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Salvinia Biological Control Field Guide

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Salvinia Biological Control Field Guide Salvinia Biological Control Field Guide www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/weeds Salvinia Biological Control Field Guide Paul Sullivan Invasive Species Officer – Biocontrol NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Lesley Postle Professional Officer NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle © State of New South Wales through Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services 2012. You may copy, distribute, and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services as the owner. However, you must obtain permission if you wish to charge others for access to the publication (other than at cost); include the publication in advertising or a product for sale; modify the publication; or re-publish the publication on a website. You may freely link to the publication on the NSW DPI website. ISBN 978 1 74256 252 0 Published by the NSW Department of Primary Industries, a part of the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services. Copies available from NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle and the NSW DPI Bookshop at www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/bookshop Disclaimer The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (January 2012). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up-to-date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of the NSW Department of Primary Industries or the user’s independent adviser. Always read the label Users of agricultural (or veterinary) chemical products must always read the label and any Permit, before using the product and strictly comply with the directions on the label and conditions of any Permit. Users are not absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or conditions of the Permit by reason of any statement made or omitted to be made in this publication. Authors: Paul Sullivan, Invasive Species Officer – Biocontrol, NSW DPI, Tamworth. Lesley Postle, Professional Officer, NSW DPI, Menangle. Production: Barry Jensen, Designer, Publication Services, NSW DPI, Orange. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 What is biocontrol of weeds? . 4 THE SALVINIA PLANT – SALVINIA MOLESTA 4 Growth habit . .4 Reproduction. .4 Ecological damage – problems caused. 5 THE SALVINIA WEEVIL – CYRTOBAGOUS SALVINIAE 5 Life cycle . .5 BIOCONTROL SUCCESS 6 Expectations. 7 HABITAT CONDITIONS 7 Assessing your site. .7 BIOCONTROL AND INTEGRATED CONTROL OPTIONS 9 When can you use biocontrol alone? . 9 When to look at other options . 9 Herbicides plus biocontrol. 9 Harvesting plus biocontrol. 10 CONTROL OPTIONS – PROS AND CONS 10 Herbicides . .10 Mechanical removal . .10 Manual removal . .11 Biocontrol . .11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 12 IS YOUR SITE SUITABLE FOR A BIOCONTROL PROGRAM? 13 IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT PLAN TO AVOID OTHER WEEDS TAKING OVER 14 ACQUISITION OF SALVINIA WEEVILS 14 Transport and storage of salvinia weevils . .15 HOW TO RELEASE WEEVILS 16 MONITORING METHODOLOGY 16 USEFUL REFERENCES 17 SALVINIA MONITORING SHEET 18 PHOTOCOPIABLE FLYER – HOW TO GET THE BEST OUT OF SALVINIA WEEVILS 19 SALVINIA BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FIELD GUIDE 3 Lesley Postle Lesley Primary form salvinia (top) with secondary form salvinia starting to fold (bottom) Tertiary salvinia Lesley Postle Lesley Salvinia showing egg beater shaped hairs repelling water droplets Introduction This field guide was produced in 2012 and reflects the most recent research and up to date information available. It provides practical advice for those carrying out biological control (biocontrol) of Salvinia molesta D S Mitchell (Pteridophyta). What is biocontrol of weeds? Sullivan Paul Biocontrol of weeds is the use of natural enemies to reduce the vigour or reproductive potential of an Growth habit invasive alien plant. Natural enemies will remove the plant’s competitive advantage until its vigour is Under ideal conditions salvinia grows very fast. reduced to a level comparable to or less than that Infestations can double their size in eight days or less. of the natural vegetation. In doing so, this creates As salvinia develops, the young flat leaves (primary a balance between a weed and its natural enemies form) grow larger and start to fold (secondary form). (referred to hereafter as biocontrol agents or agents). The salvinia leaves get larger and more folded (tertiary When using biocontrol, eradication is not possible form) and large infestations form dense mats which or indeed desirable because an amount of the weed can completely cover the surface of the water. High needs to be present to sustain an ongoing population nutrient levels (especially nitrogen) often found in of biocontrol agents. The agents are imported from the disturbed environments and water bodies near or weed’s native geographic range after extensive testing within farms favour the proliferation of aquatic weeds to ensure host specificity. Host specificity means that including salvinia. biocontrol agents will not live on any other plants. Biocontrol agents can be insects, mites, fungi, bacteria or any other living organisms. Reproduction Reproduction of salvinia is only vegetative. It reproduces by forming new branches which break The Salvinia plant – off. Ferns are non-flowering plants which usually reproduce via spores which are normally contained in Salvinia molesta sporocarps under the leaves. The sporocarps of salvinia Salvinia molesta is a very unusual aquatic fern with are spherical balls attached among the roots, but they tiny egg beater shaped hairs on its leaves which repel are either empty or contain sterile spores. water and enable it to float. It also has false leaves that form roots underwater. Salvinia was introduced into Australia in the 1950s as an ornamental plant for fishponds and aquariums because of its pretty colour and extremely quick growth. It has become highly invasive, is now a Weed of National Significance (WoNS) and is considered to be one of the world’s worst aquatic weeds. 4 SALVINIA BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FIELD GUIDE Paul Sullivan Paul A dense mat of salvinia appears like solid ground Paul Sullivan Paul The salvinia weevil Mature (tertiary form) salvinia with sporocarps Ecological damage – problems caused As the plants mature into tertiary form, they take up more and more space and form a dense mat. These mats prevent most light from entering the water, killing underwater plants. The salvinia leaves which are under the mat get little light and die. They sink to the bottom of the water and create a layer of organic Paul Sullivan Paul matter which rots on the floor of the water body. This rotting matter breaks down using oxygen which it The salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, was chosen gets from the water. As the dissolved oxygen level in for host specificity testing and importation. Adult the water decreases, anaerobic conditions are created weevils feed on the salvinia plant, but most damage which can kill most of the fish, plants and animals comes from larvae tunnelling into the plant’s rhizome, living in the water. (or stem). This causes the plant to turn brown, lose buoyancy and sink. Dense mats of salvinia can have the appearance of solid ground and therefore be a danger to humans and animals. The mats restrict use of the water for irrigation, Life cycle livestock or recreational use. Weevils can live for about six months, and the complete life cycle takes six to eight weeks. Weevils emerge from cocoons attached to the plant The salvinia weevil – ‘roots’. The weevils are brown in colour and darken to black within 5 days. Adult weevils can be found on all Cyrtobagous salviniae parts of the plant both above and below water. CSIRO discovered the native range of salvinia in Brazil in 1979, and collected insects from these plants. Paul Sullivan Paul Lesley Postle Lesley Weevils turn from brown to black in about five days Salvinia weevil (1.5–2.5 mm) SALVINIA BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FIELD GUIDE 5 Lesley Postle Lesley Postle Lesley Weevil egg (0.5 mm) Weevil larva (3 mm long) Eggs are laid in the folds of leaves, or in the rhizome or buds. Larvae are white and grub like and feed initially on the outside of the plant for a few days before tunnelling inside the rhizome to feed. All stages of the weevils’ development are temperature dependent. The optimum temperature range for egg Peter Room Peter laying is between 23–31˚C. Eggs can be laid all year Lake Moondarra, Queensland, Australia, covered with salvinia before round in tropical climates although weevil reproduction biocontrol (above) and 14 months after use of biocontrol (below) does slow down during winter months. In temperate regions of Australia, eggs are laid from early spring and weevils will continue reproducing until daytime temperatures start to drop significantly in the late autumn. Egg production has been observed in the field when mean air temperatures were between 16–17˚C and the mean water temperature was 17–18˚C. Biocontrol success Salvinia weevils were released on Lake Moondarra in Queensland in 1980. They were a spectacular success. Room Peter Within 14 months, 200 hectares of salvinia had been A three year trial in the Hawkesbury–Nepean region converted to open water. of NSW showed that biocontrol can be very successful After years of success in many tropical countries, the in temperate areas if managed appropriately. Weevils weevil has recently been shown to control salvinia in controlled infestations on rivers within four months, temperate areas. Good control has been achieved on while control on most creeks and dams was slower the Hawkesbury–Nepean River and on many creeks and in a few cases uncontrolled after three years due and dams in the Sydney and Hunter regions of NSW. to heavy shading or where the salvinia mat was very dense. Economic benefits of biocontrol ”Last year Australian biocontrol science turned a $4 million investment into a $95 million return…and did the same the year before, and the year before that, effectively all the way back for 100 years.
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