Understanding the Experiences of Schooling of Visually Impaired Children Emeline Brulé

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Understanding the Experiences of Schooling of Visually Impaired Children Emeline Brulé Understanding the experiences of schooling of visually impaired children Emeline Brulé To cite this version: Emeline Brulé. Understanding the experiences of schooling of visually impaired children: A French ethnographic and design inquiry. Library and information sciences. Telecom Paristech, 2018. English. tel-02176245 HAL Id: tel-02176245 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02176245 Submitted on 8 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 2018-ENST-0048 EDITE - ED 130 Doctorat ParisTech THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par TELECOM ParisTech Spécialité "Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication" présentée et soutenue publiquement par Emeline BRULE le 19 Octobre 2018 Comprendre les expériences scolaires des enfants déficients visuels en France: Approche mixte par l’ethnographie et le design. Directrice de thèse: Annie GENTES Co-encadrement de la thèse: Gilles BAILLY Jury Mme Madeleine AKRICH, DR, CSI, Mines ParisTech, CNRS i3, PSL University Rapportrice, Présidente du jury M. Gilles BAILLY, CR HDR, CNRS, Sorbonne Université Co-directeur Mme Annie GENTES, MCF HDR, Télécom ParisTech Directrice Mme Ann HEYLIGHEN, Professeure, Université KU Leuven Examinatrice Mme Wendy MACKAY, DR, INRIA Saclay Rapportrice Mme Marine ROYER, MCF, Université de Nîmes Examinatrice T H TELECOM ParisTech È école de l’Institut Mines-Télécom - membre de ParisTech 46 rue Barrault 75013 Paris - (+33) 1 45 81 77 77 - www.telecom-paristech.fr S E Emeline Brulé Understanding Visually Impaired Children’s Experiences of Schooling AFRENCHETHNOGRAPHICANDDESIGNINQUIRY 3 This thesis is dedicated to Louisette Guienne, the giant on whose shoulders I stand. Remerciements Cette thèse s’appuie sur ma collaboration avec les enfants et le per- sonnel de l’Institut des Jeunes Aveugles de Toulouse, qui fait un travail remarquable contre vents et marées. Tous mes remerciements vont aux enfants qui ont accepté cette étrange étrangère et lui ont confié leurs récits; ainsi qu’à Laurence Boulade, Nathalie Bédouin et Grégoire Denis, qui m’ont fait confiance et ont accompagné cette recherche. Elle a été rendue possible par la grande confiance dont Annie Gentès a fait preuve en acceptant de me superviser, et à son conseil salvateur : finir une thèse nécessite d’avoir un accès constant à du chocolat de qualité. Rapidement, Gilles Bailly a rejoint l’aventure, cheminant au jour le jour sur les sentiers ardus et non cartographiés qui caractérisent cet exercice. Je le remercie pour avoir tant induit qu’allégé les doutes inhérents au processus de recherche, et pour le soin avec lequel il m’a accompagné pendant et depuis mon doctorat. Je tiens à remercier à Madeleine Akrich et Wendy Mackay, qui ont rapporté cette thèse, pour l’attention et le temps qu’elles m’ont dédié. Ces regards sur mes recherches m’ont ouvert de nouvelles perspectives qu’il me reste à explorer. Merci à Ann Heylighen et Marine Royer pour avoir accepté de participer au jury de thèse, et à Madeleine Akrich de nouveau pour l’honneur qu’elle m’a fait de le présider. Une thèse est paradoxalement un parcours qui isole sans qu’il ne soit jamais solitaire. Pour cela, il me faut remercier mes collègues de l’EnsadLab, et en particulier Louis Éveillard, Émilie Coquard, Thomas Morisset, Pauline Gourlet et Jeremy Boy ; toute l’équipe de Télécom ParisTech, et en particulier François Huguet, Valérie Fer- nandez, Jérôme Denis (certes, il a depuis déménagé), Antonio Casilli, Max Mollon, Cédric Mivielle, Tiphaine Kazi-Tani, Samuel Huron, Gérard Mouret, Raphaël Charbey, Marc-Emmanuel Perrin, Bruno Fruchard, Manos Giannisakis et Marc Teyssier ; la joyeuse équipe de l’UPMC, notamment Ignacio Avellino et Cédric Honnet ; l’équipe de l’IRIT et en particulier Marcos Serrano, Christophe Jouffrais, Marc Macé et Bernard Oriola ; et l’équipe de Crossing Minds, en particulier Alexandre Robicquet. Merci à Marie-Josée Vatin, Corinne Chevalier et Michael Martial pour la patience dont ils ont fait preuve à l’égard de mes égarements administratifs. Enfin, la vie de bureau n’aurait pas été la même sans Frédéric Valentin et ses noeuds papillons, com- père de toutes les excursions au Fablab. 5 On ne le dira jamais assez : on a tout à gagner à s’investir dans la communauté académique. Design en Recherche m’a permis de rencontrer de jeunes chercheures extraordinaires, Nolwenn Maudet, Apolline Le Gall, Anne-Lyse Renon, Anne-Lise Rias, Olympe Rabaté, Estelle Berger et Robin de Mourat. Je suis fière de ce que nous avons accompli ensemble et de ce que l’association continue de dévelop- per. La recherche en général m’a fait rencontrer toutes sortes de personnes passionnantes, au rang desquelles se trouvent Elisa Rojas, Anne Revillard, Tom Giraud, Liz Jackson, Delphine Moreau, Katta Spiel, Kiley Sobel, Christopher Frauenberger, Guillaume Dumas, Oussama Metatla, Milan Bonté, Lucile Biarotte et Cristina Popescu. Ne sous-estimons pas non plus les bienfaits de la procrastination, qui m’a permis de rencontrer sur Twitter Alex Mahoudeau, Elvire Bornand, Flavien Bouttet, Elise Lantz, Pierre Dufour et Anne GE. Enfin, n’oublions l’importance d’avoir une interlocutrice tout à fait extérieure, ce pour quoi je remercie Isabelle Derote. Bien en amont de la thèse, je dois à Clarisse Bardiot d’en avoir fait un possible (et bien d’autres choses, mais restons pudique); et à Dom Moreau, la découverte tardive de l’étagère de bibliothèque poussiéreuse dédiée à la sociologie. Enfin, la thèse est une épreuve qu’on ne franchit pas sans de solides amitiés. Il y a d’abord Florence Thiard (15 ans, déjà !), qui m’a ouvert tant de portes, y compris celles de sa maison de famille. Elle hérite sans doute sa patience de ses parents qui n’ont pas laissé transparaître le moindre signe d’agacement face aux deux thésardes en galère à leur table en un mois d’août breton (merci [grand-]Papa et Maman Thiard !). J’ai toujours dit que David ne mesurait pas sa chance. Pour filer la métaphore montagnarde, je suis heureuse d’avoir franchi le tout dernier col de la thèse avec toi — et avec vous, docteurs Beniamine ! Puis il y a Aden Gaide, grâce à notre passion partagée pour les balançoires. Sans nos relectures croisées, explorations des arcanes de la sociologie et gâteaux arc-en-ciel partagés, j’eus été bien en peine d’achever cette thèse. Hauts les coeurs camarade, c’est bientôt fini. De l’autre côté de la frontière belge, un grand merci à Pascal Lemaire qui n’a cessé de soutenir mes diverses entreprises et m’a ou- vert de fascinantes fenêtres sur l’Histoire et les humanités numériques; et à Axelle Minne, l’une de ces badass women qui créent de meilleurs lendemains. Traversant la Manche, j’en arrive à Andrew Knox qui a veillé ces six dernières années à ce que j’apprenne les bases de la philosophie : cuisiner et construire un argumentaire. Après quelques heures de train, atterrissage chez la famille Laval-Cheilan. Laurène, 6 tu as le talent de secouer les gens pour faire émerger ce qu’ils ont de meilleur. Didier, je compte sur toi pour révolutionner la médiation scientifique et la mode masculine, si ce n’est pas trop demander. Ysée et Orphée, j’espère que vous savez qu’au fond, c’est toujours vous que je viens voir. Enfin, on ne dira jamais assez l’importance d’avoir des ami-e-s demandant comment la thèse avance, et volontaires pour en enten- dre parler sans savoir tout à fait ce dont il s’agit, autour d’un thé ou d’un dîner, quelque soit le pays dans lequel on se trouve. J’ai la chance de pouvoir compter pour cela sur Iulia Dima, Maël Canu, Charles-Pierre Astolfi, Gaétan Lérisson, Alban L., Alice Contal, Camille Duprat, Amélia Brown, Tiphaine Rivière, Sonia Meszaros, Maximin Coavoux, Mathilde Denison, Magali Cahour, Mélanie Re- bolj, Damien Senger, Noelle Zappia et Noémie Sonveau. J’en oublie sûrement, mais croyez-bien que je saurai vous trouver la prochaine fois que je passerai par chez vous. Il est temps de conclure par un retour aux sources : merci à Jacques Wahart, Emmanuelle Egon et mes adelphes (mot trop peu usité). Last but not least, merci à Émile Contal, compagnon, partenaire, et camarade de mille et un jours. Pour ces histoires écrites ensemble et toutes celles à venir. Contents 1 Introduction 23 1.1 Context 23 1.2 Thesis overview 25 1.3 Resulting publications 29 1.4 Use of the expressions "visually impaired French children" and "disabled children" 30 I Constructing the research topic 2 Negotiating Values, Defining a Research Topic 37 2.1 Study 39 2.2 Involved Parties’ Values 41 2.3 Researcher’s Values and Valuations 49 2.4 Implications for the Definition of the Research Topic and Approach 55 2.5 Summary 57 3 Defining Visually Impaired Children 59 3.1 Constructing Disabled Childhoods 61 3.2 Defining Disability 64 3.3 Defining Visual Impairments 70 3.4 Defining Children 71 3.5 Defining Disabled Children with Visual Impairments 75 3.6 Summary 77 4 The Research Approach 79 4.1 Research Approach 80 4.2 Ethics 95 4.3 Summary 106 10 II Related work. What we know about... 5 Disabled childhoods 113 5.1 Experiences of School 114 5.2 Intersectionality with Class, Gender, Place and ’Ethnicity’
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