G8 4901 – 5200 B G9 4601 – 4900 G10 4301 – 4600 E G11 4001 – 4300 G12 3701 – 4000 F G13 3401 – 3700 G14 3101 - 3400 G G15 2801 – 3100 G16 2501 – 2800 Additional Grades G17 2201 - 2500 Summarized Table of Coal Resources As on 1st April 2017 (in billion tonnes) Depth Coking Non-Coking High Grand Range Sulphur Total

(m) Prime Medium Semi- Superior Inferior Ungraded Coking (G1-G6) (G7-G17)

0-300 0.00 11.59 0.47 21.69 137.98 9.03 1.39 182.15

0-600 4.04 4.06 0.00 0.20 5.90 0.00 0.00 14.20

300-600 0.00 6.42 0.76 12.75 58.68 15.88 0.20 94.69

600-1200 1.27 5.44 0.49 2.86 9.15 4.90 0.00 24.11

0-1200 5.31 27.51 1.72 37.50 211.71 29.81 1.59 315.15 Lignite Resources

76m° 80m°  55 HYDERABAD 67 69 68 16° 72° 76° 80° m m m m m16°  PANAJI m 36° 500 0 500 km

m36° Lignite Occurrences 1.N ic hahom Baram ula 2.N agbal 3,4.F irozpur Shaliganga 5.Khari 6.G angas hahr BANGALORE 1 Srinagar 7.Sarup Des ar % 8.M udh   2 9.9Kolayat 56 3 4 10.G ura CHENNAI 12.Bithnok 57 79 18.Palana 12° 55. Ratnagiri 11.C haneri m PONDICHERY Lignite 12° 17.Bar Singhsar  32m° 16.Lalam desar 66 56. NileswaramOccurrences m 13.M andal C harnan 65 14.R aneri 63 64 57. Madayi m 62 32° 15.H ira Ki D hani 61 58. Warkala 19.Kas nau 60 20.Kuc hera 21.N im bri 59 59. Mannargudi 22.M arwar Chapri 60. Jayamkonda 23.Butati Cholapuram 24.M erta R oad 25.H ansiyas 61. Lalpettai 26.G angarda 27.Lam ba Jatan 62. Srimushnam 28.M okala 58 29.Indawar 63. Neyveli South 30.N agarda 64. Bhubangiri 31.N im la TIRUVANTAPURAM 32.Bharka Workable deposits  65. Neyveli East 28m° 10 9 8 5 33.Botiya 12 6 8° 66. Bahur 13 35.k apurdi m 7 m 34.H am ir ji ki D hani 8° 14 28° 67, 68, 69. Eluru- 17 36.J alipa m 15 16 Rajamundri 11 37.Lakhpat 76m° 80m° 21 20 19 Jaipur 39.Pranpur 22 23 % 38.D hedadi 24 30 27 26 41.Panandhro 28 44.U m ars ar 32 29 31 43.F ulradam 33 40.Kaiyari 34 35 36 42.Ak hrim ota 45.M udia Total Resources - 44.70 bt 46.M ata No M adh 47.J ularai 49.Lefri 48.W aghapadar m 39 37 24° 50.H am la 38 41 51.N anaratadia 40 44 53.Bhuri ) 45 46 43 m24° 47 Gandhinagar 52.Lakhanka Kharsalia 48 49 50 54.Shah Vastan 65 42 51 % 60.89 61.66 Coalfields 79. Kalakot-M etka 60 57.45 53 56.82 52

54 tonnes 55 51.66 51.58 76m° m80° 50

45

(in billion (in 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Trend of Coal and Lignite Production (in million tonnes)

700 662.79 639.24

609.18 601.13 578.35 600 565.77 556.4 551.73 539.95

504.82 508.95 488.29 500

400

300 million tonnes million

200

100 56.82 57.45 60.89 61.66 51.66 42.33 51.58 46.45 44.27 48.27 43.84 45.23

0 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Coking Non-cokingFinancialTotal Year coal Lignite Methodology Adopted for NCV, CEF

 Collection of coal/lignite characteristic data from CFRI archive covering the major sources of coal and from M/s NLC India Limited

 Identification of outliers

 Categorisation of the data into three broad groups - Coking (400) Non coking(3300) and lignite (4400)

 Estimation of the NCV/CEF for each grade of different categories of coking and non coking coals. Use of grade wise production data for estimation of NCV and CEF of coking & non coking coals

 Compare the estimated figures with the Previous values NCV and CEF of Coking Coal

Grade Mean NCV Mean CEF Production (MT) Year 1994 2000 2006 Steel Gr. I 28.83 25.39 0.388 0.195 0.127 Steel Gr. II 28.13 25.40 1.267 0.675 0.559 Washery Gr. I 27.09 25.45 2.296 1.035 0.291 Washery Gr. II 26.08 25.49 4.487 3.374 3.171 Washery Gr. III 24.73 25.53 10.491 6.889 6.737 Washery Gr. IV 22.95 25.56 22.770 18.507 20.999 Semi-Cok. Gr.I 26.39 25.71 0.271 0.215 0.182 Estimated NCV (TJ/kt) 24.18 24.00 23.80 CEF (tc/TJ) 25.53 25.54 25.55 IPCC Default Values NCV = 19.98; CEF= 25.8 NCV and CEF of Non-Coking Coal

Grade Mean NCV Mean CEF Production (MT) Year 1994 2000 2006 A 25.63 25.70 2.974 3.548 4.958 B 23.92 25.81 21.417 20.694 20.815 C 22.37 25.78 46.742 51.728 53.059 D 20.34 26.06 33.853 37.067 42.439 E 18.26 26.28 41.603 62.708 98.079 F 15.87 26.51 63.771 101.824 165.673 G 13.70 26.82 0.358 0.458 7.733 Estimated NCV (TJ/kt) 19.63 19.08 18.45 CEF (tc/TJ) 26.13 26.20 26.27 IPCC Default Values NCV = 19.98; CEF= 25.8 NCV and CEF of Lignite

Moisture Moisture Moisture 45% 50% 55%

NCV (TJ/kt) 10.90 9.69 8.50

CEF (tC/TJ) 28.29 28.95 29.80 Fugitive Emission from Coal Mining and Handling Activities Methane Emission in Underground Mining of Coal Methane Emission in Surface Mining of Coal Methane Emission in Handling Activities Methane Emission Factors

Operation Methane Emission factor (m3/tonne) Surface Underground Mining Mining Degree–I Degree–II Degree–III Mining 1.18 2.91 13.08 23.68 Post 0.15 0.98 2.15 3.12 Mining (Handling) Quality Control and Quality Assessment

➢ During data analysis for CEF and NCV estimation, integrity of the data was assured through cross checking of experimental GCV's with the values obtained from the elementary data using the formula proposed by B .K. Mazumdar. ➢ Uncertainty Assessment: While estimating the NCV and CEF of the Indian coals the grade wise production data of coking and non-coking coals were utilised. Since there is wide variation in the NCV figures between the grades of each coal type any uncertainty in the production figures will affect the accuracy of the estimated parameter. The CEF value is not affected in a significant way by the production data. Conclusions

➢ Institutions in India have developed their own national emission factors. ➢ A number of constraints usually experienced need to be addressed strategically by the participating Institutions, Industries and the MoEFCC, GoI.

➢ The following additional measures for success in our endeavour : ✓ Pro-active support of and co-ordination among policy makers, regulators, Institutions andother government agencies, etc.